Father Of Surgery Research Articles

Scientific aspect on Diet explained by Susrutha in Wound Healing

Wound healing has been the burning problem in a surgical practice because of a remarkable increase in the number of traumatic cases. A wound causes a number of changes in the body that can affect the healing process, including changes in energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin and mineral metabolism. Various Ayurveda literatures, particularly, Sushruta Samhita, which is said to be an ancient textbook of surgery in Ayurveda, has mentioned about the diet for the person suffering from the wound, and the author said that diet plays a very important role in the wound healing process. Sushruta - The father of surgery has scientifically classified it in a systemic manner, whose wealth of clinical material and the principles of management are valid even today. Shalya Tantra (surgical branch in Ayurveda Science) is one of the important branch of Ayurveda, in which surgical and para-surgical techniques has described for management of various diseases. Vrana is the most important and widely described chapter of Shalya Tantra. Vrana (wound) is one of them, which have been managed by human being from starting of civilization. Under the circumstances, the first thing which the men came across was the injury from different sources which caused him the Vrana. Vrana is seen as debilitating and scaring disorder, usually seen affecting the human being at any age. Well balanced nutrition plays an essential role in the wound healing.

Sushruta’s eight pearls for Infective Ulcer

A detailed review of ancient texts of Ayurveda connotes tremendous information on wound healing potentials of herbs being utilized by their different forms. This brings curiosity to learn more about the creative applications of herbs in various types of wounds. Probably this could be one among the several reasons which honors Sushruta, an Ancient Indian Surgeon as Father of Surgery. Wound dressing in various systems were compared not only on the basis of the rate of granulation tissue formed or the rate of wound healing but, also on the cost and duration of hospital stay of the patient which was considered as a measure of the morbidity of the patient. As per Ayurvedic texts, Wounds, Ulcers, Burns and Incision all are grouped under one term as ‘Vrana’, a defect in skin or mucous membrane being common in all of them. On the basis of stages of pathogenesis Vrana or ulcer has been divided as Dushta Vrana (Chronic / non healing / infected ulcer), Shuddhavrana (Healthy wound), Ruhyamana Vrana, Rudha Vrana (healed Vrana). Sushruta indicates eight pearls for Infective ulcer, these eight being the eight forms of medical therapeutics used locally to cleanse the ulcer and bring to healthy state.

Ksharsutra therapy - A surgery without knife for the patients with fistula- in- ano

Fistula- in- ano, is mostly a chronic and complicated disease with higher recurrency rate. In Ayurveda, Ksharsutra therapy is one of the special form of treatment modality stated in the treatment of Nadi Vrana (Sinus) by Acharya Sushruta – The Father of Surgery. Ksharsutra is a medicated thread coated with herbal drugs and rendered alkaline. Ksharsutra therapy is proved to be a most successful and preferred treatment modality for the patient with Fistula-in-ano with almost negligent recurrency . Ksharsutra therapy is nothing but a surgery without knife as it cuts, curettes, drains and cleans the fistulous track without using a knife. Patients who are not willing for surgery or who is old age, or having another disease or unfit for surgery can be opted for the Ksharsutra therapy

Ambroise Paré (1510-1590): on the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder dislocations.

This article aims to summarize the treatment methods for shoulder dislocations supported by Ambroise Paré, and his clinical and academic contribution to this subject. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) was one of the most prominent surgeons of his time, and one of the most significant innovators of the Renaissance in the fields of military operation, bandages, wound healing, bloodletting, close blood vessels techniques and cesarean section. For many, he is considered "the Father of Modern Surgery". In our search we went through the literature in Pubmed and Google Scholar as well as the works of Hippocrates and Galen and several other ancient and medieval authors. His work on shoulder injuries and dislocations is outstanding. In this work, he uses the classifications of Hippocrates (460-377BC) and Galen (130-201BC). He also uses the reduction techniques, ointments, bandages, cooling creams and treatment options described by the ancient medical authors. Paré is heavily based on the work of previous authors on shoulder dislocations. He uses the work of Hippocrates and Galen as well as the additions made in the Cannon of Medicne of Avicenna. Ambroise Paré in his excellent work on shoulder dislocations uses the classifications of Hippocrates and Galen and the reduction techniques, cooling ointments, bandages and post-reduction management options as previously described by Hippocrates himself.

Vrana Shopha - An Ayurvedic Perspective

Father of Surgery, Acharya Sushruta had complete knowledge of Vrana (wound) and their management along with its untimely and untreated complication. The Vrana Shopha is described as earlier phase of Vrana. Sushruta has mentioned in detail about Vrana Shopha. Vrana Shopha has 3 progressive stages. These are Amawastha (just early stage of inflammatory process), Pachyamanawastha (true inflammatory stage) and Pakwawastha (suppurative stage) respectively. Based on the vitiation of Dosha, Sushruta has described Vrana Shopha into 6 types: Vatika, Paittika, Kaphaja, Shonita, Sannipattaja and Agantuja. Acharya has differentiated them based on their Laxanas, such as colour, pain etc. Shatkriyakala was explained for the first time in this context by Sushruta. Sixty procedures for management of Vrana Shopha and Vrana was told by Sushruta. Out of these Apatarpana to Virechana were mentioned for Vrana Shopha and rest for Vrana. Knowledge about Vrana Shopha can prevent from further damage to the body .

Rupture of a caesarean scar during a trial of vaginal birth: a dramatic consequence as old as the modern caesarean section.

Among other pioneering surgical procedures, John Hunter (1728–1793), the father of modern surgery, is credited to have performed the first caesarean section deliveries using an evidence-based anatomical approach (Moore W, The Knife Man, Bantam Press, 2005). Even if his procedures were technically successful – and Hunter managed to deliver a few live and surviving babies – the mother inevitably died, mainly because of the lack of suitable suturing material and wound infection. Thus, until the 19th century, caesarean section remained a surgical procedure of last resort performed almost exclusively to save the baby's life. It is only when surgeons started to suture the uterus after delivery that the maternal death rate started to fall. Further technical advances in surgical techniques during the early 20th century reduced the complication rates of caesarean section substantially. As a result, mothers not only survived the surgical procedure but were also able to have one or more subsequent pregnancies. With the rising numbers of caesarean sections came new complications in subsequent pregnancies and, in particular, rupture of the previous uterine scar became more commonly reported in the medical literature. In 1921, in a special issue on caesarean section published by this journal, Eardley Holland (1880–1967), consultant at the London Hospital, reported on five cases of scar rupture leading to maternal death during pregnancy or labour (Holland E, J Obstet Gynecol Br Emp 1921;28:488–522). Holland recalled having performed the primary caesarean section of one of these patients 5 years earlier, and stated that: ‘The occurrence of these treacherous accidents made a very great impression on the minds of myself and my colleagues’. His inquiry indicated that there was little information about the causes and frequency of scar rupture after caesarean section, and that ‘certain surgeons were so afraid of ruptured scar that they sterilize their patients at the first operation’. The classical caesarean section is associated with the greatest damage to the uterine wall, and not surprisingly with the highest risk of ruptured scar in subsequent pregnancies, before and during labour. Low-segment caesarean sections are rarely associated with spontaneous scar rupture during pregnancy, but are observed in one in 250 spontaneous labours, and the risk is higher when labour is induced with prostaglandins (Landon et al., NEJM 2004;351:2581–9); however, the reason why some women rupture their scar and others do not remains unclear. Variations in surgical techniques or different suture material used do not seem to explain scar rupture in subsequent pregnancies (Roberge et al., Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011;115:5–10). The use of continuous fetal heart monitoring during labour and access to fluid infusion and blood transfusion has reduced fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality in deliveries complicated by ruptured uterine scar. The data analysis of a representative sample of the French obstetric population indicates that the incidence of elective repeat caesarean section is well above that expected from the national guidelines for women eligible for a trial of scar (Bartolo et al., BJOG, in this issue). They suggest that non-medical reasons are involved in the decision. Perhaps collective memory of the dramatic consequences of a ruptured scar still influences doctor and patient choice. None declared. Completed disclosure of interests form available to view online as supporting information. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Redefining Plastic Surgery.

Plastic surgery is one of the most ancient forms of surgery, and its roots can be traced back to the time of Sushruta, the father of surgery (600 BC),1 who is credited with performing the first ever reported plastic surgical procedures. The name, however, defies a clear understanding and an appropriate definition that could cover the entire scope of activities performed at the present moment. An extensive search of the plastic surgery literature was performed to find out the best available definition, but a comprehensive definition could not be found. This led the authors to explore the modern and ancient literature, including the thousand-year-old sacrosanct Indian epics, Gita, and Vedas in their quest to redefine plastic surgery. This review of the age-old fundamental secrets of life made it possible for us to extract the coveted relevant information to redefine plastic surgery, which is being presented in this article.

Wiring of patellar fractures by Joseph Lister.

Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was the father of modern surgery and, in particular, of today's orthopaedic surgery. Before Lister, surgeons seldom opened into a joint or performed an open operation for failed reduction or malunion of a fracture. Indeed, most surgical teachers condemned such procedures because of the almost invariable complications of wound suppuration, pyaemia prolonged illness and often death.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF STANDARD FISTULECTOMY PROCEDURE AND KSHAR-SUTRA LIGATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FISTULA-IN-ANO

The disease, fistula in ano, which is considered to be a mino r ailment, has high morbidity. Besides fistulectomy; the father of surgery, Sushruta , has also described its treatment in his text Sushruta samhita by kshar sutra method considering it as nadi vr ana (wound with tract). The aim of the study was to compare t he effectiveness, hospital stay, post operative pain between fistulec tomy and kshar sutra procedure. 30 patients underwent fistulectomy and 30 patients underwent kshar sutra procedure according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of study. Post operati ve assessment of pain wa s done using VAS score , fecal incontinence, gas incontinence, wound healing, follow up complaints and recurrence . M ean hospital stay and recurrence was more in fistulectomy procedure and duration of healing of fistula was more in ks har sutra ligation p rocedure and there was significant difference in pain on 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd post operative day. K shar sutra procedure is safe, feasible and effective. In Ksharsutra procedure i mmediate p ost operative pain was much less with early discharg e from the hospital, complete healing of wound wa s delayed with decreased morbidity, as compared to open method of fistulectomy.

Editorial on the Status of Hernia Surgery Back to Pure Tissue Repair or Forward to Tohubohu

Edoardo Bassini is considered the father of modern surgery. His early results revealed a 2.7% recurrence rate. Earl Shouldice, his true successor, has improved the results to less than 1%. These results were produced by several well-known surgeons from 1970-2000 and well published. The need for mesh was meant for a small segment of the surgical patient population. What has happened? Generally, recurrence rates with mesh have not come down; instead, pain has become the bane of hernia repair as we begin the 21st century. A pain which makes the patient wish that he had a recurrence instead!

Notable Modifications of Sushrut Samhita by Dalhana

Sushruta, the father of surgery gave Sushrut Samhita to his followers. The Sushrut Samhita gives simple, precise, logical and practical knowledge. Available commentary on Sushrut Samhita is Nibandhasangraha which is written by Dalhana who gave reasoning and description about some unsolved puzzles in Sushrut Samhita. This commentary is available in Sanskrit language which is unrecognized by common Ayurveda scholars and researchers. Although it is very difficult to understand and translate the Samhita in an easy language it will be a boon to all the Ayurveda scholars if we can understand the Dalhan’s explanation of Sushruta’s view. In this article we shall try to understand and interpret the knowledge of Sushruta and Dalhana from Sutrasthan Adhyaya no. 1 to 10 in parallel to western surgical knowledge to get a better understanding of basic principles of ancient and western surgical practice.

Dietary Considerations of Wound Healing in Ayurveda

Wound healing has been the burning problem in a surgical practice because of a remarkable increase in the number of traumatic cases. A wound causes a number of changes in the body that can affect the healing process, including changes in energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin and mineral metabolism.Various ayurvedic literatures, particularly, Sushrut samhita, which is said to be a ancient textbook of surgery in Ayurveda, has mentioned about the diet for the person suffering from the wound, and the author said that diet plays a very important role in the wound healing process. Sushruta–The father of surgery has scientifically classified it in a systemic manner, whose wealth of clinical material and the principles of management are valid even today. Shalya Tantra (surgical branch in ayurvedic science) is one of the important branch of ayurveda, in which surgical and para-surgical techniques has described for management of various diseases. Vrana is the most important and widely described chapter of Shalya Tantra. Vrana (wound) is one of them, which have been managed by human being from starting of civilization. Under the circumstances, the first thing which the men came across was the injury from different sources which caused him the vrana. Vrana is seen as debilitating and scaring disorder, usually seen affecting the human being at any age. Well balanced nutrition plays an essential role in the wound healing.

Abulcasis, the Father of Modern Surgery

Abulcasis, the Father of Modern Surgery

Joseph Lister: father of modern surgery

Joseph Lister: father of modern surgery

Joseph Lister: father of modern surgery

Joseph Lister: father of modern surgery

Susruta: The Father of Surgery

Susruta: The Father of Surgery

Heterotopic Ossification Following Combat-Related Trauma

The term heterotopic ossification refers to the aberrant forma­ tion of mature, lamellar in nonosseous tissue. Trans­ lated from its Greek (heteros and topos) and Latin (ossificatio) etymologic origins, heterotopic ossification can be literally de­ fined as bone formation in other location. The first written account of heterotopic ossification describes the treatment of symptomatic lesions. Al-Zahrawi (more commonly known in Western cultures as Albucasis ), widely considered the father of surgery, wrote in the year 1000 C. E., This callus often occurs after the healing of a fracture ... and sometimes there is limitation of the natural function of the limb ... if the callus is stony hard and its removal is urgent, incise the place and cut away the superfluous prominence, or pare it away with a scraper until it is gone; and dress the wound until it heals.' Currently, orthopaedic surgeons faced with treating mature, refractory, symptomatic heterotopic ossification are left with few options other than operative excision. Although it is remarkable that the treatment of heterotopic os­ sification has scarcely changed in the last millennium, it is gen­ erally accepted that prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification is far preferable than the later treatment of symptomatic lesions. As such, the focus of scientific effort in recent years has been directed toward prophylaxis, not treatment. The formation of heterotopic ossification has been ob­ served following total hip arthroplasty, acetabular and elbow fracture surgery, electrocution and burn injuries, and traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury'. Following most traumatic injuries in the civilian population, the formation of heterotopic ossification is relatively rare in the absence of head injury. Even following traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury, hetero­ topic ossification develops in only 20% and 11 o/o of patients, respectivelf. Rates of heterotopic ossification formation exceed 50% only in the setting of femoral shaft fractures with concomitant head injury', although reported rates following ace­ tabular and elbow fractures vary substantially. Numerous combat-related injury and amputation studies from the latter half of the twentieth century make no specific mention of heterotopic ossification, suggesting that it was not a common occurrence in prior conflicts 5 ·•. However, military medical texts

Wendy Moore, The knife man: the extraordinary life and times of John Hunter, father of modern surgery, London, Bantam Press, 2005, pp. xiii, 482, illus., £18.99 (hardback 0-593-05209-9).

Wendy Moore, The knife man: the extraordinary life and times of John Hunter, father of modern surgery, London, Bantam Press, 2005, pp. xiii, 482, illus., £18.99 (hardback 0-593-05209-9).

William S. Halsted and Harvey W. Cushing: reflections on their complex association

William Stewart Halsted, the father of modern surgery, and Harvey Williams Cushing, the father of neurosurgery, are remembered for their countless innovations and contributions to the discipline of surgery. Between 1896 and 1912, they worked together at Johns Hopkins Hospital making many of their respective achievements possible. In the later years, their complex relationship, somewhat strained during Cushing's residency, grew into a mutual respect and deep appreciation for one another. In this offering, the authors attempt to elucidate the evolution of this complex relationship.

Surgical scalpel used in the treatment of “infantile hydrocephalus” by Al Zahrawi (936–1013 a.d.)

Hydrocephalus is a term derived from the Greek words “hydro” and “cephalus” meaning water and head, respectively; therefore, this condition is generally named as “water on the brain” [5]. It was first described by the ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates (5th century B.C.), the father of medicine, and Galen (130–200 A.D.) as a disease caused by an extraaxial accumulation of water rather than enlargement of the ventricles [3, 5]. For the treatment of hydrocephalic children, surgical evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid was first described by the Muslim surgeon Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 A.D.), the father of surgery, known in the western medical literature as Abulcasis or Albucasis (Fig. 1) [3, 4, 6]. He lived and practiced surgery and medicine in the city of Al Zahra, the capital of Al Andalus in the 10th century [4]. He was the personal physician to Abd Al-Rahman III, the Andalusian caliph who built Medinat Al Zahrah, and to his son and successor Al hakam II [4]. Al Zahrawi was the first medical author to provide illustrations of instruments used in surgery [4]. He wrote a total of 30-volume treatise on medicine in which he recommended decompression–trepanation for the treatment of hydrocephalus between the skull and brain tissue over 1,000 years ago [2]. In his book, Al Zahrawi emphasized the importance of a good “physician and patient relationship”, took great care to ensure the safety of his patients, and win their trust irrespective of their social status [4]. Interestingly, it is important to note that he addressed his students as his