Father Education Research Articles

Lise Öğrencilerinin Riskli Davranışlarının Belirlenmesi

Objectives: The aim of this descriptive and cross-sectional study is to identify the risk behaviors of adolescents attending high schools in Şanlıurfa. Methods: The population of this study was 44217 students in high schools in Şanlıurfa. The minimum sample size of the study according to the known population sampling formula was calculated as approximately 1000 participants. Within the scope of the stratified sampling method, the number of students going to high schools in each district was determined. A high school was chosen from each district using the simple random sampling method. The data of the study were obtained by using a “Socio-Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire” and the “Risky Behaviors Scale”. Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis H test were used to analyze the data. Results: The finding that the students had a high mean score of 144±22.2 on the Risky Behaviors Scale revealed that the students in the study engaged in a variety of risky behaviors. The sub-behavior in the scale with the largest mean value was alcohol consumption with the mean score of 32.7±5.0. The students at higher grades tended to show fewer risky behaviors (p<0.05). Those who had more educated fathers showed fewer anti-social behaviors (p<0.05). In this study, female students, those under the age of 15, prep-school students, and 9th graders had a higher median score for the sub-behavior of smoking. (p<0.05). Male students had a higher risk of suicide than female students. (p<0.05). The median score for smoking was higher for those who did not work outside the school (p<0.05). The level of tendencies towards risky behaviors were higher for the students who enjoyed school and attended classes in comparison to those who did not like school and skipped classes (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result, risky behaviors were found to be common among the students, and these behaviors were found to be affected by the students’ socio-demographic characteristics. In this regard, establishing nurse-led school health initiatives is advocated.

Use of Psychoactive Substance and its Associated Factors among School Adolescents in Rupandehi District of Nepal.

Psychoactive substance use among adolescents has been identified as an important health issue in Nepal. Therefore, this study examined the psychoactive substance use and factors associated with its use among adolescent students in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to July 2018 with 460 school students aged between 15 to 19 years across sampled public and private schools in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Structured interview schedule was used to collect information on psychoactive substance use. The generalized estimating equation was used to identify the factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances. Over a quarter (27.4%) of school-going adolescents used at least one type of psychoactive substance. Commonly used psychoactive substance included tobacco products (59.3%) followed by cannabis (55.6%), marijuana (35.8%), hashish (23.5%), alcohol (22.2%), heroin (18.5%), nitrogen tablets (14.8%), sulfa (13.6%) and opium (13.6%), respectively. Being male (AOR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.19-3.36), having peers (AOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.13-3.03) or family members (AOR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.40-3.54) that used psychoactive substances and father's education level (AOR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.05-5.78) were significantly associated with the psychoactive substance use. This study identified that over a quarter of school-going adolescents reported the use of at least one illegal psychoactive substance. This study provided details on the extent of behaviours, and can be used to develop a comprehensive prevention and control program. Such programs should address the socio-cultural factors that enable substance use and address gaps in knowledge to prevent and control of psychoactive substance use.

Perception regarding clinical learning environment among undergraduate nursing students

Clinical experience is an integral aspect of nursing education as it transforms the theoretical knowledge into practice and the cornerstone of nursing as a health profession. The experience gained through a good and supportive clinical environment includes the atmosphere of the clinical placement unit, and the relationships shared with clinical staff supervisors (staff nurses) and mentors (Clinical instructors) that will affect the students learning. Elements like good teaching, relationship with the clinical staff and opportunity to practice, need to be assessed to have an understanding of the student’s perception regarding clinical learning environment. The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical learning environment among undergraduate nursing students of various colleges of Punjab. Materials and methods: A non experimental, descriptive research design was used to assess the perception regarding clinical learning environment among undergraduate nursing students. SECEE inventory (student evaluation of clinical education environment) by Kari Jecklin - Sand was used to determine the clinical learning environment. Five Nursing institutions were selected conveniently to select 500 under graduate nursing students randomly. Results and Major Findings: The findings of the study revealed that Majority (68%) of the study subjects were satisfied with their clinical learning environment followed by 30.8% who were moderately satisfied and only 1.2% were unsatisfied with their clinical learning environment. As per the Personal Profile of the study subjects, age and gender were found highly significant with the perceived clinical environment score at the 0.01 level of significance whereas no significant association was found out with the habitat, marital status, type of family, place of stay during study and financing during study. As per the family background, mother’s occupation was found highly associated with the clinical learning environment score whereas no association was found with the annual income of parents, education of mother, education of father, father’s occupation and number of siblings.

Work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict and their relation to perceived parenting and the parent-child relationship before and during the first Covid-19 lockdown

Objective: Our objective is twofold: First, to examine whether, to what extent and for whom (by sex and educational attainment) work-to-family conflict (W→F-conflict) and family-to-work conflict (F→W-conflict) increased from the pre-Covid-19 period to the first lockdown period. Second, to examine whether and to what extent the negative associations between W→F-conflict/F→W-conflict and perceived parenting (positive encouragement, coercive parenting and the parent-child relationship) became stronger.
 Background: During the first Covid-19 lockdown, parents were asked to provide childcare and home-schooling for their children while also being expected to fulfil their work obligations. Under these circumstances, this study was set out to examine how W→F-conflict/F→W-conflict, perceived parenting and their associations were affected.
 Method: Multilevel regression models were applied to longitudinal data collected among 55 employed mothers and 76 employed fathers with a 3-year-old child at wave 1.
 Results: We found that F→W-conflict/W→F-conflict increased most strongly among highly educated mothers, followed by lower/medium educated mothers and highly educated fathers, while no increase or even a decrease was observed among lower/medium educated fathers. We found some associations between W→F-conflict/F→W-conflict with perceived parenting, but these did not consistently become stronger during the Covid-19 wave. Although overall heightened levels of conflict did not strongly spill over to mothers’ and fathers’ perceived parenting, our results showed that for some parents conflict clearly increased with negative implications for their perceived parenting.
 Conclusion: With some noteworthy exceptions, increases in F→W-conflict/W→F-conflict did not coincide with decreases in perceived parenting, indicating that most parents did not let increased conflict between work and family affect their parenting.

The effect of family-centered education on the quality of life of the parents of premature infants

BackgroundPremature infants are very vulnerable and need special care and this condition put stress on their families. In fact, hospitalization of premature infants in the ICU often leads to an emotional crisis in families, which due to the separation of the infant from the parents will lead to disruption in their family life. Material and methodsThis quasi-experimental study used a pre-test and post-test structure in order to evaluate the comparison of the effect of family-centered education on the lives of fathers and mothers of premature infants. These parents had been admitted to two public and educational hospitals in Tehran, Iran in September to December 2020. Select continuous sampling and explain the intervention method for parents (eligible) if they are willing to cooperate, three training sessions for 60 min will be held for fathers and mothers of premature infants, simultaneously. These sessions were coordinated by the educational supervisor of the hospitals in groups of 4–6 participants. The intervention content and issues the content of the training is the same and the training is done through modeling, slides and videos. Parents could also communicate with the researcher via WhatsApp for up to a month. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of Life) WHOQOL-BREF (Questionnaire before and one month after the intervention. Data analysis will be performed using SPSS software version 16 in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. ResultsThe QoL of the participants before and after the intervention was assessed and it was observed that the QoL score and also all its dimensions were higher in fathers than mothers (p < 0.001). Also, after the intervention, the QoL and all dimensions except (social function P = 0.127) and (environmental health (P = 0.098)) were significantly higher in the fathers than in the mothers (p < 0.001). It was also observed that physical health in fathers after the intervention had a significant decrease compared to before the intervention (p < 0.001). Changes in QoL and its dimensions were examined. There was an increase in score at the end of the study in both fathers and mothers, but this increase was significant in all dimensions except social performance in the mothers' group. It was more than the group of fathers (P < 0.001). Data were analyzed using SPSS v.16, independent t-test and analysis of covariance with the significance level of 0.05. ConclusionFamily-centered education especially simultaneous education of fathers and mothers improves QoL of fathers. Family-based education, especially the simultaneous education of fathers and mothers, is effective in improving the QoL.

The Relationship of Parenting Patterns with Events Early Marriage in Kepahiang District

Early marriage is when children or teenagers are not, yet adults or teenagers aged 10–19 years old when they get married. Parents' critical role as the smallest and most immediate part of their teenagers' environment is expected to shape their character and personality to avoid early marriage decisions. According to survey data from the Kepahiang Regency's Ministry of Religion, there were 127 cases of marriages between people aged 19 and September 2021. This number increased compared to the 111 cases of early marriage reported in 2020, a 6.7 percent increase. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that contribute to early marriage among pregnant women in Kepahiang Regency in 2021. and parenting styles. The study employed a cross-sectional design. This study surveyed pregnant women in Kepahiang Regency, with a sample size of 66 respondents. The analysis revealed no statistical significance between the respondents' education (p-value = 0.961). In addition, there was statistical significance for the father's education (p-value = 0.012). Furthermore, there was a statistical significance between the mother's education (p-value = 0.009). In addition, there was a statistical significance between income (p-value = 0.016). There is a statistical significance between parenting styles (p-value = 0.026). In addition, there is a statistical significance between respondents' knowledge (p-value = 0.030). Finally, the most dominant factor related to early marriage is the respondent's knowledge, with PR = 7,532 (95% CI; 1. 858-30,543), which means that respondents with more minor and moderate knowledge could marry early 7,532 times compared to respondents who have good knowledge. The importance of providing adolescents with information and health education about early marriage, in which parents also play a critical role in parenting patterns, including preventing the possibility of early marriage.

Intergenerational mobility: An assessment for Latin American countries

This paper aims to study the process of intergenerational income mobility in some Latin American economies (Brazil and Panama), which have been much neglected in the relevant literature. Like other countries in the area, Brazil and Panama have a stagnant economy coupled with high income inequality. Our rich dataset allows us to provide the most reliable estimates of intergenerational mobility, after controlling for a number of additional control variables which were unavailable in previous studies. We provide estimates broken down for different genders, age groups, locations, education of fathers. Our results are robust to different specifications and suggest that previous studies significantly overrated the extent of the intergenerational mobility in the countries considered. However, our figures are still compatible with an extremely low degree of social mobility. Moreover, we show that behind social immobility there is also a sluggish process of structural change and an insufficiently progressive tax system.

Leadership Skills and their Associated Factors among Pharmacy Students at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Leadership is a vital attribute for the predictive quality of care in healthcare organizations. Leadership has an effective role in improving clinical outcomes, pharmacy practice, and patient satisfaction. However, limited studies have been done on leadership among pharmacy students in Makkah. The current study was conducted to describe the leadership skills and their associated factors among pharmacy students at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Makkah.&#x0D; Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was done. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used. Stratification considered the gender, educational program (Pharm-D or B-Pharm), and educational year. A standardized data collection sheet was used and asked about personal, sociodemographic data, the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ), Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence (SSREI) scale, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).&#x0D; Descriptive statistics were done. Inferential statistics were done using the Student’s t-test and ANOVA for comparing between means. Pearson’s product-moment correlations were also calculated. Multilinear regression models were constructed to determine the leadership predictors.&#x0D; Results: A total of 400 pharmacy students participated in the study. Pharmacy students had high overall leadership competencies; the mean overall score of ALQ was 57.98 ±7.47. The highest leadership category score was for the internalized moral skills (15.04 ±2.43). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the predictors of the overall authentic leadership skills were high EI score (B= 0.4; 95% CI: 0.37-0.44) and absence of depression (B= -1.48; 95% CI: - 2.51, - 0.46). Depression was also negatively associated with self-awareness, internalized moral domains. Marital status, physical activity and father education also associated with different leadership domains.&#x0D; Conclusion: The predictors of the total authentic leadership skills were the overall EI domain score and absence of depression. Training on both leadership skills, and emotional intelligence is essential. Management of depression and encouraging physical activities are needed for better leadership skills. These efforts may result in the development of highly qualified health care personnel.

Sociodemographic factors and social media use in 9-year-old children: the Generation R Study

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the associations between sociodemographic factors and instant messaging and social network site exposure among 9-year-old children.MethodsData of 4568 children from the Generation R study, a population-based cohort study performed in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, were analyzed. Instant messaging exposure was defined as using online chat applications such as MSN, chat boxes, WhatsApp, and Ping. Social network site exposure was defined as using Hyves or Facebook. A series of multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for covariates.ResultsChildren of low educated mothers had a higher odds ratio (OR) for instant messaging (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.86) and social network site exposure (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.66) than their counterparts. Being a child from a single-parent family was associated with instant messaging (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.88) and social network site exposure (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.78) more often than their counterparts. Children of low educated fathers (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.95) or from families with financial difficulties (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.59) were associated with a higher OR of social network site exposure than their counterparts.ConclusionThe findings suggest that several indicators of lower social position are associated with higher social network site and instant messaging exposure among 9-year-old children. More research is needed in younger children to understand the determinants and impact of social media use.

What Factors Affect Middle School Students’ Perceptions of Inquiry Learning Towards Science?

This study determines perceptions of middle school students’ inquiry learning skills towards science change according to different variables. In line with purpose, it aims to realize what should be done to develop this perception by questioning the factors that affect students’ perceptions of science-related inquiry skills and contribute to the training of students who question more in science lessons. Based on the survey, the data were obtained from the Scale of Inquiry Learning Skills Toward Science and the personal information form. These instruments were applied to 667 middle school students attending two middle schools. The data were analyzed statistically by using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. It was determined that the perceptions of middle school students’ inquiry learning skills towards science differed according to their gender, grade level, academic average, family income level, mother and father education level, frequency of using technology.

An Economic Analysis on Years of Schooling of the Children Related to Financial Support from Family and Govt. &amp; Non-Govt. Institutions

This study examined the relationship among father’s education, amount of father’s land (Dec), fathers occupation, any government help, and years of schooling in the rural area at Muktagacha Upazila in Mymensingh Division. Qualitative variables and variables which are quantitative in nature have been used for this study. We have chosen the years of schooling of the children of households as a dependent variable and the selected independent variables are father's education, fathers land amount, fathers occupation, male, rural, number of siblings, age antigovernment help. A convenient sampling procedure has been used in our research. Questionnaire and structured interview were the research instruments. Not only an urban area is counted for research but also rural households are counted for data collection about school-going children. We conducted our research by using primary data.

Bullying and coping with bullying among obese\\overweight and normal weight children

This study aimed to determine the obese\\overweight and normal weight children's status of encountering and coping with bullying and the correlational factors. This case-control study was conducted with 1.680 students in the second level (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th grades) from September 24, 2018 to May 31, 2019 in the Mediterranean Region in Turkey. The data were collected using a personal information form, the Traditional Peer Victimization Scale and the Coping with Bullying Scale. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann–Whitney U test, Binary Logistic Regression, Backward Wald Elimination, and Simple Linear and Backward Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression analyses. This study indicated that the risk of becoming victims, bullies or bully-victims increases among boys and 8th grade students. It also found that the risk of being victims and bully-victims increases among children whose father is illiterate. There was no significant difference between obese\\overweight and normal weight children in terms of being victims, bullies and bully-victims. Grade level, academic performance, father's education level and awareness of reporting bullying were effective in coping with bullying among the children, while weight was not. Further studies are needed to determine different factors that affect children's coping strategies against bullying.

Anemia of School-Age Children in Primary Schools in Southern China Should Be Paid More Attention despite the Significant Improvement at National Level: Based on Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance Data (2016-2017).

Globally, anemia among school-age children (SAC) remains a serious public health problem, impacting their growth, development, educational attainment and future learning potential. National and subnational anemia prevalence among SAC in China has not been assessed recently. Based on data from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2016–2017), the current anemia status of SAC in primary schools in China was investigated. Anemia prevalence of SAC in primary schools in China was 4.4%, dropping 63.6% compared with that in 2002. Even though anemia was no longer a significant public health problem at the national level, there were significant spatial disparities of anemia prevalence in different areas: anemia prevalence in 63% of provinces of northern and eastern China has lowered to below 5%, while in provinces of southern China, it was still ranging from 5% to 11.0%, about 3 times of other areas. For those children in southern China, mother’s education level (OR = 1.24, p = 0.04) and father’s education level (OR = 1.27, p = 0.01) below senior high school, eating meat less than 3 times per week (OR = 1.18, p = 0.01) were risk factors of anemia. Older age (OR = 0.35–0.72, p < 0.01) was a protective factor. Targeted interventions should be taken to improve SAC anemia in Southern China, despite anemia of SAC in primary schools no longer being a significant public health problem.

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HEALTH BENEFITS OF YOGA AMONG THE ADOLESCENTS STUDYING IN SELECTED SR. SEC. SCHOOLS AT JODHPUR, WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET

INTRODUCTION: The word Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word “to join” or “unity.” It is described in spiritual terms as union of the individual consciousness with the universal consciousness. In another term, Yoga is the “union of mind and body” for balancing and harmonizing the physical and mental functions of body. This is done through the practice of physical postures (asana), breathing control (pranayama), and meditation. In this study, distribution of booklet among adolescents is an attempt to improve the knowledge regarding health benefits of yoga. AIM OF THE STUDY: Assess the knowledge regarding health benefits of yoga among adolescents. METERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive study was carried out to assess the knowledge of 60 adolescents selected by purposive sampling, who were studying in selected sr. sec. school at jodhpur Rajasthan were assessed by using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. RESULT: Therefor percentage distribution the sample with reference shows that majority of adolescents have (83.33%) poor and (16.66%) average and no one has good knowledge of health benefits of yoga. However the majority of the demographic variables like gender, religion, area of residents, education of father, types of family, previous attend any yoga programme were not significant at 0.05 level. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded the adolescent’s students are having poor knowledge regarding health benefits of yoga. There are very important to Provides institutional and academic knowledge for yoga theory and practice. So I request to respected department of education to added the yoga subject in primary to Sr. sec academic season for improve student’s health physically, mentally and spiritually health lifestyle. Self-information booklets were distributed to them to improve the knowledge regarding health benefits of yoga. KEY WORDS: Knowledge, adolescents, Health benefits of yoga, Information booklet.

A Study to Assess Prevalence of Nocturnal Enuresis and Its Associated Factor among School Going Children in Selected Rural Areas of Vadodara

Background: Nocturnal enuresis, also called bedwetting, is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually begins. Bedwetting in children and adults can result in emotional stress. Little is known about toilet training in pre-modern societies, but attitudes toward training in recent history have fluctuated substantially, and may vary across cultures and according to demographics. Treatments range from behavioral therapy, such as bedwetting alarms, to medication, such as hormone replacement, and even surgery such as urethral dilatation. Since most bedwetting is simply a developmental delay, most treatment plans aim to protect or improve self-esteem. Treatment guidelines recommend that the physician counsel the parents, warning about psychological consequences caused by pressure, shaming, or punishment for a condition children cannot control. Bedwetting is the most common childhood complaint. Children may face certain risks associated with training, such as slips or falling toilet seats, and toilet training may act in some circumstances as a trigger for abuse.&#x0D; Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and its associated factors among school going children in selected rural areas of Vadodara.&#x0D; Methods: A descriptive research design was carried out for this study. The sample size of the study is 500. Participants were selected using stratified sampling technique. The tool is consists of two parts. First part consist of demographic data of the sample and second part consist of assertiveness self-assessment questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: While assessing the associated factors of nocturnal enuresis in school going children, 15% children are having mild nocturnal enursesis,77%children are having moderate nocturnal enuresis and 8% children are having severe nocturnal enuresis. While assessing the association, there are three demographic variables age, sex and education of father has no significant association. So H0 has been rejected and H1 is accepted.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study concluded that majority of the children’s is having moderate level of nocturnal enuresis (77%) and minority of the children’s is having severe level of nocturnal enuresis (8%).

Mapping HIV risk trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood: a life-course study among unmarried urban Indian youth

ABSTRACT The study explores trajectories of HIV risks from adolescence to adulthood among unmarried, educated (12+ years of formal education), 20–29 year old youth. Retrospective time event data (n=517) was used to build HIV risk trajectories (age 10 onwards), employing group-based trajectory technique and multinomial logistic regression in SAS v9.4. Among men (n=271), 10% had “Declining risk – high to low”, and 15% had “consistent high risk”. Among women (n=246), 11% had “late-rising risk”, and 15% had “consistent high risk”. Among women, childhood experience of sexual abuse, having self-income, father education until 12th standard, frequent alcohol use predicted higher risk trajectories. Among men, it was an early sexual debut, alcohol dependency in parent/s, non-heterosexual orientation, early sexual debut, and frequent alcohol use. The HIV risk behaviors of unmarried Indian youth are diverse. A subsection engages in high-risk behaviors that change over time and have linkages to developmental factors.

The Role of Household Wealth in Combining Child School and Child Labor: Evidence from MICS Balochistan (Pakistan)

The issue of combining school &amp; work has taken considerable focus in the past years from policymakers, advocates and researchers. In the literature, the role of household wealth, combining school &amp; work is still an unresolved issue. The researchers have contradicting views about the impact of household wealth on combining child school &amp; work. Child labor and low schooling attendance are found pervasive issues worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to explore the impact of household wealth on combining child school &amp; work, particularly focusing on the wealth index of the household. For this purpose, microdata having 18471 observations from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Balochistan (2010) has been utilized. The binary logistic model has been applied for the children (5-15 years) activity whether they are combining school &amp; work or not. The main finding of this paper is the wealth status of households which has a statistically significant and positive influence on combining child school &amp; work. Both mother and father's education is positively associated with combining school &amp; work. In addition, mother and father being alive played a vital role in their children’s combined activities of schooling &amp; work rather than doing nothing because the expectations of child schooling are high in parent's lives. Furthermore, gender, age of the child, and area of residence are positive effects combining school &amp; work. The children from urban zones are more likely to be involved in combining school &amp; work. The policy of this paper suggests that education is the key to break child labor in society by providing education facilities for both girls and boys equally. In addition to policy recommendations, there should be crucial steps to provide a better economic environment for the well-being of the masses to enhance their economic condition especially in rural and deprived areas of Balochistan, and the applicability of child labor laws needs to be focused on.Keywords:

The out-migration of young people from a region of the “Empty Spain”: Between a constant slump cycle and a pending innovation spiral

Depopulation is one of the main problems in declining rural territories, whose inhabitants have the perception of being immersed in a spiral of socio-economic deterioration where each setback experienced in the region push a greater number of young people towards the decision to emigrate. This process was described by the economist G. Myrdal through his theory of circular and cumulative causation (CCC), which explains both the territorial processes of decline and economic and demographic improvement found in other regions. Applying the CCC approach to investigate the causes that for decades have led young people to emigrate from a region of so-called Empty Spain, the Altiplano de Granada, this article describes its linkage with three closely interrelated factors of territorial development: human capital, social capital, and capacity for innovation. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis based on a survey of 446 young people between 15 and 19 years of age, suggest four main predictors of the intention to stay in their rural hometowns: gender, the personal attachment, the father's education level, and the interest in the family history. Conversely, no significant relations were found between social capital and intention to stay or leave the Altiplano de Granada. Specific recommendations for policies and rural development programs emerge from these results regarding the inclusion of youth, education systems, and local innovation systems as a priority.

Evaluation of the Academic Achievement of Vocational School of Higher Education Students Through Artificial Neural Networks

This study aimed to determine the importance levels of mathematics lecture achievement, Turkish lecture achievement, Higher Education Admission Exam score, academic self-efficacy, attitude towards vocational education, academic motivation and mother and father education on the academic achievement of vocational schools of higher education students using the artificial neural network method. The data was obtained through 468 students from vocational schools of higher education at two different universities in Turkey. According to the quantitative research methodology, the correlational research design was used. The artificial neural network analysis results revealed that mathematics lecture achievement, Turkish lecture achievement and academic self-efficacy were the most critical variables that predicted the academic achievement of vocational schools of higher education students. These variables were followed by mother education level, father education level, attitude towards vocational education, Higher Education Admission Exam score and academic motivation. The results suggest that the effectiveness of the Higher Education Admission Exam score, which contributes very little to predict the academic achievement of vocational education students, need to be more questioned.

An Investigation of Emotional Intelligence and its Association with Self-Efficacy at Higher Education Level in Pakistan

The present study examined the effects emotional intelligence on self-Efficacy of tertiary education students. Two scales Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Scale 44 and Schwarzer &amp; Jerusalem Self Efficacy Scale 47 were used. The pilot study was conducted to assess the reliability of the instrument and main study was conducted to assess the results on sample of the study. A sample of 50 students (25 males, 25 females) were taken from universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Both questionnaire were administered to the sample. The psychometric properties of pilot study were found satisfactory. In second phase main study was conducted which considered of sample of 200 university students (100 males and 100 females). The psychometric properties of main study were also satisfactory. Scores were analysed using SPSS software. Results of demographic variables such as age, birth order, mother education, father education and number of siblings are positively correlated with both scales and sub scales. The results were significant at (p&lt;0.05) of mean differences with gender, education and family system. This survey consists of three hypotheses, which were accepted.