Community Supported Agriculture Research Articles

EFISIENSI SALURAN PEMASARAN KOMODITAS BAYAM DI KELURAHAN SIANTAN HILIR KECAMATAN PONTIANAK UTARA KOTA PONTIANAK

<p><em>Spinach is one of the agricultural commodities that is widely cultivated in</em><em> Pontianak City. North Pontianak District is a center for growing spinach in Pontianak City with a planted area of 216 (ha) and production of 8,006 (ku) or around 76% of the total spinach production in the Pontianak City. There are two types of spinach that are most commonly cultivated in Siantan Hilir Village, North Pontianak District, namely spinach (Amaranthus tricolor). The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of marketing channels, marketing margins, farmer's share and efficiency of spinach marketing channels in Siantan Hilir Village, North Pontianak District, Pontianak City. The results indicate that there are 4 marketing channels of spinach. The lowest marketing margin value of spinach and the highest farmer's share is in channel 1, while the lowest margin and farmer's share are also found in channel 1. The most efficient marketing efficiency value of spinach is found in channel 3 which is 2.70 %, meanwhile, the most efficient marketing channel is in channel 2 with an efficiency value of 2.58%.</em></p>

Sistem Tataniaga Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) Kelapa Sawit (Studi Kasus di Desa Tegar, Kecamatan Mandau, Kabupaten Bengkalis, Provinsi Riau)

Fresh Oil Palm Bunches Trading System (Case Study of Tegar Village, Mandau District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province). Oil palm is one of the leading commodities in Mandau District with a total production of 812,927.8 tons. Unfortunately, this large production has not been facilitated by an efficient trading system, especially when viewed from the benefits received by farmers in Tegar Village. This study aims to analyze the trading system, trading channels and trading costs, as well as the share margin received by each of the trading channels of fresh oil palm bunches in Tegar Village, Mandau District, Bengkalis Regency. 30 farmer respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique. Using qualitative and quantitative analysis, this study shows that the trading system of fresh oil palm bunches in Tegar Village is a one channel trading pattern, in which farmers sell to intermediary traders, who then transport the fresh oil palm bunches to palm oil processing factories. The trading system analysis result shows that the margin value in this channel is 14.23%, with farmer's share of 85.77%, and a profit ratio of 43.60%. Operationally this channel is an efficient channel.

Assessing the Performance of Farmer Producer Organizations: A Study in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) are need for the hour to empower the agrarian community in various dimensions. Farmers are organized into FPOs for tackling marketing problems, productivity issues, collective farming and challenges arising from small farm sizes. In view of reality the present study was carried out to assess the performance of FPOs. The present study was conducted in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. The findings of the study revealed that there was a provision of input services like quality seeds, custom hiring centers, fertilizers and micronutrients to members of FPO. Timely information on crop production and protection was easily accessible to members. The findings also revealed that FPO members got reliable market information, through collective procurement of produce got more remunerative prices and transparent payments. These aspects built trust among the members towards FPO. Like-wise in networking facilities improved knowledge and skill of farmers through contact with SAUs and KVKs were observed. The financial services offered to FPO farmers enhanced their access to government schemes and subsidies. Hence, improvements were observed in revenue generation, profit attainment, social recognition and self-confidence. FPO needs further improvements to compete with corporate enterprises and international markets. So the concept of collectivization should be promoted, nurtured and supported by the government to improve the farmer's share in rural enterprise. Through consistent efforts by the government for FPOs will be reached in near future for the concept of a farmer to Agri entrepreneur.

Marketing Channel Analysis of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches in Lubuk Barumun District, Padang Lawas Regency

The purpose of the research is to find out marketing channel analysis of oil palm fresh fruit bunches in Lubuk Barumun District, Padang Lawas Regency. The research was conducted in Lubuk Barumun District in Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra Province with the consideration that Padang Lawas Regency has potential in developing oil palm plantation areas. The research was carried out from January to February 2021. The sample collection of producer farmers was carried out by purposive sampling with the sample criteria being independent oil palm farmers. From the population of oil palm farmers in Padang Lawas Regency as many as 297 people, a sample of 10 percent was taken, namely 30 farmer respondents. Quantitative analysis is used to determine the Hirschman Herfindahl index on market structure, market behavior based on the price relationship between two markets at the same level and the magnitude of market performance based on marketing margin analysis, profit margin ratio, farmer's share, cost share, and profit share. The results showed that, the number of oil palm farmers is large while the number of sellers or intermediaries is only a few so that the marketing system for fresh fruit bunches of oil palm tends to be imperfect competition because there are many sellers but few buyers (oligopsony). Analysis of the Hirschman Herfindahl index, it is known that the market structure of oil palm fresh fruit bunches in Lubuk Barumun District, Padang Lawas Regency tends to lead to an imperfect competition market (oligopsony) which causes the bargaining position of oil palm fresh fruit bunches farmers to be in poor condition weak, namely as a price taker. The efficiency of an already efficient marketing channel is the one that shows the smallest value of marketing efficiency, namely in channel III (Ep < 5% efficient). Marketing channels I and II have not been efficient (Ep > 5% inefficient). Keywords: Marketing Channel, Oil Palm, Fresh Fruit Bunches .

RANCANGAN PENYULUHAN TENTANG EFISIENSI PEMASARAN DAGING SAPI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KOTA PROBOLINGGO

This study aims to compile the Design of Counseling on the Efficiency of Beef Marketing Channels in the Traditional Markets of Probolinggo City. The study method uses descriptive quantitative methods. The population in this study were traditional markets, slaughterhouses and livestock groups in the city of Probolinggo. Determination of the sample using snowball sampling technique and purposive sampling. The results of the study show that there are 4 marketing channels in the traditional markets of the city of Probolinggo, namely (1) Farmers - Butchers - Consumers, (2) Farmers - Butchers - Retailers - Consumers, (3) Cattle Traders (Belantik) - Butchers Entrepreneurs - Consumers, (4) Cattle (Belantik) Traders - Butchers - Retailers - Consumers. The four channels have been efficient based on the calculation of farmer's share, the first channel is the most efficient channel with a farmers share value of 54.87%. Every 1 increase in the number of marketing agencies will increase the marketing margin by Rp. 10,097,979. Every 1% increase in the efficiency of the marketing channel will increase the margin of the marketing channel by Rp. 1,411,984. The extension design was based on the material from the study results using a media folder with the lecture and discussion method in the Bango Jaya cattle group. The results of the evaluation of outreach activities on farmer attitudes which consist of Receiving, Responding, Assessing, Organizing, and Characteristics based on the values classified as positive or showing a good attitude with a percentage of 100%.

P115 Identifying Opportunities for Collective Action Around Community Nutrition Programming Through Participatory Systems Science

<h3>Background</h3> Immigrant communities have higher nutrition-related health disparities, exacerbated by food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. <h3>Objective</h3> To apply principles of group model building (GMB), a participatory systems science approach, to identify barriers and opportunities for collective impact around nutrition programming in immigrant communities in an urban environment during and after the pandemic. <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> We convened four in-person sessions in November 2021 that drew from GMB practice with 10 community partners organized around their program domains/goals: community gardening; nutrition education; community-supported agriculture; and future planning for food-related programming. Participants were prompted to collaboratively identify programmatic goals, challenges, and potential mitigating actions. <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> We generated a causal loop diagram (CLD) – a visual representation of hypothesized causal relationships between variables and feedback structures within a system – for each program domain. CLDs were validated and refined with community stakeholder input. We then synthesized all four CLDs into one comprehensive model which were shared with all community stakeholders during a plenary discussion session, which aided in identifying opportunities for collective action. <h3>Results</h3> Multilevel barriers emerged, including ethnocentric food policies that center the diets and practices of White Americans thereby inhibiting culturally tailored food guidelines and funding for culturally appropriate nutrition education; the shortage of culturally tailored nutrition education in communities as a missed opportunity for fostering pride in immigrant food culture and sustainment of traditional food practices; and limited access to/procurement of traditional ethnic produce in food assistance programs serving disadvantaged immigrant communities, increasing the likelihood of food waste and worsening food insecurity. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Emergent themes coalesced around the need to embed cultural tailoring into all levels of the food system, which would require coordinated actions around food policy advocacy, collectively identifying funding for culturally tailored community education and gardening, and community-academic research to support these actions. <h3>Funding</h3> NIH

Enhancing Farmers’ Seed Systems through Empowerment of Women: A Case Study from China

Maintaining farmer’s seed systems is important to secure the adaptive capacity both ecologically and socially for global food systems, and to secure genetic diversity. In a mountain village of southwest China, a Participatory Action Research Team has carried out action research for more than 20 years to support women's participation in participatory breeding and to enhance the farmers’ seed system. In this case study, the team assisted women in the conservation of local varieties and establishment of community seed banks to enhance farmers’ seed systems. The women-led agricultural cooperatives promoted the economic development of the community and improved the sustainability of farmers’ seed system through eco-circular agriculture and the community supported agriculture (CSA) model. In this participatory process, the empowerment of women improved women's comprehensive ability and provided the guarantee of human resources for enhancing farmers' seed system. Multi-stakeholder processes also extended important support to this model work.

Analisis Pemasaran Pinang di Kabupaten Bireuen, Provinsi Aceh

Indonesia is the fifth largest areca producer with a land area of ​​137,600 ha in 2015 with a production of 47.000 tons and a productivity of 0,34 tons/ha (Directorate General of Plantations, 2016). Aceh Province is one of the centers for areca cultivation in Indonesia. Areca is a commodity that is mostly cultivated by farmers in Bireuen Regency. So that, this commodity has an important role in the life of farmers in Bireuen Regency because their income depends on the areca cultivated. Generally, the weak bargaining position of farmers is due to the lack of market access and market information. Different price levels received by farmers will create marketing margins. This study aimed to identify and analyze areca marketing and analyze the operational efficiency of areca marketing in Bireuen Regency, Aceh Province. Qualitative descriptive analysis was used to analyze areca marketing channels. Meanwhile, quantitative analysis is used to measure the efficiency of areca marketing by using marketing margin analysis, farmer's share. The results showed that there were 3 marketing channels in Bireuen Regency which involved three marketing agencies, namely village collectors, sub-district collectors and wholesalers. There are 38 farmers (66,67 percent) that chose the first channel (Farmer – Village Collector Traders – Wholesalers). When viewed from the lowest margin (Rp 5.975,00/Kg) and the highest farmer's share (65,37 percent), the relatively efficient marketing channel is channel 2, namely Farmers-Wholesales. In the areca marketing, it appears that there is no institutional role at the farmer level in increasing the bargaining power of areca farmers in Bireuen Regency. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the role of farmer level institutions in the processing and marketing of areca in order to improve the bargaining position of areca farmers.

Community-Supported Agriculture Networks in Wales and Central Germany: Scaling Up, Out, and Deep through Local Collaboration

Multiple systemic crises have highlighted the vulnerabilities of our globalised food system, raising the demand for more resilient and ecologically sustainable alternatives, and fuelling engagement in practices such as community-supported agriculture (CSA). In CSA, local farmers and households share the costs and products of farming, allowing them to organise food provision non-commercially around short supply chains. While this may prefigure alternatives to the dominant food system, CSA is considered limited in regard to its scalability and accessibility. While these shortcomings apply to individual CSAs, we know little about whether multi-CSA networks can tackle them by expanding and institutionalising their practices at scale. This paper alleviates this blind spot by investigating local CSA networks in Wales and Germany through a lens of ‘food movement networks’, identifying their scaling practices and encountered challenges. It draws on semi-structured interviews with CSA actors and observations at network gatherings. The paper shows that local collaboration enables CSAs to integrate their supply chains (scaling out), engage their communities (scaling deep), and participate in food councils (scaling up), while further networking at regional level helps new initiatives start up. It also reveals competitive tensions between neighbouring CSAs, which constitutes a hitherto unknown challenge to CSA’s potential scalability.

Analysis of Amed Salt Farming Income in Purwa Kerhti Village, Abang District, Karangasem Regency, Bali

This study aims to determine (1) To find out the analysis of amed salt farming in Purwa Kerthi Village, Abang District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province in 2020 (2) To find out the marketing system of amed salt Bali area in Purwa Kerthi Village, Abang District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province in 2020. This research was conducted from March to July 2021. The data collection technique used the snowball sampling method with primary and secondary data. The sample used in the study consisted of 29 respondents. The data analysis method in this research is quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The results of the 2020 research in one season show that the total income of Amed Salt farming is Rp 748,182,000 with an average farmer income of Rp 31,174,250, the R/C ratio is 4 which means that the farm is profitable and the profitability of 3.09% indicates that it deserves to be developed. The marketing institutions involved in marketing the Bali area are the MPIG Garam Amed Cooperative (a producer as well as a wholesaler) and retailers. There are two marketing channels that are efficient, channel I produces a farmer's share of 100%, marketing margin and marketing agency of 0. Channel II produces a farmer's share of 61%, marketing margin and marketing agency Rp 22,125 and 39%. Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that the Purwa Kerthi Village will pay more attention to the existence of Amed Salt and expand its marketing reach to national and international levels.

ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO CHANNELS AND MARKETING EFFECTIVENESS IN SUKABUMI, CEPOGO, BOYOLALI

Tobacco is a leading commodity in Cepogo District, especially chopped tobacco in Sukabumi Village. Tobacco farming is interesting in terms of marketing, there are many tobacco traders or middlemen so that the institutions and marketing channels that are traversed by farmers are different. The nature of this tobacco is a fancy product, meaning that farmers do not know the quality of the tobacco produced so that farmers are in an unfavorable bargaining position. Therefore, this study aims to (1) identify marketing channels and marketing functions in each tobacco marketing agency, (2) analyze the efficiency of tobacco marketing channels. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis, marketing margin analysis, farmer's share, and profit to cost ratio. The results of the study show that the pattern of marketing channel 4 is the most efficient compared to other marketing channels. Marketing channel 4 pattern has a marketing margin of 0 rupiah, a farmer's share of 100 percent, and a profit and cost ratio of 5,98.

Developing a conceptual model to quantify eco-compensation based on environmental and economic cost-benefit analysis for promoting the ecologically intensified agriculture

Eco-compensation is essential for promoting ecologically intensive agriculture to reduce the environmental impact of the agricultural sector. However, a comprehensive and performance-based tool to quantify eco-compensation is not yet available. Here, we present a comprehensive model of eco-compensation standards based on internal and external trade-offs (ESBIET) and their valuation methods based on farm-level cost-benefit analysis. We calculated the internal economic costs and benefits using conventional life cycle costing and profit analysis. The ecosystem service and disservice values were recorded as external benefits and costs, which were valued using the revealed preference approach and the Environmental Priorities Strategies model, respectively. We incorporated the Coase theorem and Pigou theory into this model to quantify government compensation, which complements market compensation. The ESBIET model was tested using a case study of greenhouse vegetable production in eight conventional (CON), eight organic (ORG), and seven community-supported agriculture (CSA) greenhouse vegetable production farms. This article also described the key features, potential users and future opportunities for improving our ESBITE model. At its core, the ESBIET model can be effectively used to design eco-compensation measures to promote ecologically intensified agriculture.

Are organic farms a panacea for the structural problems of Polish agriculture?

Motives: The article combines the problems of Polish agriculture in terms of its fragmentation and its negative impact on the environment. Aim: The article’s purpose is to characterise the relationship between the widely promoted land consolidation and the number of organic farms. Results: The statistical analysis was performed on the basis of data published by the Polish Central Statistical Office and Eurostat. The basic measures of descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the log-linear form regression for the share of organic farms in the general structure were used. The article proposes a synthetic index of agricultural fragmentation. Based on the analyses, it was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between land consolidation (both in the EU and in Poland) and the number of organic farms.

Does ICT-based aquaculture extension contribute to greater adoption of good management practices and improved incomes? Evidence from Ghana

This paper aims to assess the coverage and contribution of different information and communication technology (ICT) tools (mobile phone, WhatsApp platform, television, and radio) in the dissemination of aquaculture and market information to fish farmers in Ghana. Data from a 2021 survey of 391 active fish farmers were analyzed using propensity score matching, inverse probability weighted regression adjustment, and multivariate probit regression models. Mobile phone (phone-based app, internet search, or social media) is the most used ICT tool for aquaculture advice, followed by television programs. Results show that receiving aquaculture information through ICT tools has a positive and significant average treatment effect on the adoption of good management practices, farm productivity, and farmers' income. Farmers receiving aquaculture information from mobile phone and television programs had higher adoption of good practices, production, and income on average. Farmers receiving aquaculture information from both ICT tools and extension agents achieved the highest harvest and income on average. Results also show that the adoption of the various ICT tools is interrelated, whereas several factors—including age, education, farming experience, share of fish farming in household income, and extension contact—influence the choice of ICT tool. Mobile-based extension was more accessible to youth and more educated farmers, and it could be a good medium for reaching these groups. Television and radio programs are accessible to all types of farmers from different backgrounds; these media are currently underutilized for aquaculture promotion and their application could be enhanced and expanded for current and future projects.

ANALISIS SISTEM SALURAN PEMASARAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea) DI KABUPATEN BONE

Research related to the analysis of the peanut marketing system has been carried out with the aim of knowing the marketing channel system, analyzing the marketing margin, farmer's share, and the profit ratio of peanuts in Cina distric, Bone Village and analyzing the efficiency of their marketing. This research was conducted in the District of China, which is the center of Peanuts in Bone Regency, starting from February to May 2020. The data in this study came from 2 data, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from observations and results of commissioners and secondary data is data derived from other supporting data from books, journals and other written sources. From the research conducted, it was found that the results of Peanut Marketing in China District, Bone Regency, there were two channel patterns of the two channels, the second most efficient marketing channel is through farmers who sell to retailers to consumers and the large number of farmers cannot influence the market price.

Community supported agriculture: Setting the research agenda through a bibliometric analysis

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) plays a significant role in improving consumers' access to fresh and high-quality fruits and vegetables, often at lower prices than in grocery stores. Correspondingly, consumers’ participation in CSAs is connected with their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding healthy eating. Being of such social significance, research on CSA can attract the attention of scholars from a variety of fields, including human nutrition, sustainable development and consumer behaviors. This paper aims to map the research front of Community Supported Agriculture in order to identify the main themes and further research directions. The study examines 242 scientific articles on CSA over the last three decades by conducting bibliometric analyses via VOSviewer software, including on the co-occurrence of keywords and bibliometric coupling of documents, and it combines the latter with a systematic literature review. The study contributes to the development of research on CSA by identifying leading thematic clusters in the field. The analyses suggest that the most promising directions of research on CSA focus on consumers, their nutrition and health, as well as on social change led by CSA. These findings suggest that addressing societal and environmental problems serves as a particularly promising and contemporarily significant ground for CSA research by scholars of different disciplines.

Margin Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Patchouli Oil in Wonua Sangia Village Landono District South Konawe District

This research aims to analyze margins and efficiencies for each marketing agency. This research was conducted in Wonua Sangia Village, Landono District, South Konawe Regency. This study was conducted from June 2021 to March 2022. Thes objects in the study were patchouli farmers in Wonua Sangia village of Landono Subdistrict and patchouli oil marketing agencies. The sample in this study was done by purposive sampling method for patchouli farmers and Snowball Sampling for fishing institutions. Their search was analyzed using margin analysis and marketing efficiency. This study showed two patchouli oil marketing channels in Wonua Sangia Village, Landono Subdistrict. Marketing channels (I), Farmers, Middlemen, Collecting Merchants, Wholesalers, and Consumers. Then Marketing channels (II), Farmers, Collecting Merchants, Wholesalers, and Consumers. Marketing channel II has the highest Farmer's Share value of 81%, with a total marketing margin of IDR97.000/kg. It is indicated to have the best marketing efficiency of a channel, 80%, with a total marketing margin of IDR110.000/kg. Both marketing channels have been efficient because the farmer's share value obtained&gt;50%.

The Channel Analysis and Marketing Efficiency Lada in Moramo District South Konawe Regency

This research aims to know the pepper marketing channels, the marketing margins, and the efficiency of each marketing channel. This research was conducted in the Moramo District of South Konawe Regency from May to November 2021. The study was analyzed using descriptive analysis, marketing margin analysis, and marketing efficiency (Farmer's Share). The sample of pepper farmers was 66 people. In comparison, the sample of marketing agencies was determined by the Snowball Sampling method, which amounted to 6 collectors and small traders as many as three people, and large traders as many as one person. The study results showed the existing channel marketing: (a) Producer, Collector, Trade significant, Consumers (b) Producers, Traders small, Traders big, Consumers. Performance of the pepper marketing channel in channel I, namely the marketing margin of IDR1.000/kg and IDR3,500/kg with a marketing profit of IDR925.52/kg and IDR3.293.56/kg, while in channel II the marketing margin is IDR1.500/kg and IDR2.000/kg with marketing profits of IDR1.337.39/kg and IDR1.793.56/kg. The results of the analysis showed that the percentage of the share of prices received by producers (Farmer's Share) from both pepper marketing channels each showed above 50% in marketing channel I by 92% and marketing channel II by 94%, this indicates that both marketing channels are already very efficient. However, from the farmer's point of view, marketing channel II is more efficient because the profits obtained by farmers are more than in marketing channel I.

Margin Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Bali Cattle Post Covid-19 Pandemic

This research is a literature study on margins and marketing efficiency. This study aims to analyze the margins and marketing efficiency of Bali cattle post covid-19 pandemic. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The type of data used in this study is qualitative data, which is categorized into two types, namely primary data and secondary data. Sources of data are obtained through library research techniques (library study) which refers to sources available both online and offline such as scientific journals, books, and news sourced from trusted sources. The results of the study concluded that based on the marketing margin, farmer's share, and the efficiency of the marketing channel pattern that had been carried out, it was concluded that the Bali cattle marketing system was efficient. This can happen because it is influenced by several factors, namely the general condition of Bali cattle business actors.

Factors affecting the regional distribution of organic farming

Organic farming is recognised as a potential approach to achieve a more sustainable food system and promote rural development. Thus, many countries have set targets to increase the share of organic cultivated land. In Finland, the target was to increase the share of organic farming to 20% of the total area under cultivation by 2020. Although the share of organic agricultural land has gradually increased, there are still significant regional differences. The aim of our study is to identify the factors that affect these differences. Previous research has generally excluded factors such as subsidies from the analysis; therefore, this study explores the relevance of subsidies, as well as other key factors, within the context of the uneven regional distribution of organic farming in Finland. The data sources include research from the literature, official statistics, and a large survey of organic farmers. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we identify three different pathways that have led to higher organic shares of agricultural land in certain Finnish regions. The three regions with the highest organic shares utilise the first pathway, which includes a long organic heritage, a focus on dairy farming, and an important reliance on subsidies. We conclude that the regional variation in organic farming in Finland is due to a combination of different factors, rather than any single factor. Moreover, subsidies are a key factor that should be considered when reviewing the reasons for regional variations in organic farming.