Father Of Surgery Research Articles

“I Dressed Him, God Cured Him”: Ambroise Paré, the Father of Surgery

“I Dressed Him, God Cured Him”: Ambroise Paré, the Father of Surgery

Sushruta: The Father of Surgery and Ancient Medical Innovations.

Sushruta, known as the "Father of Surgery,"was a pioneering figure in ancient Indian medicine whose contributions have influenced the field of surgery, especially cosmetic surgery and medical practices within the global community. His systematized approach to surgery, with the use of herbal anaesthetics and postoperative care, laid the foundation for surgical practices. Sushruta's emphasis on practical experience, dissection of cadavers, and detailed documentation established standards that continue to underpin surgical education today. The influence of his detailing surgical techniques and surgical instruments extended beyond ancient India, spreading to other parts of the world and shaping the development of reconstructive surgery, orthopaedics, ophthalmology, and many more fields. Sushruta has a rich history of medicine that is imbued with his pioneering spirit, which carried enduring influence. His works have been relevant in fomenting generations of surgeons and medical practitioners into the annals of history and solidifying his place as a timeless figure in the evolution of medical science.

The Agnikarma(~Cauterization) - A Mastery Procedure in Susruta Samhitha.

Ayurveda is the ancient science of human civilization. Sushruta Samhita is the most important literature in surgery. Maharshi Sushruta, known as the father of surgery has also explained the Para-surgical procedures in different diseases among them Agnikarma as the greatest/superior curative treatment to avoid recurrence. We can observe Susruta has explained in detail the importance of Agnikarma, varieties, and criteria of successful cauterization, specific sites, indications, patterns, and pre and post-cautery management. Agnikarma has its Ushna Guna and Sookshma Guna it pacifies the vata and Kapha and burns the unwanted tissue done by the different materials such as Shalaka (gold, silver, panchadhatu, etc), Ajashakrut, Godanta, Madhu, Guda, Sneha (oil, Ghrita). In the present study humble attempt was made for Ayurvedic surgical practice. This study concludes that Agnikarma(cauterization) is a very effective and simple, non-occurrence and minimal invasive procedure able to be conducted at the Out Patient Department(OPD) level.

Conceptual Study of TrividhChikitsa Karma in Shalya Tantra– A Review

Ayurveda focuses on integrating and balancing the body, mind, and spirit rather than on specific illnesses. Shalyatantrais associated with the sage-physician Sushruta. Given the early stage of human history and the absence of any supporting body ofknowledge before his era, his concepts of anatomy, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches were incomparable. AcharyaSushruta has described the entire course of medical treatment in connection with a disease, which may be grouped under thesesubheadings as the initial steps (Purva Karma), the main therapeutical or surgical appliances (Pradhana-Karma), and the follow-upsteps (Paschat Karma) regardless of the surgical procedure. Surgery comprises the main action (operation) but also the care ofthe patient before and after the technique. Acharya Sushrut, regarded as the father of surgery in Ayurveda, chose these threeKarma solely and only for the benefit of patients who undergo any surgical procedure. In this article, we compare ancient andcontemporary surgical practices, contrasting prior articles or research that solely focused on particular Karma, upkramas, andspecific topics.In our article, we contrasted several old and contemporary strategies in a simple way for students to grasp.Thisarticle compares several parts of trividha karma with contemporary surgical techniques, demonstrating the relevance of ouracharyas' siddhanta even today.

Surgical Techniques in Ayurveda (Shalakya Tantra-Ent) Mentioned by Acharya Sushruta

In this article, we've covered the ENT surgery methods and techniques that Acharya Sushruta detailed in his famous book, the Sushruta Samhita. The founder of the Sushruta Samhita, Acharya Sushruta, is hailed as the "Father of Surgery" and "Father of Plastic Surgery." An essential component of Ayurveda is Shalakya Tantra, which focuses on the analysis and treatment of conditions affecting the mouth, nose, ears, teeth, throat, head, and eyes. Shalakya Tantra is described as "Shalakayah Yatkarma Shalakyam, Tat Pradhanam Tantram Shalakyam" by Acharya Dalhana. It denotes a location where Shalakas (instruments resembling rods) are utilised for therapeutic purposes. The Shalakya Tantra branch of Ayurveda deals with these instruments and how to employ them for therapeutic purposes. It can be found in numerous Ayurvedic treatises today. Sushruta Samhita contains the majority of the Shalakya Tantra, but it is also found here in fragmented form. Detailed discussions of surgical tools (yantras), various incision kinds, various suturing and bandaging techniques (bandha), fracture reductions, foreign body extraction techniques, etc. are contained in the Sushruta Samhita (about 600 BC). He also brought up the utilisation of reconstructive (Sandhana) surgery by Vaidyas even during the colonial era. Acharya gave a comprehensive explanation of ENT surgery procedures that are largely applicable and actual. Acharya Sushruta noticed that a number of fractures and dislocations connected to ENT can be treated. Today, many of the foreign body removal techniques he described are virtually same to those utilised then. Many conventional surgical techniques are still useful today.These interventions can be a tremendous help in learning new and cutting-edge practises with the help of contemporary advances. Our simple goal in writing this paper is to shed light on all the Shalakya Tantra subjects that are mentioned throughout Sushruta in various places.

Advent of Modern Anaesthetic Medicine in India

An indispensable modality of treating disease in the annals of human medicine is surgery which entails removal of a body part causing disease. Since the dawn of civilisation and man’s discovery of tools, surgery has been an integral part of medicine over the ages. However, removal of a live body tissue came with its own complications, most importantly pain. This stretched human endurance to the limit and indeed surgery itself was complicated by significant morbidity and mortality. The trade-off between cure and maim or even death often pushed surgery in the opposite direction.
 
 A need therefore arose to provide painless surgery, i.e., a resection when the patient would be insensitive to pain. The earliest allusion to such a philosophy dates back to Sushruta in 500 BC where opium, alcohol and hemp were used to blunt the pain during surgery. Following this, all over the world, painkillers or drugs influencing sensorium were utilised to the same effect. Hypnotism or mesmerism in susceptible individuals worked to a certain extent. It was not until the Enlightenment period in Europe that chemical gases were identified which had a similar effect. Humphrey Davy in 1799 described two important effects of nitrous oxide which were euphoria and analgesia and recommended its use in surgery for the first time. Even before, a surgeon from London, James Moore observed nerve compression as a method to alleviate pain during amputations that was tried successfully only once by James Hunter, the father of modern surgery.

FUNDAMENTALS OF RACHANA SHARIRA WITH RESPECT TO SUSHRUTA SAMHITA SHARIRA STHANA

Rachana Sharira is one of the vital subjects where thorough understanding of the basic principles, including micro and macro anatomy of human body is creditably available.In Ayurveda Samhitas,there is no major Samhitas without Sharira Sthana which emphasis the importance of the subject.Among all Samhitas, Sharira Sthana is best described in Sushruta Samhita.As known to us,Acharya Sushruta is the Father of Surgery. He emphasized that, without proper knowledge of Sharira(human body),a physician cannot diagnose or treat or do any surgery on the patients properly. Thus for acquiring that essential knowledge of human body,in 5th century BC,he is the first person who did the dissection of Human Dead Body,before Modern Anatomy even exists.From a shapeless form ,our human body is developed into such an amazingly complex form,which we can study fromRachana Sharira. Acharya Sushruta,congruously described the anatomy of human body in Sushruta Samhita Sharira Sthana,right from the formation of birth,with all the fundamental aspects.

PARA-SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND ITS PRACTICE IN AYURVEDA

Surgical procedures performed by non-surgical items or in absence of surgical instruments are Para-Surgical Procedures. Special techniques of Para-surgical procedures like Kshara Karma, Kshara Sutra, Agnikarma, Raktamokshana, Jalaukavacharana, Siravyadhana etc have been adopted to treat many sufferers. Ayurveda is an ancient science. Sushruta, known as the father of surgery, has described various surgical and para surgical procedures. These procedures are specially indicated according to stage and dosha predominance. Para surgical procedures have been indicated for different diseases that cannot be cured by any medication or where surgery is not possible to treat the condition or there is great chance of recurrence of disease. Para surgical methods are effective, easy to apply in the management of many urdhvajatrugata roga also, easy to perform, less chance of recurrence, sutureless, less post-operative hemorrhage and minimal pain. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and discuss the utility and probable mode of action of para surgical procedures used in different conditions in a scientific manner. All the gathered information was collected and complied from samhitas, some research papers, articles and published books.

Constructive Teaching Methods for Shalya Tantra - A Descriptive Review from Primeval to Current Practice

Introduction: Teaching and learning are two sides of a coin that must go hand in hand. The educational plans should be planned in such a way which could boost not only the conceptual understanding but also be able to develop practical skills and knowledge of the students. Various teaching modalities have been evolved with time but no literature is found with respect to Shalya tantra. The father of Surgery, Acharya sushruta also gave a special emphasis on teaching methods which are still pertinent with current practice. Methods: In this article, we are presenting a descriptive review from primeval time to the current practice of teaching methods especially for the fraternity of the Ayurvedic surgical branch. The work is compiled after extensively reviewing literature of both classical and contemporary literature as well as published works in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: No standardized data have been published so far in reference to effective teaching methods particularly for Shalya tantra scholars and the fundamentals of quality learning are disregarded. Discussion and Conclusion: The best teaching method is the one which arouses the student’s interest and in relation to surgical branch, theoretical knowledge is just the base whereas hand-to-hand surgical training must be mandatorily followed to impart the best of skills.

AKSHI TARPANA: A BLISS TO SIGHT

Akshi is the most crucial Gyan Indriya. In this digital era,the use of digital screens is quite common and resulting in various Akshi Rogas. Sushruta, the father of surgery, has recommended Kriyakalpa for the management of Akshi Rogas. Among all Kriyakalpas, Akshi Tarpana is the useful procedure in various Akshi Rogas,considering severity of Dosha PrakopaandAdhishtana of diseases. It acts as both preventive and curative therapy for maintaining normal healthy condition of eyes. According to modern pharmacology, the medicatead Ghrita used for the Tarpana procedure is processed with decoction of medicine hence the drug may easily cross the corneal epithelium (being lypophilic) and endothelium (being hydrophilic). Finding an ocular method with no or minimal side effects is crucial for the prevention and treatment of eye illnesses. When applied quickly, one local therapeutic method called Tarpana Karma has good results, according to objective research. So, taking a look at the traditional Ayurvedic text a method of treatment used to treat is Akshi Tarpana. In this article the texts of BrihattrayiandLaghutrayihave been reviewed to extract the information about Akshi TarpanaKarma, its indications, contraindications and possible mode of action.This work has revealed that Akshi Tarpana is useful in most of the disorders caused due to vitiation of different Doshas as well as disorders of different parts (Adhishtana) of the eye. Its complications with AtiYoga and HeenaYoga and their management is also been discussed.

Conceptual study on Agnikarma in Ayurveda

Sushruta known as father of surgery has described various surgical procedures along with some parasurgical measures. ‘Agnikarma’ is one amongst these parasurgical procedures. Agnikarma has been given special place in surgery by Sushruta and it is believed that disease treated by Agnikarma never reoccurs. Agni is considered to be very high in therapy because the disease treated with it have no relapse and also those which are incurable by medicine, surgery and alkali application are cure by the fire therapy. Now a days it is used and it is termed as therapeutic burns or cauterization. This paper deals with details of various aspects of Agnikarma and its use in present context.

Spotlight on El-Zahrawi, Father of Modern Surgery: Reflections on His Impact on Contemporary Medicine and the Need for Greater Medical Education on Pivotal Figures in Medicine

Issue : For students in the preclinical years of medical school, it is easy to overlook the narrative component of medicine and become occupied with learning the vast sea of information about the human body. There are limited, if any, options to learn about historical figures in medicine and how they can inform our future in clinical medicine. Evidence : There is an apparent lack of education offered on pivotal figures in medicine across many institutions. The few instances that medical history has been incorporated into the curriculum are further discussed. Implications : In order to incorporate cultural competency in our delivery of care, it is important to consider the diversity of the population we will be serving and how we can prepare to help patients feel heard in their unique issues. In this paper, we propose learning about the true history of certain medical practices, rather than the “colonial” version often utilized in textbooks and lectures, as a means of diversifying students’ perspectives of the origins of these practices as well as giving credit where it is due. The time period during which many of these medical practices were cultivated is referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, but scholars who made contributions belonged to many different faiths and cultural backgrounds. El-Zahrawi was a Muslim physician whose principal work, Kitab-at-Tasrif, contains topics on medicine, surgery, midwifery, pharmacology, therapeutics, diet, psychotherapy, and medical chemistry. He pioneered numerous techniques in surgery and invented surgical devices that are still used to this day.

Poison as Discussed by Susruta, The Father of Surgery

Poisons are the substances that, after coming to contact with the body either internally or externally, cause deleterious effect. Poisoning is the situation when an individual comes to the contact with a poison and the development of signs and symptoms occurs. Management of poisoning is vividly discussed in the branch of Modern medicine “Toxicology”. The context of the substances that can be closely compared with “poison” and “poisoning” is the concept of “BISHA”and “BISHAPITA” of the Ayurvedic classics. Bisha is discussed by the great Indian Ayurvedic scholar, the father of Indian medicine, “Charaka”in the famous book “Charaka Samhita” Chikitsasthana 23rd chapter and also by the father of Indian Surgery “Susruta” in “Susruta Samhita” Kalpasthana 8 chapters . Both the scholars have given almost same concepts on poison (Bisha) and poisoning (Bishapidita). But, even with close similarity of concepts, the description of Susruta is seemed to be more elaborate and informative hence throwing light on his concepts is considered to be more beneficial and informative.

Ashmari in Brhat-Trayi: A Critical Review of Literature

Ashmari has been known to humanity since the dawn of time and is one of the Mutravaha Srotas' most common diseases. Ashmari is mentioned in almost all Ayurvedic Samhitaas, but "Father of Surgery" acharya Sushruta describes Ashmari in the most scientific way possible, including its etiopathogenesis, categorization, symptomatology, complications, and management. Urolithiasis, the third most frequent urinary tract disease after UTI and BPH, can be linked to Ashmari. Stone development is a symptom of Ashmari disease, which is a painful condition. As a result, it is considered one of the fatal ailments that are "Ashtamahagada". There are very few research articles available on this disease explaining the comprehensive review of classical texts. As the disease Ashmari is of prime importance for humans so many authors have tried to write and compile the references or information available in classical texts but there is not any single article that not only compiles the textual references but also explains its appropriate modern counterpart. So the primary objective of this study is to review all the literature related to Ashmari in Brhat-Trayi and compile it in a single place for gaining comprehensive knowledge and used it for easy referencing for conducting further research. Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridayam along with classical commentaries, e-books, and research articles were reviewed critically in detail to collect literature regarding Ashmari. In this review, a few newer correlations are also included by the author. As this review also includes medicinal management, where a vast number of drugs are told by Acharyas so there may be a possibility of further research by finding or proving the antiurolithic or lithotriptic activity of several medicines. It will be the greatest achievement in the field of urology if we can prevent its reoccurrence and reduces the need for surgical management. There is a need for novel research to evolve an effective treatment that is curative as well as preventive.

Role of Acharya Sushruta in Ophthalmology Surgery - Arma Chhedana (Pterygium Excision)

Background: Acharya Sushruta, being the father of surgery has described various surgical disorders with their respective detailed interventions. He described 76 Netra Rogas, including 40 diseases which are surgically curable and with elaborative depiction of indications, contra-indications, pre-para-post operatives of Utsangini (Trachoma), Arma (Pterygium), Pakshmakopa (Trichiasis), Lingnasha (Cataract) etc. is practiced in contemporary science with similar concepts that are mentioned by Acharya Sushruta. Till now, there is less work done on Arma Chhedana (Pterygium excision), so this topic has been selected. Aims and Objectives: To study the concepts of Acharya Sushruta and correlate with modern surgical practice of ophthalmology. Materials and Methods: Arma described in Sushruta Samhita with various commentaries and Pterygium with available sources of modern literatures is studied and analyzed. Result: If the root of surgery is traced, Acharya Sushruta is the pioneer of the various surgeries, that can be seen through the comparison of Arma Chhedana with Pterygium excision.

A review on therapeutic indications of Jaloukavacharan (medicinal leech therapy)

Since ancient times, Raktmokshana has been one of the best parasurgical therapies indicated in various medico-surgical conditions. It is the course of disposal of vitiated Dosha that collect in the body thus one of the methods of shodhan chikitsa. Among various types of Raktmokshana, jaloukavacharan i.e., leech therapy is more popular now days worldwide. The father of surgery, Acharya Sushruta has described the therapeutic use of leeches. The therapy has been proved absolute safe with obvious advantages which does not cause any unwanted effect. Except hirudin inhibitor of ferment thrombin, there is a whole range of biological active alkaloids combinations. Leech therapy is a good blood purification treatment which has property to die down the aggravation, enlarging, redness and consuming sensation promptly and in which little amount of blood eliminated to vitiated Pitta, Kapha and Rakta dosha of many bloodborne diseases. Earlier the benefits of leech therapy thought to be derived from the amount of blood lost, hence relieving congestion and removing the noxious humors. But subsequent studies have demonstrated that more than the blood loss, it is the salivary secretions of the leech which contain an amazing cocktail of medicinal substances having therapeutic use in many medical & surgical conditions, to reduce post - operative swelling reconstructive surgery and pain relief in various arthritic diseases. Leech therapy is exceptionally beneficial therapeutic strategy which gives desired results. So, it is the need of time to spread awerness about leech therapy and its adequacy. It is the elective treatment promising more powerful and secure results for the society.

A Surgeon's Insight on Kala Pareeksha with the Aid of Gurvadi Gunas

The physicians around the world would have come across the patients complaining of a particular symptom arising in a particular time of the day or night, or similar complaints recurring around the same months for the past few years, in their clinical practice. The classical texts of Ayurveda have described Kala as a factor influencing pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of a disease. The term “Kala” indicates Rogi avastha as well as the time. Though the texts have given the details of various seasons along with the changes that the Doshas undergo in each of them and the regimens to follow respectively, the description of Dosha avasthas with respect to day and night is very limited. Acharya Sushruta, the father of surgery has given a key insight on this principle. Ayurvedic diagnosis and treatments cannot be standardized in a very broad scale but rather its approach should be target- specific, for which we need deeper analysis for the principles. For achieving this, a Guna based analysis of every aspect of the protocol is to be followed while diagnosing and treating the patient (Guna Pratyaneeka pareeksha and Chikitsa), a process which unearths the hidden secrets of Ayurveda. This article deals the concept of Kala pareeksha in terms of day, night and a season from the basis of Gunas rather than the basis of Doshas with respect to the references from mainly Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hrudaya in a way showing the actual beauty of the ever-puzzling science we are striving to practice.

A REVIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF SEVANI

Ayurveda is the most ancient life science in the world. Ayurveda gives fundamental knowledge about the life of human beings and its associated science too. Ashtanga Ayurveda (eight limbs of Ayurveda) is described in Ayurvedic Samhita’s (Ancient literature) very much elaborated. Various body parts have been interrelated in the 5th chapter of Sushruta’s Sharirsthan (Sharirsankhyavyakaran Shariram). In this chapter, Acharya Sushruta (father of Surgery) explained about anga (organ), pratyang (body component) and their numbers some likes Twacha (Skin), Kala (membrane), Aashaya (cavity like a sac), Snayu (ligament), Sevani etc. At the same time, Acharya Charaka (sage) is described as shadang Sharir (six-part of the body) and 56 pratyang such as Twacha, Kala, Aashaya, Snayu and Sevani etc. Sevani is one of the crucial structures of the body which divides the skull into different parts. The number of Sevani is seven in the body. There is a lot of controversy in words and seemant (type of joint). Hence in this review attempt is made to clarify these terms with the help of modern science.

Comparative Study of Efficacy of Kutaja Beeja Churna and Ayurvedic Herbal Compound in the Management of Mutrashmari (Urolithiasis)- A Research Protocol

Introduction: Acharya Sushruta, the father of surgery has included Ashmari in Astamahagada due to its fatal nature. “Ashman” the Sanskrit word, literally means “structure resembling stone”. While the word ‘Ari' means ‘enemy,' so it refers to a sickness in which stones grow and inflict intense pain, as if caused by an adversary. Mutrashmari can be associated with Urolithiasis which is the third most common affliction of the urinary tract. Acharya Sushruta has described medicinal treatment in the initial stage of the disease and advised that surgery to be done only on failure of conservative treatment and when death becomes inevitable if not operated. In Yogaratnakar, Ashmari chikitsa, Kutaja is described to be more effective in the treatment of Mutrashmari. Need of study: In modern medicine, the treatment of urinary stones is non surgical as well as surgical interventions but both have some limitations and also stone formation reoccurs after removal. There is a need for safe, cost effective and simple method of management of urolithiasis which is curative as well as preventive. Aim: Comparative assessment of efficacy of Kutaja Beeja Churna and Ayurvedic Herbal Compound in the management of Mutrashmari (Urolithiasis). Materials and Methods: A randomised control trial (single blind parallel) with 1:1 ratio on 2 groups and will be conducted in Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College Hospital and Research Centre Salod (Hi) Wardha. Expected duration of the study is one and half year (February 2022 - August 2023). Approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee has been taken and for this trial the registration number is CTRI/2021/09/036297. For statistical analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann Whitney U test, Student’s t-test and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software will be used in the study. After doing drug analysis, a total of 60 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be selected and distributed in two groups having 30 each. In group A, Kutaja Beeja Churna and in group B, Ayurvedic Herbal Compound will be given twice a day for 45 days. Assessment will be done on day 15, 30 and 45 and after the intervention; follow-up will be taken on days 60 and 90. Results will be drawn from the observations of subjective parameters like pain and dysuria and objective parameters like size of the stone, site of the stone and haematuria.

Akshi Tarpana:An Eye Rejuvenation

Akshiis the most important Gyan Indriya. It is the site of Alochaka Pitta.SushrutaThe Father of Surgery has recommended “Kriyakalpa”for the management of Akshi Roga. The term Kriyakalparefers to the treatment, which can be applied for almost all types of Akshi Roga.Kriyakalpacomprises ofTarpana, Putpaka, Seka, Aschyotana and Anjana. Akshi Tarpana is a procedure to ensure that the healthy status of the eye is maintained in a normal condition as well as diseased states. In this procedure medicated oil or ghee is retained in the eyes for fixed time in a specific formed frame. According to modern pharmacology, drug penetration depends upon permeability of layers. The epithelium & endothelium of cornea is highly permeable for lipid content, while stroma is permeable to only water content. Thus, fat soluble and water-soluble drugs readilypenetrate these layers. In this article there is a review on Akshi TarpanaKarma, their indications, contraindications and possible mode of action is discussed.