Farm House Research Articles

Standardization of Organic Production Systems for Lettuce and Pokchoi in Nilgiris

An experiment was conducted to standardize the cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Pokchoi under organic production system at Horticultural Research Station, Ooty during 2022-23. These exotic vegetables are grown for salad purpose for different dishes and consumed as raw in most of the Indian and European cuisine. The consumption of these exotic crops has increased considerably and farmers cultivate the crop on everyday harvest basis. The organic farming practices will help the farmers to fetch good remuneration as well to produce and practice Good Agricultural Practices so as to feed the consumers. An experimental field trial was conducted at Wood house farm of Horticultural research station in Lettuce var. Green and Pokchoi var. Chacko. A total of five treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 – Recommended dose of fertilisers, T3 – organic package followed by farmers, T4 - Package of practices based on recommendations of NOFRC (Nammazhvar Organic Farming Research Centre, TNAU, Coimbatore) and T5 - Modified Package of practices based on recommendations of NOFRC were imposed with four replications. The results revealed that Lettuce and Pokchoi grown under modified organic package of practices (Green manuring and biofumigation with mustard + FYM @ 25 tonnes per ha + top dressing vermicompost @ 2 tonnes per ha + 3% panchagavya foliar spray + 2 kg each of azospirillum + phosphobacteria + potashbacteria+ AM fungi) + need based application of biocontrol agents+ organic weedicide (vinegar 10% + common salt 5%) recorded significance with regard to morphological and yield parameters. Organic cultivation of Lettuce and Pokchoi plants proved significance when compared to cultivation with inorganic fertilizers and recorded a fresh weight of 176.3 g and 230.6 g respectively. The leaf quality of Lettuce and Pokchoi was also superior for use as salad and the organic production system thus can be popularized as a means of environmental sustainability.

Simultaneous sizing and scheduling optimization for farmhouse PV-battery systems with a multi-structured power system model

Increasing the proportion of photovoltaic (PV) power in energy supplies is effective in decarbonizing energy use in buildings. Optimization model analysis is essential for the design and operation of PV-battery systems. The optimization models developed in previous studies are mainly suitable for one specific scenario, and there is a lack of research on the suitability of different types of PV-battery systems applying in various scenarios. This study proposes a multi-structured power system optimization model for various rural PV-battery systems, compares the optimal sizing and performance of three commonly used PV-battery systems, and quantifies the impacts of system capacity on system performance. The optimization model was constructed using the improved simulated annealing algorithm with the self-consumption rate and economy as the objective functions, while the system node power balance was the constraint. The sensitivity analysis shows that increasing the PV capacity will reduce the PV self-consumption rate and payback period of the system while increasing the battery capacity will increase the PV self-consumption rate and payback period of the system. For every 1 kW·h increase in battery capacity, the payback period of the system increases by 0.5 years. The spatial optimization model simulates the operation strategies of typical farm houses in different climate zones in China, and obtains payback periods for rural PV-battery systems in different regions of China. This study provides a theoretical basis for capacity sizing for rural PV-battery systems. The payback period of farmhouse PV systems in Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet, and Yunnan regions is <7 years, while the payback period of farmhouse PV systems in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Chongqing regions is higher than 10 years.

Ecological factors associated with fox feces density in an Echinococcus multilocularis endemic zone in Japan.

Human alveolar echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis is an important zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is maintained primarily in wild animals and requires an intermediate host (mainly small mammals). Human can become an intermediate host through accidental ingestion of E. multilocularis eggs. Hokkaido Prefecture is the only area of Japan in which human alveolar echinococcosis is endemic. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the land use ecological factors associated with the density of red fox feces along paved roads and the relationship between the distributions of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations and fox feces, which determine the level of hazard from eggs. A series of surveys was conducted in the central part of the Nemuro Peninsula of Hokkaido, excluding urban areas, over a total of 4 years in May-June in 2014 and 2016-2018 when red foxes remain with their cubs around the dens. Transects of 500 m were set up on paved roads, and feces within the transects were counted. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to examine ecological factors including the principal components (PCs) of five land use-type occupancy proportions within 500 m and 1 km, respectively, as explanatory fixed-effect variables. The number of feces in each transect was examined as the response variable using integrated nested Laplace approximation with negative binomial errors with a spatio-temporal autocorrelations structure to separate the effects of similarities of neighboring locations and annual variation. The multivariable models with the lowest widely applicable information criterion values were selected. The feces density was explained by the PC of the 500- m buffer (-0.27, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles: -0.44, -0.10) characterized by mixed forests (-0.82) and scarcity of residential areas (0.29) and the proximity to the nearest livestock farm house (-0.35, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles: -0.53, -0.17). This suggested that foxes defecate in the areas where prey is abundant, avoiding humans. Policy discussions regarding bait distribution design targeting these conditions should be initiated.

Characterization, registration and gazette notification

The first animal to be domesticated by the man was dog which probably occurred at least 14,000 years ago- the animals being used for hunting and as watchdogs. In India many exotic dog breeds (mainly German Shepherd, Labrador, Doberman, Pomeranian etc) are kept as pet but little emphasis has been given to the native dog breeds. Some Indian breeds of dogs reported in India are Caravan Hound, Combai, Chippiparai, Rajapalayam, Rampur Hound, Kanni, Mudhol Hound, Indian Mastiff (Bulli), Himalayan sheep dog, Bhutia dogs, Bhakarwal dogs etc. ICAR-NBAGR has developed methodology for characterization of dog breeds of Indian through systematic survey in the area of its distribution along with Breed Descriptors format for dog breeds. Phenotypic characterization of two indigenous dog breeds viz Rajapalayam and Chippiparai were completed by ICAR-NBAGR. Rajapalayam and Chippiparai dogs are exclusively reared for guarding the farm and farm houses. Chippiparai dogs are even given to brides during marriage. There is huge demand for the pups of these dog breeds. State of Karnataka has also completed the characterization of Mudhol hound breed. All three dog have been registered by ICAR &amp; Gazette notified by Govt. of India.

Autonomous navigation using machine vision and self-designed fiducial marker in a commercial chicken farming house

Indoor navigation within commercial animal farming houses is crucial for the increasing operations carried out by mobile robots. However, existing methods often suffer from issues such as sensitivity to ambient light, insufficient accuracy for precise animal operations, or complexity in implementation. In this study, we proposed a novel navigation method for mobile chassis in a commercial stacked cage farming house, utilizing an active light source, self-designed fiducial marker, and machine vision. Our navigation system incorporated imaging modules equipped with 850 nm infrared light to minimize animal stress and mitigate the effects of low illumination. The self-designed fiducial marker, DRITag, enabled precise maker identification with a recognition rate of 100 % and achieved high positioning accuracy, with an absolute mean error of 0.34 cm within a range of 1.2 m. To determine the chassis’ yaw angle, we employed the U-net deep learning network, which achieved satisfactory root mean square errors of 0.22° and 0.10° on the ground and upper floors, respectively. Global localization of the chassis across different farm areas was achieved through a combination of DRITag and odometry information. Our proposed method provided a flexible and user-friendly approach to navigation path planning, employing a waypoint task text file that enabled easy modification of the path through simple text file editing. Field tests conducted in a two-story commercial stacked cage chicken farming house demonstrated the high accuracy of our navigation method, with standard deviations of longitudinal deviations below 1.85 cm and 1.82 cm, and standard deviations of lateral deviations below 1.50 cm and 1.12 cm at a speed of below 0.3 m/s on the ground floor and at a speed of 0.2 m/s on the upper floor, respectively. Overall, our study presented an independent-of-ambient-light, highly accurate, and easily implementable navigation method for mobile chassis in commercial chicken farming houses, with significant potential for future research in mobile robotics within animal farming environments.

Using closed-circuit infrared camera to assess biparental provisioning behaviour and foraging pattern of house-farmed swiftlets (Aerodramus sp.)

Abstract The house-farmed edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus sp.) is monogamous, produces nests from hardened saliva, and uses echolocation to navigate in the darkness. Most previous studies have focused on swiftlet nest building and incubation behaviour, but nestling provisioning behaviour, crucial for the survival of offspring during the breeding season, remains unclear. This study examined the nestling provisioning behaviour of house-farmed swiftlets at a swiftlet house farm in central Peninsular Malaysia. Complete focal video footage of the provisioning phase of swiftlets was analysed in detail. The overall feeding period decreased as the chick grew older. The parents alternately visited their nest 6-14 times a day from dawn to dusk to feed the nestling. The peak of this activity was from 07:00 to 08:00 and between 19:00 and 20:00. Nestling provisioning behaviour differed between pairs. The egg-laying interval of parents with two chicks was longer and affected the development of the second chick since the first chick more successfully competed for food and grew larger in size. Most second chicks with a smaller body size did not survive, because of being either purposely or unintentionally eliminated by the parents or sibling. The smaller-sized second chicks that survived took a longer time to fledge than the first chick; therefore, parents had to increase their foraging effort to ensure the survival of their chick until fledging. These behaviours may be influenced by physiological factors, such as age, experience, individual fitness, and abiotic factors, such as weather and food resources; therefore, different parental strategies may be established during the nestling provisioning phase.

Health seeking behaviour among the farm house residents in Vijayapura district, Karnataka. A Cross sectional study

Background: Health seeking behaviour as defined by Kasl and Cobb is any activity undertaken by individuals who perceive themselves to have a health problem or to be ill for the purpose of finding an appropriate remedy. More often than not, a country has a mixture of both public and private health care systems to ensure an equitable distribution of quality health care. Objectives: To identify the health seeking behavior and distance travelled to access the health care among the farm house residents. Material &amp; Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the farm house residents in rural areas of Vijayapura district. A Sample of 450 farm house residents were interviewed by prestructured proferma containing information regarding socio demographic profile, health seeking behaviour and distance travelled to access the health care among the farm house residents. PSUs were selected with probability proportional to size sampling and 5 households in a selected PSU were selected by random sampling. All characteristics were summarized descriptively, Chi-square (?2) test was employed to determine the significance of differences. Results: Majority of the participants took treatment from government hospital followed by private practitioner when they are sick and majority of participants travelled between 1-5KM. (61.3%) and for the past illness it was (33.2%). Conclusion: The present study concludes that availability of government health facility constitute about (93.8%) compared to private (6.2%).

Biogas Plant Desing of Rural Areas Village – Harantekadi, Surgana, Nashik

The biogas generating method involves filling the digester with cow dung and some house waste and is left to ferment for days: the result of the formation produce biogas in the digester. The compositions of the gases are mainly methane and carbon dioxide. The plant is manually operated and does not require high skilled manpower. It is basically expected to be use in farm house in village settlements. This will cut down on environmental pollution global warming and reduce the rate of cutting down trees in rural area. Key Words: (Biogas, Digester, Fermentation, Biological waste.)

Comparative study on numerical simulation of temperature field of farm house with different roof forms

In recent years, the issue of energy consumption in farm buildings has received much attention. The roofs of farm buildings in Northwest China have a variety of roof forms. This paper presents the implementation of first fully confirmed the indoor thermal environment of different roof construction was significantly effected by periodic thermogenesis. In order to determine the indoor temperature distribution of the farmhouse in summer in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, we provided the heat transfer coefficient data of the farmhouse envelope, also detailed in the manuscript. Model of Thermal Mass Transport enables fast and accurately simulates the indoor temperature distribution of farmhouses with different roof forms on the same day, taking into account the climate zone of the region. This is despite the phase delay time of indoor temperatures for different roof forms caused by periodic initial temperature boundaries ranged from 1.55 to 2.78h\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ ext{h}$$\\end{document}, and the phase delay angle ranged from 23.25∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document} to 41.7∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document}. Extensive simulated results revealed individual variability in the role of roof form, demonstrating indoor temperatures in farmhouses corresponding to different climatic zones. In addition, by analyzing and discussing the indoor temperature phase delay angle and delay time for each type of roof forms, statistical results identified the advantages of Non-equal-sloped roof as a local farmhouse roof.

Case Study on Ecological Reconstruction Technology of Hollow Village in Mountainous Hilly Area

The ecological reconstruction of hollow village should gradually improve the rural living environment, regulate the features of farm houses and courtyards, beautify the village, protect and restore the village facilities such as ponds and ditches, natural landscape and pastoral landscape, and keep the overall style of the village in harmony with the natural environment. We will formulate plans for the protection and development of traditional villages, protect traditional culture, improve the lists of historic and cultural villages, traditional villages and residential houses, and establish and improve mechanisms for protection and supervision. The development of leisure agriculture, rural tourism, cultural and creative industries, the use of small town infrastructure and commercial service facilities, the overall drive to improve the quality of rural living environment.

TRICHURIOSIS INFECTION AND COCCIDIOSIS IN LANDRACE PIGS

A one-month-old female Landrace pig died after being suspected of being infected with nematode worms and protozoa parasites. The purpose of this study was to establish a diagnosis of death from case pigs. The pigs were taken from a close house farm owned by Mr. Wayan Suastika in Payangan village, Gianyar, with a total population of 20 and had never been dewormed. Case pigs showed symptoms such as anorexia, experiencing blackish diarrhea mixed with a little blood, no appetite, and pale mucosa. The case pig died one day after being taken from the farm, and was necropsied on November 18, 2022 at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. Organs that underwent changes such as the brain, trachea, lungs, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys and intestines were taken to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory for histopathological examination. Examination of feces using the flotation method and the Mcmaster method, as well as making permanent preparations to identify worms were carried out at the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory. The results of post-mortem examination found typical anatomic pathology in the form of haemorrhagic colon, necrosis and catarrhal or mucohemorrhagic enteritis with mucus, fresh blood and/or necrotic debris in the lumen, along with infection with nematode worms in the colon with a total of 235 individuals. From the results of stool examination, Trichuris suis worm eggs and Eimeria spp. oocysts were found. Based on the results of pathological and parasitological examinations, it can be concluded that cases of death in pigs are caused by Trichuriosis and Coccidiosis. As a suggestion, pigs should be kept in cages with floors made of concrete or cement. If an earthen yard is used, excreta disposal should be regular and the manure disposal site should be made of closed concrete wells so as not to attract beetles.

The energy-saving design of prefabricated farm house in the middle of Anhui Province

Masonry building has low construction requirements and it is widely used in agricultural houses in the middle of Anhui Province. However, the old farm houses have problems such as aging structure, high building energy consumption, irrational floor plan layout and poor living comfort. Nowadays, the structure of many farm houses has undergone major changes, among which the prefabricated farm houses have the advantages of high performance, short construction period and flexible construction, and the materials used and construction process conform to the principle of sustainable development. It is of great significance to carry out research on the construction of light steel prefabricated farm houses and its energy-saving optimization. Firstly, through field investigation and case analysis, the present situation of traditional farm houses in central Anhui was summarized. Secondly, the prefabricated energy-saving design of farm houses was optimized.

Do the customers remember? The fade-out effect from the demand response applied in the district heating system in Denmark

Buildings can deliver short-term thermal energy storage to energy systems. In district heating (DH) systems, it is mainly desk studies and simulations that reveal a large thermal flexibility potential. Knowledge from real-life case studies on how residents participate in demand management campaigns is crucial for the successful utilisation of buildings’ flexibility potential for minimizing bottlenecks in the daily operation of DH systems. In the field study including 72 single-family houses connected to the 3GDH network in southern Denmark, the demand response (DR) strategy “night setback” was applied for two heating periods. The houses were equipped with control and monitoring equipment, which allowed the deactivation of the heating system while monitoring the indoor temperature, so it does not drop below the defined value. The occupants controlled the DR events settings and could at any time stop utilisation of the night setback strategy (implicit participation in the DR). All 72 houses applied the night setback during both heating periods. Yet, the participation time decreased from 89% to 81%. The lowest participation rate was noted for the farm house, 60% and 9% of heating periods 1 and 2, respectively. In around 60% of the DR events, the night setback strategy was activated at 20:00.

한우 수정란이식에 의한 쌍자 생산

This study investigated two blastocyst fertilized eggs of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) developed in vitro for 3 years in 18 farm houses. The fertilized eggs were transferred into 208 cattle recipients in 7~8 days of estrous cycle. Then, their pregnancy rate, delivery rate, calf crop rate, twin crop rate and miscarriage / stillbirth rate were investigated. As a result of transferring Hanwoo blastocyst fertilized eggs developed in vitro to 208 cattle recipients, the pregnancy rate was found 53.8% (112/208); and delivery rate, 92.9% (104/112), showing no significant yearly variation. Twin delivery rate in 1st and 2nd years was 45.2% (14/31) and 47.9% (23/48), respectively, significantly higher than the 3rd-year rate of 8.0% (2/25) (P&lt; .05). The average twin delivery rate was 37.5% (39/104). Calves produced based on pregnancy accounted for 108.1% (121/112). In the 1st year and 2nd year, the rate was 115.2% (38/33) and 114.0% (57/50), respectively, significantly higher than the 3rd year rate of 96.3% (27/26) (P&lt; .05). The average twin calf production after Hanwoo embryo transfer was 32.2% (39/121), recording 36.8% (14/38) in the 1st year and 40.4% (23/57) in the 2nd year. In the 3rd year, 26 calves were produced including 2 twins, accounting for 7.7%. This number in 3rd year is significantly lower than the 1st and 2nd-year results (P&lt; .05). Among the 31 calves delivered in the 1st year, 4 were stillbirths; and 4, miscarriage. The male-female cattle ratio was 10:28. Female calves accounted for 26.3%. Among the 48 calves produced in the 2nd year, 10 were miscarriage; and 4, stillbirth. A cow produced triplets. Male-female cattle ratio was 21:36. Female cattle accounted for as high as 36.8%. Among the 25 calves produced in the 3rd year, 2 were stillbirth. Male-female cattle ratio was 12:14. Female cattle accounted for 46.2%, representing good improvement result. In all of the years, the male-female ratio was 43:78. Female cattle accounted for as high as 35.5%. Miscarriage/stillbirth ratio was as high as 21.4% (24/112).&#x0D; The results above showed no remarkable difference in pregnancy rate and delivery rate after embryo transfer to 208 cattle recipients for 3 years. This study also found higher miscarriage/stillbirth rate than those of other studies. With respect to twin production, the 1st and 2nd-year Hanwoo embryo transfer showed significantly higher results of twin production than that in the 3rd year (P&lt; .05). Regarding male-female ratio, female caves were found to account for larger part with time. Based on the findings, it is deemed necessary to establish improvement foundation earlier as a way to homogenize Hanwoo genetic traits and secure fattening cattle for quality meat production. Moreover, for higher income of farm houses, embryo transfer-based twin production technology will need to be developed through continued research.

COLISEPTICEMIA INFECTION IN A 20 DAYS OLD BROILER CHICKEN IN TIMUHUN VILLAGE, KLUNGKUNG

Colisepticemia is one of poultry infectious disease caused by Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was identifying the causative of an infected broiler chickens aged 20 days. The research was conducted at a close house farm in Timuhun Village, Banjarangkan, Klungkung Regency, Bali with a population of 16,000 broiler chickens. The number of sick chickens was 163 and 55 died. The chicken samples were brought to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Udayana Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for necropsy. Organ samples that underwent changes were taken to the Veterinary Bacteriology and Parasitology Laboratory. In bacteriological examination, organ samples were isolated using nutrient agar and eosyne methylene blue agar (EMBA) media. Furthermore, the results of bacterial isolation were identified using triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) media, Simmon Citrate Agar (SCA), Sulfid Indole Motility (SIM), Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer (MR-VP) and testing sugars (glucose and lactose). In the parasitology laboratory, fecal samples were examined using native, sedimentation and flotation methods. The results of the epidemiological examination of the disease, 1% morbidity, 0.3% mortality and 33.7% case fatality rate (CFR). Post-mortem examination found typical anatomical pathology in the form of polyserotysis and fibrin accumulation in the pericardium, perihepatic, pleural and mesentery. The results of the fecal examination did not find any agents and/or worm eggs. Bacterial isolation on EMBA media grew metallic green round colonies with black dots. Gram stain shows short rods and is colored red. Based on the results of pathology, parasitology and bacteriology examinations, the etiology of this cases caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Elevating sanitation was needed to reduce the cases.

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF DESIGN PLANS AND THE PROCESS OF MAKING “THE REFERENCE DESIGNS OF FARM HOUSES” (1925) BY KANAGAWA AGRICULTURE ASSOCIATION

This study aims to examine the characteristic of design plans and the process of making “the reference designs of farm houses”, Kanagawa agriculture association asked Kon Wajiro and Oya Nobuo, published in1925. Out of the 16 plans appeared, the 4plans are the smallest planned by Kon and Oya, the 6 are the new for the earthquake recovery conceived by Kon who experienced exploration of farm houses and the member of the lifestyle improvement association. The rest 6 are for the private houses in the disaster area. They can be identified by the documents of Kougakuin University Library.

Persistence and molecular epidemiology of blaNDM-positive Gram-negative bacteria in three broiler farms: A longitudinal study (2015–2021)

Although carbapenems have not been approved for animal use, blaNDM-positive bacteria (NPB) are increasingly being detected in farm animals. It is important to investigate the routes and underlying mechanisms of evolution and transmission of animal-borne NPB. In this study, NPB recovered from chicken feces and environmental samples in three adjacent broiler farms were investigated. We found that 13.0% of Escherichia coli strains recovered from chicken feces during the period 2015–2016 carried the blaNDM gene. In 2017–2021, however, as many as 55.8% chicken and environmental samples collected during the breeding period were found to harbor NPB. Importantly, such strains were detectable in samples from farmland (10.3%, 8/78), vegetable fields (7.3%, 3/41), and environment of chicken farms (25.6%, 41/160) which had been left vacant for a long period of time. Intriguingly, different sequence types of NPB became dominant in different years. Both clonal dissemination of NPB and horizontal transmission of blaNDM-bearing plasmids were observed among different farms and among the environment niches inside and outside the farm houses. Worryingly, transmission of NPB and blaNDM-bearing plasmids between these farms and other places was also observed. All in all, our results suggested the persistence of NPB in chickens and farm environments, presumably due to extensive contamination by exogenous materials and transmission of NPB within the farm system. These events were aggravated by the increase in antibiotic usage and poor sanitary conditions in the farm houses. Stringent control measures should be implemented to arrest transmission of animal-borne NPB to the environment and the community.

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROORGANISMS IN THE AIR WITHIN POULTRY FARMHOUSE ENVIRONMENT

Microorganisms associated with specific environments could be transferred long distances away from source. Air around poultry farms was sampled using the still settling method. Sampling was carried out during the dry and rainy seasons in Southwest Nigeria. The samplings were done within poultry houses and at tangential distances of 100, 200 and 300 meters away from the poultry house. Results show differences in air flora within and outside the poultry houses. There were also differences based on distance from the poultry house. Some bacteria isolated inside poultry houses during dry season were not found outside the poultry. Most bacteria isolated from air inside during rainy season were not present in the air farthest away from the poultry houses. There was however some overlap with Micrococcus sedentarius isolated from one poultry house and 100 meters away during dry season and 200 meters away during rainy season. Staphylococcus chromogenes was also isolated from one poultry house and at 300 meters away. Distance from the poultry farms seemed to have more effect on bacteria distribution in air during dry season. Fungi species on the other hand were more evenly distributed at all sampled points during the dry season. More fungi species were present during rainy season but some species found inside poultry houses were absent from air at distances away from the houses. Fungi isolated included Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp. and Rhodotorula sp. Results indicate that poultry farm houses contribute to the air flora in their environment.

일제강점기 정읍 화호마을의 공간구성에 관한 연구

During the Japanese colonial period, Japan exploited the entire Korean Peninsula and targeted not only cities but also rural areas. The exploitation of rural area was accelerated with the support of Oriental colonization Company and The countryside was a living scene of direct exploitation. However, most of the research was concentrated in representative port cities such as Kunsan, which transports logistics such as rice and grains. There was insufficient research on how Japanese entered the country, how Korean were plundered, and the rural villages that were the target of exploitation. The contents of hi-exploitation were also historical and historical humanities such as colonial land ownership and farm management, and the spatial structure of the existing traditional villages were insufficiently investigated. Hwaho-ri, Shin Taein-eup, Jeollabuk-do, centered on Yongseo Village, there are many traces of farm houses, hospitals, employee residences, schools, churches, and Oriental colonization Company This study aims to study what changes traditional rural villages have brought by the Japanese colonial rule, centering on Hwaho-ri Village.

Designing Interaction Planning: A Case of Revisit Intention in Farm House Susu Lembang Bandung

Generally, revisit intention is influenced by the positive experience of a consumer. But it is different for a tourism destination. But revisit intention in tourism is crucial and could not be predicted easily. In Farm House Susu Lembang, tourists feel that the destination exceeds their expectations and they were very pleased to visit the destination. But when asked whether they make a return visit to the Farm House Susu Lembang, they say reluctant to come back. Using interactive planning methodology, this research aims to define problems that occur. After knowing the problems that exist based on the results of the interview, then analyzed the threats and opportunities that enable to be a solution to Farm House Susu Lembang. This solution is proposed in order to attract tourists to be willing to make a revisit which will increase the number of visitors of Farm House Susu Lembang. Keyword: interactive planning; revisit intention; tourism; experience