Fast Extraction Method Research Articles

Dissolved carbon dioxide flotation-assisted in-syringe dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry for selective determination of palladium in water samples

Dissolved carbon dioxide flotation-assisted in-syringe dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DCF-IS-DLLME) followed by microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry was developed as a simple, inexpensive and fast method for extraction and determination of Pd(II). In the proposed approach, N,N′-bis (naphthylideneimino) diethylenetriamine (NAPdien) was utilized as a selective complexing reagent for Pd(II) ion. Several influential factors on the extraction efficiency including types and volumes of extraction and disperser solvents, pH of the sample solution, concentration of NAPdien and interfering ions were studied. By applying the optimal conditions, a preconcentration factor of 28.7 and limit of detection of 2.5 ng mL−1 were provided by the proposed method. Linearity was in the range of 10–400 ng mL−1 with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.9968. Intra-day RSD% values for five repetitive measurements of the spiked solutions at the concentrations of 20 and 100 ng mL−1 were 5.2 and 2.4%, respectively, whereas it was obtained within the range of 3.6–18.6% for the real samples. Inter-day RSD% values of the spiked solutions were found to be 9.6 and 8.7%, respectively. The results demonstrated that except for Fe2+ and Fe3+, no remarkable interfering effect was created by the other studied ions for determination of Pd(II) so that the tolerance limits (W Ion/W Pd(II)) of the major cations and anions were in the range of 1000–10,000. Finally, DCF-IS-DLLME was successfully applied for determination of Pd(II) in different water samples and the obtained relative recoveries in the range of 94.5–105% illustrated favorable accuracies for the proposed method.

Easy, fast and environmental friendly method for the simultaneous extraction of the 16 EPA PAHs using magnetic molecular imprinted polymers (mag-MIPs).

An easy and environmental friendly method, based on the use of magnetic molecular imprinted polymers (mag-MIPs) is proposed for the simultaneous extraction of the 16 U.S. EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) priority pollutants. The mag-MIPs based extraction protocol is simple, more sensitive and low organic solvent consuming compared to official methods and also adequate for those PAHs more retained in the particulate matter. The new proposed extraction method followed by HPLC determination has been validated and applied to different types of water samples: tap water, river water, lake water and mineral water.

A simple and fast method for extraction and quantification of cryptophyte phycoerythrin

The microalgal pigment phycoerythrin (PE) is of commercial interest as natural colorant in food and cosmetics, as well as fluoroprobes for laboratory analysis. Several methods for extraction and quantification of PE are available but they comprise typically various extraction buffers, repetitive freeze-thaw cycles and liquid nitrogen, making extraction procedures more complicated. A simple method for extraction of PE from cryptophytes is described using standard laboratory materials and equipment. The cryptophyte cells on the filters were disrupted at −80°C and added phosphate buffer for extraction at 4°C followed by absorbance measurement. The cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina was used as a model organism.•Simple method for extraction and quantification of phycoerythrin from cryptophytes.•Minimal usage of equipment and chemicals, and low labor costs.•Applicable for industrial and biological purposes.

A New Rapid Extraction Method of Solanesol from Tobacco Leaves

Tobacco (Nicotiana spp. L.) is a very good source of solanesol, a 45-carbon, all-trans-nonaprenol and is known to possessanti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, and anti-ulcer activities. Researchers are putting efforts to make tobacco leaves as a bio-factory for higher production of solanesol. Hence, huge numbers of tobacco leaves need to be accurately screened for solanesol content. However, reported methods are time consuming and some are methanol based. This study reported a new methanol-free, fast and durable method for extraction of solanesol from tobacco leaves. With this Isopropanol based method, 25 samples can be analysed per analysist per day and the stability of the extract is 20 days from the date of extraction. This method holds promise for large scale application in monitoring/screening of tobacco sample for solanesol content.

Fast and feasible sample preparation methods for extraction of trace elements from deposited particulate matter samples

In this study, two alternative sample preparation procedures are proposed, using ultrasound and microwave, for rapid, reliable and easy extraction of trace elements from particulate matter samples.

Rapid screening of pesticide residues in imported grains by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry

A fast sample pretreatment method by fast pesticide extraction (FaPEx) method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry was developed for screening of unknown pesticide residues in imported grains. The samples were extracted with 1% (v/v) acetic acid acetonitrile solution, cleaned-up by solid phase extraction column with FaPEx cartridges, and determined by UPLC-Q-TOF. The data was compared with the library with the accurate mass, isotopic distribution, fragmentation information and retention time. The results showed that this method can be used for the rapid screening of pesticide residues in imported grains without the reference standards, and it was applied to the actual screening of imported grain samples. The method is high efficiency, sensitivity and accuracy, which can meet the requirement for the rapid screening of pesticide residues in imported grains.

Norovirus GII.Pe Genotype: Tracking a Foodborne Outbreak on a Cruise Ship Through Molecular Epidemiology, Brazil, 2014.

Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as the most common cause of foodborne outbreaks. In 2014, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred on a cruise ship in Brazil, and NoV became the suspected etiology. Here we present the molecular identification of the NoV strains and the use of sequence analysis to determine modes of virus transmission. Food (cream cheese, tuna salad, grilled fish, orange mousse, and vegetables soup) and clinical samples were analyzed by ELISA, conventional RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and sequencing. Genogroup GII NoV was identified by ELISA and conventional RT-PCR in fecal samples from 5 of 12 patients tested (41.7%), and in the orange mousse food sample by conventional RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Two fecal GII NoV samples and the orange mousse GII NoV sample were successfully genotyped as GII.Pe (ORF 1), revealed 98.0-98.8% identities among them, and shared phylogenetically distinct cluster. Establishing the source of a NoV outbreak can be a challenging task. In this report, the molecular analysis of the partial RdRp NoV gene provided a powerful tool for genotyping (GII.Pe) and tracking of outbreak-related samples. In addition, the same fast and simple extraction methods applied to clinical samples could be successfully used for complex food matrices, and have the potential to be introduced in routine laboratories for screening foods for presence of NoV.

Simple, Fast and Economic Method for Extraction and Determination of Ochratoxin A in Serum by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Simple, Fast and Economic Method for Extraction and Determination of Ochratoxin A in Serum by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Protocol: a fast, comprehensive and reproducible one-step extraction method for the rapid preparation of polar and semi-polar metabolites, lipids, proteins, starch and cell wall polymers from a single sample.

BackgroundThe elucidation of complex biological systems requires integration of multiple molecular parameters. Accordingly, high throughput methods like transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics have emerged to provide the tools for successful system-wide investigations. Unfortunately, optimized analysis of different compounds requires specific extraction procedures in combination with specific analytical instrumentation. However, the most efficient extraction protocols often only cover a restricted number of compounds due to the different physico-chemical properties of these biological compounds. Consequently, comprehensive analysis of several molecular components like polar primary metabolites next to lipids or proteins require multiple aliquots to enable the specific extraction procedures required to cover these diverse compound classes. This multi-parallel sample handling of different sample aliquots is therefore not only more sample intensive, it also requires more time and effort to obtain the required extracts.ResultsTo circumvent large sample amounts, distributed into several aliquots for the comprehensive extraction of most relevant biological compounds, we developed a simple, robust and reproducible two-phase liquid–liquid extraction protocol. This one-step extraction protocol allows for the analysis of polar-, semi-polar and hydrophobic metabolites, next to insoluble or precipitated compounds, including proteins, starch and plant cell wall components, from a single sample. The method is scalable regarding the used sample amounts but also the employed volumes and can be performed in microcentrifuge tubes, enabling high throughput analysis. The obtained fractions are fully compatible with common analytical methods, including spectroscopic, chromatographic and mass spectrometry-based techniques. To document the utility of the described protocol, we used 25 mg of Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaves for the generation of multi-omics data sets, covering lipidomics, metabolomics and proteomics. The obtained data allowed us to measure and annotate more than 200 lipid compounds, 100 primary metabolites, 50 secondary metabolites and 2000 proteins.ConclusionsThe described extraction protocol provides a simple and straightforward method for the efficient extraction of lipids, metabolites and proteins from minute amounts of a single sample, enabling the targeted but also untargeted high-throughput analyses of diverse biological tissues and samples.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13007-016-0146-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile and Semivolatile Compounds into the Gas Phase.

Extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrixes with high yields, and transferring the extracts to detectors in real time, is challenging. Common extraction procedures involve heating the samples to release the analytes to the gas phase and, in some cases, trapping the gas-phase analytes into sorbents or containers. Here, we propose a new method for fast extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrixes. This method involves dissolution of a carrier gas in the liquid sample by applying a moderate overpressure (∼150 kPa) and stirring the sample. An abrupt decompression of the extraction chamber leads to effervescence. In this step, many bubbles are instantly formed in the sample matrix. The dissolved carrier gas as well as dissolved volatiles are liberated into the headspace of the extraction chamber within a short period of time (few seconds). The gaseous effluent of the extraction chamber is immediately transferred to the online detector; in this case, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The fast release of the gas-phase extract gives rise to a high signal recorded by the detector; several times higher than the signal recorded during direct infusion of headspace vapors without fizzy extraction. This feature provides the means to detect and quantify analytes present in solutions in a short period of time. Here we show that fizzy extraction is suitable for analysis of volatile/semivolatile compounds present in various samples, including those containing complex matrixes.

Quantitative multiresidue analysis of antibiotics in milk and milk powder by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.

A simple and fast multiresidue extraction and purification method was developed for the determination of 61 veterinary drugs, belonging to seven classes, in milk and milk powder. The extraction depends on the acetonitrile solvent, followed by a single step to remove lipids with fatty acid chains using a new reversed phase SPE without traditional pre-equilibration and washing steps before eluting SPE. The purifying lipid effect of the present preparation method was evaluated by comparing the response changes of ion peak areas of the milk endogenous metabolites before and after SPE treatment using ultra-fast LC coupled to tandem quadrupole and TOF MS. Subsequently, UPLC coupled to tandem quadrupole MS was performed for the quantitative analysis of milk and milk powder samples spiked with 61 veterinary drugs, including β-lactam, macrolide, amide alcohol, forest amine, sulfanilamide, tetracyclines, and quinolones antibiotics. This method is very simple, fast, sensitive, and selective, and allows the good recoveries of all compounds, with a recovery range of 61.5-118.6%, and coefficients of variation of less than 11.6%. The 61 compounds behave in the dynamic range 0.01-200μgkg(-1), with correlation coefficient >0.99. The limits of quantification for the analytes are in the range 0.01-5.18μgkg(-1). Finally, this method has been successfully applied to the screening of veterinary drugs in 50 commercial bovine milk and milk powder samples, and ceftiofur and ciprofloxacin were detected in some brand samples.

Fabric phase sorptive extraction: An innovative sample preparation approach applied to the analysis of specific migration from food packaging

Additives added to food packaging materials can migrate to food in contact with them during storage and shelf life. A novel simple, fast and sensitive analyte extraction method based on fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE), followed by analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS) was applied to the analysis of 18 common non-volatile plastic additives. Three FPSE media coated with different sol-gel sorbents characterized with different polarities including sol-gel poly(dimethylsiloxane), sol-gel poly(ethylene glycol) and sol-gel poly(tetrahydrofuran) were studied. All three FPSE media showed very satisfactory results. In general, compounds with low logP values seemed to have higher enrichment factors (EFs), especially with poly(tetrahydrofuran) and poly(ethylene glycol) media. For compounds with high logP values, the use of sol-gel poly(dimethylsiloxane) improved the enrichment capacity. Sample preparation time was optimized at 20 min for sample extraction and 10 min for solvent desorption. Acetonitrile was selected as desorption solvent since recoveries were over 70% for 13 out of 18 selected compounds in all FPSE media. The best extraction recovery values were obtained when compounds were dissolved in aqueous acetic acid solution (3%), where 17 out of 18 compounds showed improvement in their signal intensity after FPSE extraction and 10 obtained enrichment factors above 3 for all the tested FPSE media. When FPSE extracts were concentrated under nitrogen, 11 out of 18 compounds reached EFs values above 100.

Real-time and visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification: Efficient GMO screening targeting pat and pmi marker genes

Rapid and efficient screening assays based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) were developed, targeting two marker genes, namely, phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase (pat) and phosphomannose isomerase (pmi). These marker genes are being employed in more than 35% of GM events approved globally. Specificity of developed visual and real-time LAMP assays was confirmed using seven GM events of two crops, viz., maize (3272, 59122, Bt11, Bt176, MIR604, TC1507), and cotton (Widestrike™). In visual LAMP, positive amplification can be directly analyzed by the colorimetric change from orange to green, whereas real-time LAMP is based on the monitoring of fluorescence signals as amplification and annealing curves. Visual LAMP was found sensitive enough to detect up to 0.05% GM content for pat and 0.1% for pmi within 40 min. Real-time LAMP efficiently detected up to 0.01% GM content within 30 min. Practical applicability of developed assays was confirmed using proficiency test samples of maize. LAMP assays for pmi gene have been reported for the first time. Due to portability of systems, the developed LAMP assays when combined with a fast DNA extraction method could facilitate on-site GMO screening.

Extraction of ultratrace amounts of nelfinavir from biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations using surfactant-modified magnetite nanoparticles followed by spectrophotometric determination

A new sensitive, selective, rapid, and simple magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE)/spectrophotometry method was proposed for extraction and determination of nelfinavir in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations using tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as an efficient adsorbent. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry was used for confirmation of TTAB-coated Fe3O4 NPs. The influence of various parameters affecting the extraction of nelfinavir has been investigated. The maximum extraction efficiency for extraction of 100.0μg nelfinavir from aqueous solution was obtained with 18.6mg Fe3O4 NPs and 9mg TTAB at pH=9. The analyte was desorbed by 2.5mL acetonitrile (AN) prior to the absorbance measurement. Under optimized conditions, quantitative extraction recoveries of nelfinavir were observed with the sample volumes up to 600mL and hence an enrichment factor of 240 was obtained. This method was so rapid and complete recovery was obtained in 5s. By applying this method for determination of nelfinavir in sample volume of 600mL, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 15.4–500μgL−1 (r2=0.994) and the detection limit was obtained 0.83μgL−1. Also, the relative standard deviations (RSD) for determination of 100.0 and 300.0μgL−1 of nelfinavir were 1.20% and 2.4% (n=7), respectively. This method was successfully applied for determination of nelfinavir in serum samples, urine samples, and pharmaceutical formulations. The recoveries of spiked serum and urine samples were between 98.7% and 102.4%. All the obtained results are indicative of a convenient, fast, and economic method for extraction and determination of nelfinavir from biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumule using response surface methodology

In this work, a fast and efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed to extract main bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumue. To optimize MAE conditions, three main factors were selected using univariate approach experiments, and then central composite design (CCD). The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: methanol concentration of 65%, microwave power of 200W, and extraction time of 260s. An high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was established to quantitatively analyze these phytochemicals in different lotus plumule samples and in different part of lotus. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Extend-C18 column (4.6mm×150mm, 3.5µm). Gradient elution was applied with the mobile phase constituted with 0.1% triethylamine in water (A) and acetonitrile (B): 40%−70% B at 0−8min, 70%−100% B at 8–9min, 100% B for 2min, and then equilibrated with 40% B for 2min.

Simplified extraction of bisphenols from bacterial culture suspensions and solid matrices

We demonstrate the utility of a simple and fast methanol extraction method that achieves similar bisphenols recovery efficiencies from microbial culture suspensions and sediment material than more laborious and costly extraction procedures. The methanol extraction method may have broad application for the rapid analysis of hydrophobic compounds in biodegradation studies.

Fast environment-friendly ball mill-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based extraction of natural products

A fast environment-friendly extraction method, ball mill-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based extraction, was used for the extraction of natural products from plants. In this study, tanshinones were selected as target compounds to evaluate the efficiency of the developed extraction method. Under the optimized experimental conditions, cryptotanshinone (0.176mg/g), tanshinone I (0.181mg/g), and tanshinone II A (0.421mg/g) were extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, and the developed method was found to be greener, more efficient, and faster than conventional, environmentally harmful extraction methods such as methanol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction and heat reflux extraction. The analytical performances including recovery, reproducibility (RSD, n=5), correlation of determination (r2), and the limit of detection, with the ranges of 96.1–103.9%, 1.6–1.9%, 0.9973–0.9984, and 5–8ng/mL, were respectively obtained. Application of ball mill-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based extraction may fundamentally shape the future development of extraction methods.

Identification of sixteen peptides reflecting heat and/or storage induced processes by profiling of commercial milk samples

Peptide profiles of different drinking milk samples were examined to study how the peptide fingerprint of milk reflects processing conditions. The combination of a simple and fast method for peptide extraction using stage tips and MALDI–TOF–MS enabled the fast and easy generation and relative quantification of peptide fingerprints for high-temperature short-time (HTST), extended shelf life (ESL) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk of the same dairies. The relative quantity of 16 peptides changed as a function of increasing heat load. Additional heating experiments showed that among those, the intensity of peptide β-casein 196–209 (m/z 1460.9Da) was most heavily influenced by heat treatment indicating a putative marker peptide for milk processing conditions. Storage experiments with HTST- and UHT milk revealed that the differences between different types of milk samples were not only caused by the heating process. Relevant was also the proteolytic activity of enzymes during storage, which were differently influenced by the heat treatment. These results indicate that the peptide profile may be suitable to monitor processing as well as storage conditions of milk. SignificanceIn the present study, peptide profiling of different types of milk was carried out by MALDI–TOF–MS after stage-tip extraction and relative quantification using an internal reference peptide. Although MALDI–TOF–MS covers only part of the peptidome, the method is easy and quick and is, therefore, suited for routine analysis to address several aspects of food authenticity. Using this method, 16 native peptides were detected in milk that could be modulated by different industrial processes. Subsequent heating and storage experiments with pasteurized and UHT milk confirmed that these peptides are indeed related to the production or storage conditions of the respective products. Furthermore, the heating experiments revealed one peptide, namely the β-casein-derived sequence β-casein 196–209, which underwent particularly sensitive modulation by heat treatment. The present results indicate that the modulated peptides, and especially β-casein 196–209, may be suitable markers to monitor processing parameters for industrial milk production. Furthermore, the model experiments suggest mechanisms leading to the formation or degradation of peptides, which help to evaluate putative marker peptides.

Electrically stimulated liquid-based extraction techniques in bioanalysis.

Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has motivated the analytical research community around the world to develop new, fast and cost-effective extraction methods which can eliminate interfering substances, provide high preconcentration factors and increase the determination sensitivity. Electrical field induced extraction technique is a topic that has received major attention in recent years. This fact can be attributed to the considerable advantages provided by imposition of an electrical driving force especially control of different properties of an extraction system such as selectivity, cleanup, rate and efficiency. In this review, focus is centered on the electrical field induced liquid phase extraction techniques and their potential for bioanalysis.

A novelty strategy for the fast analysis of sulfonamide antibiotics in fish tissue using magnetic separation with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple, fast and low-cost extraction method with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) determination was developed on sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in fish tissue. Magnetic separation was first introduced into the rapid sample preparation procedure combined with acetonitrile extraction for the analysis of SAs. Partitioning was rapidly achieved between acetonitrile solution and solid matrix by applying an external magnetic field. Acetonitrile solution was collected and concentrated under a nitrogen stream. The residue was redissolved with 1‰ formic acid aqueous solution and defatted with n-hexane before analysis. The recoveries of SAs were in the range of 74.87-104.74%, with relative standard deviations <13%. The limits of quantification and the limits of detection for SAs ranged from 5.0 to 25.0 μg (kg-1) and from 2.5 to 10.0 μg (kg-1) , respectively. The presented extraction method proved to be a rapid method which only took 20 min for one sample preparation procedure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.