Fast Extraction Method Research Articles

Modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted green extraction and rapid HPTLC analysis of stevioside from Stevia Rebaudiana

Stevioside is the major constituent of the Stevia Rebaudiana plant. The aim of this study is to appraise optimum procedure conditions for extraction of stevioside from Stevia Rebaudiana by Peleg’s mathematical methodology. Stevioside from dried leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana was extracted by means of probe type sonication system using glycerol as a green and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvent. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used as a very efficient, rapid and precise method for stevioside detection and analysis. Results demonstrated that the optimum conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of stevioside from Stevia Rebaudiana are glycerol as solvent, temperature of 70 °C, plant to solvent proportion of 1:30, plant powder particle size of 0.075 mm, 200 W ultrasound irradiation power and 20 kHz ultrasound irradiation frequency. The comparing experimental results for Ceq of extracted stevioside with calculated values from Peleg’s mathematical model showed good and acceptable agreement. As a consequence, it was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted extraction is an efficient, fast, and economic method for extraction of stevioside from Stevia Rebaudiana in comparing with Soxhlet and maceration methods. Moreover, selected mathematical model displays the system with an acceptable accuracy which can predict the optimal conditions for extraction of stevioside those are close enough to experimental results.Practical Applications This investigation presented a mathematic model and experimental approach for the optimization of stevioside content of Stevia Rebaudiana using the ultrasound-assisted extraction and HPTLC analysis. Compared with the classic methods for optimizing of stevioside using the mathematic approaches or chemical experiments, the Peleg’s method is more precise and convenient. Moreover using ultrasound and HPTLC as extraction and analysis method, respectively, provides safer, rapid, and simple way for their stevioside extraction. Therefore, the method demonstrated in the present investigation could be used to extract the stevioside of Stevia Rebaudiana in food and beverage industries.

The impacts of the raising regime of Salmon species on their triacylglycerol composition revealed by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry

Marine fish consumption is rising around the world due to the high quality of its nutritional components, including long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), which are abundant and found as triacylglycerol (TAG) in the muscle and skin of Salmonidae family. Farm raised and wild species of Salmon have different diets, that directly influences their TAG composition. In this work, we demonstrate the evaluation of TAG composition of salmon species as an authenticity screening parameter. For this purpose, we propose the use of ambient mass spectrometry, here represented by the thermal imprinting (TI) easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), to offer a fast and ecofriendly method for TAG extraction and characterization of fish muscles and skins. Specifically, TI-EASI-MS was employed to obtain the TAG profiles of different species from Salmonids, which were compared using multivariate statistical analysis. Clear differentiation of wild-raised fishes was achieved based on their higher content of ions attributed to TAG containing PUFA when compared to farm-raised fishes. The TI extraction method was also compared to the standard Bligh & Dyer extraction protocol and the techniques were equivalent for Salmon species differentiation.

Accurate Extraction of Coronary Vascular Structures in 2D X-ray Angiogram Using Vascular Topology Information in 3D Computed Tomography Angiography

Since the 2D X-ray angiogram enables the detection of vascular stenosis in real-time, it is essential for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the accurate vascular structure is very difficult to determine due to background clutter and loss of depth information of 2D projection. To cope with these difficulties, we propose a fast and accurate extraction method of a vascular structure in 2D X-ray angiogram (XA) based on the vascular topology information of 3D computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the same patient. First, an initial vascular structure is robustly extracted based on vessel enhancement filtering. Then, 2D XA and 3D CTA are spatially aligned by 2D–3D registration. Finally, the 2D vascular structure is accurately reconstructed based on 3D vascular topology information by measuring the similarity of 2D and 3D vascular segments. Experimental results showed the fast and accurate extraction of a vascular structure using 10 images each of the left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA). Our method can be used as a computer-aided technology for PCI. Our method can be applied to the study of other various types of vessels.

Extraction of natural hydroxyapatite from tilapia fish scales using alkaline treatment

Abstract Fish scales have been the best alternatives source of hydroxyapatite (HAp) due to low manufacturing cost and safety issues. Low cost and fast extraction method has been explored including alkaline treatment. This study presents the extraction of natural HAp from Tilapia fish scales using alkaline treatment. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with concentration of 5 M was chosen to extract HAp from fish scales. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to confirm the structure of fish scales HAp (FsHAp) produced from the fish scale. The morphology of the FsHAp obtained was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with transmission mode (STEM). The STEM analysis reveals the ultrafine nanoparticles of FsHAp with diameter around 20-30 nm. Sintering of FsHAp at 1200 oC produced highly crystalline FsHA with Ca/P ratio was 1.83 as determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD results verified the structure of sintered FsHAp with the presence of secondary phase was known as beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The nano FsHAp have a potential to be used as material for biomedical applications.

Validation of a method for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.).

Diosgenin is a very important plant secondary metabolite and raw material for the drug indus- try. Plant sources rich in diosgenin include yam (Dioscorea spp.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). A method for diosgenin extraction from yam extracts has previously been validated, but its extraction from fenugreek plants still requires validation. In addition, all available methods require time-consuming additional purification steps. The present study was aimed at developing a low cost, less time-consuming single-step method for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek. This study represents a method developed for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek plants without any additional/supportive purification methods such as chromatography or thin-layer chroma- tography. Diosgenin yield estimation and purity analysis by HPLC method, along with accuracy and preci- sion analysis, is presented. Five different fenugreek varieties were subjected to a newly developed diosgenin extraction method, and an HPLC chromatogram showed a single peak corresponding to diosgenin. Yield was determined by the standard curve method. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the assay were found to be 0.0312 and 0.102 &mu;g, respectively; tcalculated for slope and other statistical parameters were found to be significant (P value < 0.001) for this method. We have developed a fast, accurate and low cost method for diosgenin extraction from fenu- greek. Although the authors have studied this method only in fenugreek plants, it could be applied to the extraction of a few other plant secondary metabolites, which will help researchers to save time and effort.

A simple isothermal nucleic acid amplification method for the effective on-site identification for adulteration of pork source in mutton

As meat adulteration issue is becoming increasingly prominent worldwide, it is crucial to realize on-site detection with simple equipment. Conventional nucleic acid amplification methods are reliable but the requirement of complex equipment, skilled technicians and long operation time limit their on-site use. Here, a simple denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification method (SEA) requiring only a pair of primers and one polymerase was first reported for identifying adulteration of pork source by targeting the specie-specific mitochondrial DNA sequence. The SEA method displayed good specificity for pork and could detect as low as 30 pg/μL pork DNA. In binary mixtures, the SEA method could detect 1% pork meat total DNA by both colorimetric and fluorescence determination, fulfilling the requirement of artificial meat adulteration. Excitedly, the whole detection process could be finished within 1 h by coupling with fast tissue DNA extraction method, only requiring a simple heating block. Therefore, with simplicity and rapidity, SEA method will be suitable for on-site meat species identification.

Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Based on Calderon’s Method

In this paper, the closed-loop control strategy was facilitated to iteratively reconstruct images of high quality for electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). The classical direct reconstruction algorithm, e.g., Calderon’s method, was first used to roughly estimate the permittivity distributions. The yielded distributions were subsequently utilized to generate the mutual capacitances between different electrodes. A fast capacitance extraction method with constraints of equal potential on all nodes in each electrode was also introduced for the first time to calculate the mutual capacitances in terms of the discretized Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. In the method, only the stiffness matrix in the finite-element model was involved to calculate the capacitances between electrodes regarded as floating potentials, and the consumption time can be dramatically reduced. The calculated capacitances from the reconstructed distributions were then compared with the measured data from the ECT sensor. The deviations were used to correct the reconstructed distributions. A proportional-integral-derivative controller was introduced to perform a closed-loop control strategy for image correction. Similar to the classical feedback control systems, Calderon’s method was treated as the control object to generate an output. The output of the retrieved distributions passes the capacitance calculation and the capacitances are used as the negative feedback. In addition, the invariant property of the conformal transformation was strictly proved for the first time for the ECT sensor with a cross-section of any simply-connected region. As a result, the proposed iterative reconstruction algorithm can be promoted to the cases of any non-circular ECT sensors, e.g., square sensor. Simulated data contaminated with and without noises and real data from the experiments were used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed iterative reconstruction algorithm for ECT.

A rapid analysis of piroxicam in beagle plasma applying evaporation-free liquid-liquid extraction by supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Bioequivalence study is highly prized to piroxicam (PIRO), since its generic products have been widely used worldwide. The present work was undertaken to explore the pharmacokinetic behaviors and bioequivalence of two branded PIRO tablets in beagle dogs using the supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) method. Here, a fast evaporation-free liquid-liquid extraction (EF-LLE) method using ethyl acetate was developed for extracting PIRO from beagle dog plasma. To improve the response as well as peaks elution and symmetry of analytes, several key factors were investigated including post-column compensation, stationary phase, mobile phase, column temperature, back pressure and flow rate, and finally the analytes were eluted on an ACQUITY UPC2™ BEH 2-EP column (100 × 3 mm, 1.7 μm) within only 2.5 min in optimal conditions. The performance of the established method was evaluated, good linearity was found over the concentration range of 5–5000 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.994) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng/mL. Accuracy of all quality control (QC) samples were between 96.6% and 99.6% with a satisfactory intra and inter-day precision (RSD values < 6.6%). The proposed rapid, sensitive, user-friendly and high throughput method will be an alternative way for PIRO analysis in biological samples.

Fast and robust local feature extraction for 3D reconstruction

Large-scale 3D reconstruction based on structure from motion (SFM) has attracted much attention from the computer vision community. Local feature extraction, which is typically used to locate correspondences between images, is one of the most important components of SFM. In this paper, we propose a fast and robust local feature extraction method, called OOD, for SFM-based 3D reconstruction. First, the adaptive and generic accelerated segment test (AGAST) detector is used to detect keypoints, and the image moment is used to define an orientation for these keypoints. Second, a novel descriptor based on the oriented difference of Gaussians is proposed to describe the keypoints, which can be computed directly from the difference of Gaussian image. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted using several benchmark datasets. Our experimental results indicate that the OOD method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Determination of acidic, basic and amphoteric drugs in biological fluids and wastewater after their simultaneous dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using multiwalled carbon nanotubes/magnetite nanoparticles@poly(2-aminopyrimidine) composite

Determining of acidic, basic and amphiprotic drugs from different samples simultaneously is a remarkable and discussible topic in sample preparation methods. In this work, an easy and fast dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) method was developed using a magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Fe3O4@poly(2‑aminopyrimidine) (MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PAPy) as a viable and efficient sorbent to preconcentrate and determine five model analytes in three different classes (nortriptyline, cetirizine, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen). The nanosorbent was characterized by diverse characterization techniques. After the extraction step, HPLC-photo diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was employed to quantify the model analytes. The effects of various parameters on the dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction method were explored thoroughly via design of experiment and desirability function. The highest extraction performance was obtained under the conditions of: a sample pH of 2, a sorbent amount of 8 mg, a sorption time of 5 min, a salt concentration of 20% w/v in the sample solution, 120 μL 0.01 mol L−1 HCl in acetonitrile as an eluent, and an elution time of 2 min. By employing the optimum conditions detection limits and linear dynamic ranges were obtained in the range of 0.07–3.5 μg L−1 and 0.25–1500 μg L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n = 5) were between 1.4% and 10.5%. Eventually, this method was simply applied for determination and extraction of target analytes in different samples.

Automatic multi‐circle detection on images using the teaching learning based optimisation algorithm

Circle detection has numerous applications towards industry, robotics, and science in general. Therefore, a significant effort has been made in order to develop an accurate and fast method for circle extraction. Commonly, different techniques such as the ones based on the Hough transform have been widely used because of their robustness. However, these techniques usually demand a considerable computational load and large storage, and therefore meta-heuristic approaches such as evolutionary and swarm-based algorithms have been studied as an alternative. This study introduces a circle-detection method based on a recently proposed meta-heuristic technique: the teaching learning based optimisation algorithm, which is a population-based technique that is inspired by the teaching and learning processes. The algorithm uses the encoding of three points as candidate circles over the edge image. To evaluate if such candidate circles are actually present within the edge map, an objective function is used to guide the search. To validate the efficacy of the proposed approach, several tests using noisy and complex images as input were carried out, and the results were compared with different approaches for circle detection.

The On-Orbit Noncloud-Covered Water Region Extraction for Ship Detection Based on Relative Spectral Reflectance

For most of the existing noncloud-covered water region (NCC water region) extraction methods, they are designed for on-ground ship detection. However, these methods could result in low accuracy and expensive computational costs. In this letter, an accurate and fast NCC water region extraction method is proposed for the typical on-orbit ship detection system with limited computing resources available. According to the relative spectral reflectance difference of water, land, and thick cloud, a triple-peak model is first constructed. Next, the parameters of the triple-peak model can be adaptively obtained based on the correlation of the previous adjacent image blocks acquired from the data stream of the panchromatic camera. Subsequently, the accurate NCC water region can be quickly extracted. Moreover, the proposed method is validated using a large amount of raw data captured by panchromatic satellite cameras. The experimental results on a Xilinx-5VFX130t field-programmable gate array imply that the proposed method performs well in the NCC water region extraction with the precision of 99.3% and recall of 99.5%, and it is suitable for on-orbit processing.

Fast and Flexible Selective Harmonic Extraction Methods Based on the Generalized Discrete Fourier Transform

Selective harmonic extraction plays an important role in power quality assessment, harmonic compensation, and so on. Among the various methods, discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based algorithms has found wide and popular applications due to advantages like simplicity and excellent selectively filtering properties. However, DFT suffers from disadvantages like slow dynamics and sensitivity to frequency variations. In order to alleviate these drawbacks, an improved and extended DFT—generalized DFT (GDFT) is proposed. It is revealed in this paper that the conventional DFT can be viewed as a comb filter connected in series with complex resonators, and DFT relies on the mechanism of pole-zero cancellation for harmonic extraction. More importantly, the key reason behind the DFT slow transient responses is the large delay introduced by the comb filter. Therefore, this paper proposed to reconfigure the comb filter according to specific harmonic patterns of the input signal for improving the dynamic responses and system flexibility. The proposed GDFT not only maintains the advantages of simplicity and selectively filtering properties but also features fast transients, around 0.3 fundamental cycle for typical applications, which is much shorter than the one-cycle settling time of the conventional DFT. A phase-locked-loop block is also incorporated into the harmonic-detection system to deal with possibly large frequency variations in practical applications. Extensive tests are provided to validate effectiveness of the proposed method.

Rapid and economical protocols for genomic and metagenomic DNA extraction from oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.)

Two new efficient, fast and low-cost metagenomic DNA extraction methods were developed for different Persian oak tissues (leaf, stem, root, and rhizospheric) and soil samples. The new “omics” studies on the genus Quercus are of importance to help finding efficient strategies for overcoming environmental challenges, and to do this, presence of efficient DNA extraction protocols for different Quercus species are very critical. The objective of the present study was to develop new efficient methods for extraction of metagenomic DNA (mDNA) from of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) tissues. The efficiency of two newly developed mDNA extraction methods, including indirect SDS-based (ISB or concentrate method) and one spin column-based method (SCB) were compared to that of two classical direct methods, including CTAB-based and SDS-based methods, and two commercial mDNA extraction kits. The maximum average yield of mDNA for all samples (leaf, stem, root, bulk, and rhizospheric soils) was obtained by SCB (258 ng/μl) and ISB (189 ng/μl) methods, respectively. Successful PCR amplification for 16SrRNA and ITS sequence was consistently observed for ISB, SCB, and kit-extracted mDNAs, which confirmed the high purity of mDNA extracted by these methods. The new methods showed more than 96% quantitative PCR efficiency, and partial restriction digestion and metagenomic library construction confirmed the high efficiency of the newly developed methods. It could be concluded that two new protocols enhanced efficiency (yield, purity, and cost) of mDNA extraction from different tissues of Persian oak.

Alternative Extraction Method of Bioactive Compounds from Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Pulp Using Pressurized-Liquid Extraction

Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is one of the most important species of the genus Morus as its fruit contains substantial levels of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds which show a potentially positive effect on the human health. Nowadays, PLE is becoming a promising extraction technology. Therefore, the development of fast extraction methods of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds from mulberry pulp using pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) has been studied in this paper. The operating conditions (solvent, temperature, pressure, purge time, pH, and flushing) were investigated by a Box–Behnken design. Analysis of the model clearly showed that the most influential factors were temperature and solvent composition. The optimum extraction conditions for anthocyanins were 47.2% methanol in water, a temperature of 75.5 °C, pressure of 200 atm, a purge time of 90 s, pH 3.01, and 50.2% for flushing. The best conditions for the extraction of phenolics were 74.6% methanol, 99.4 °C, 100 atm, 90 s purge, pH 7, and 100% flushing. The optimum extraction time was 10 min. The precision values of the methods were also evaluated and excellent results (RSD < 5%) were obtained. The developed methods were successfully applied to several mulberry marmalade samples. The results using PLE were compared to those achieved by UAE methods. Similar extraction yields were obtained for anthocyanins by PLE and UAE under optimized conditions; however, PLE required less methanol consumption. Besides, PLE showed higher extraction efficiency for total phenolic compounds. From the results, it can be concluded that pressurized-liquid extraction can be considered as an efficient alternative and powerful tool for the extraction of bioactive compounds from mulberries.

Analysis of volatile compounds in Chinese dry-cured hams by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A microwave assisted extraction method coupled with solvent assisted flavor evaporation (MAE-SAFE) was used to extract the volatiles from three-selected Chinese dry-cured hams (Jinhua ham, Xuanwei ham and Rugao ham). Extracts were analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/HR-TOFMS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), respectively. A total 165 volatile compounds were identified by GC × GC/HR-TOFMS while only 50 compounds were identified by GC–MS. Principal component analysis showed that the specific dominant volatile compounds were [S-(R*,R*)]-2,3-butanediol (26.39%) and 3-methyl-butanoic acid (7.53%) for Jinhua ham, were [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-butanediol (16.85%) and acetic acid (8.25%) for Rugao ham and were dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone (11.67%) and hexanoic acid (8.24%) for Xuanwei ham. The results not only provided a fast and mild extraction method to analyze the volatiles in non-volatile food matrices, but also represented the detailed information of volatile profiles of Chinese dry-cured hams.

Application of Multiplex PCR Assay for Campylobacter fetus Sub sp. Detection and Differentiation in Bovine Preputial Wash

The aim of this research was to evaluate the detection and differentiation of C. fetus subspecies through multiplex PCR (mPCR) method from the bovine preputial wash. The evaluation was done by comparing 2 extraction methods, which was by commercial kit extraction and boiling method, and also by measuring the effect of Transport Enrichment Media (TEM) addition as bacterial enrichment. Spiked bovine preputial washes with 2 extraction methods (commercial kit and boiling), with and without TEM addition were used as a sample. The results showed that the highest sensitivity/specificity was by boiling extraction without TEM addition, which reached 83.3%/100% for all or grouped sample. The results also supported by Poisson regression analysis which showed the comparison between sample with and without TEM addition which had 1.3 Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR). The obtained IRR score indicated that sample without TEM addition had 30% better result compared to the sample with TEM addition. Furthermore, a comparison between commercial kit and boiling extraction showed no significant difference (1.029 IRR). The research concluded that boiling extraction without TEM addition is the most accurate, fast and economical extraction method regarding its high sensitivity and specificity value, with less than 24 hours testing time and without any commercial kit requirements. However, a validation and verification with field sample were still needed before applied in the laboratory.

Easy and fast method for expression and native extraction of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein fragments

BackgroundThe Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) has been the most studied ligand binding human reticulocytes to date. This molecule has a cysteine-rich domain in region II (RII) which has been used as control for evaluating the target cell binding activity of several parasite molecules. However, obtaining rPvDBP-RII in a soluble form using the Escherichia coli expression system usually requires laborious and time-consuming steps for recovering the molecule’s structure and function, considering it is extracted from inclusion bodies. The present study describes an easy and fast method for expressing and obtaining several PvDBP fragments which should prove ideal for use in protein–cell interaction assays.ResultsTwo PvDBP encoding regions (rii and riii/v) were cloned in pEXP5-CT vector and expressed in E. coli and extracted from the soluble fraction (rPvDBP-RIIS and rPvDBP-RIII/VS) using a simple freezing/thawing protocol. After the purification, dichroism analysis enabled verifying high rPvDBP-RIIS and rPvDBP-RIII/VS secondary structure α-helix content, which was lowered when molecules were extracted from inclusion bodies (rPvDBP-RIIIB and rPvDBP-RIII/VIB) using a denaturing step. Interestingly, rPvDBP-RIIS, but not rPvDBP-RIIIB, bound to human reticulocytes, while rPvDBP-RIII/VS and rPvDBP-RIII/VIB bound to such cells in a similar way to negative control (cells incubated without recombinant proteins).ConclusionsThis research has shown for the first time how rPvDBP-RII can be expressed and obtained in soluble form using the E. coli system and avoiding the denaturation and refolding steps commonly used. The results highlight the usefulness of the rPvDBP-RIII/VS fragment as a non-binding control for protein-cell target interaction assays. The soluble extraction protocol described is a good alternative to obtain fully functional P. vivax proteins in a fast and easy way, which will surely prove useful to laboratories working in studying this parasite’s biology.

Extraction optimization for polyphenolic profiling and bioactive enrichment of extractives of non-pomace residue from grape processing

A simple and fast extraction method combining mechanical orbital agitation (MOA) and hydroalcoholic solid-liquid extraction (HSLE) was optimized for polyphenol enrichment and bioactive profiling of extractives of the non-pomace residue obtained from grape industries. Using this potentially reusable material, solid-liquid extractions using a mixture of organic-water solvents and rotational agitation were evaluated in order to obtain antioxidant rich extractives of this highly-colored residue, which is industrially discarded as a solid waste. In addition, the phenolic profile of this residue was firstly identified by RP-LC DAD. The extraction of many phenolic compounds was greatly increased by increasing solvent polarity combined with plate or orbital agitation. The non-pomace extractives showed high levels of flavanols, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and stilbene, whereas polyphenolic concentrations were significantly higher in methanolic extracts. The complete three-level factorial design allowed the optimization of extraction time, solvent concentration, and solid-liquid ratio, leading to an optimal extraction of anthocyanins at a solvent:solid ratio of 1:10 (w/v), extraction time of 5 min and solvent concentration of 85%. Malvidin glucosides were the major phenolics in the non-pomace residue. Catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and trans-resveratrol, which are potent antioxidants, were found at high concentrations in the extractives, suggesting a bioactive interest for further technological applications.

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction: Fast and green extraction method of secondary metabolites on medicinal plant

Background: Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) is one of the non-conventional extraction methods that has been developed and applied in recent years. Some studies have reported the success of this approach for extracting the target compound (secondary metabolites) from medicinal plants optimally. Objective: This review paper aimed to provide detail information about the application of the IL-MAE method as a fast and green extraction of a secondary metabolite from the medicinal plant. Materials and Methods: The literature published on IL-MAE was searched and collected using online resources from the electronic databases including Google Scholar, DOAJ, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Results: This review highlights the role of IL as a green solvent, the basic principles, mechanisms of MAE, and its utilization of natural product extraction. Furthermore, this review explained about the application of the IL-MAE method to extract secondary metabolite (particularly the targeted compound) from a medicinal plant, and a brief extraction mechanism of IL-MAE using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Conclusion: The application of IL-MAE method has successfully performed to extract the targeted secondary metabolite from a natural product, where the extraction process to be rapid, efficient, and green.