Family Unity Research Articles

Exploring Leisure and Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability: An Analytical Review

Purpose: This analysis based on review aims to explore the correlation between leisure pursuits and the quality of life experienced by parents raising children with intellectual disabilities. The review aimed to synthesize existing literature to explore how engagement in leisure pursuits affects various aspects of parental well-being, including physical health, mental health, social connections, and overall quality of life. The methodological approach involved a systematic review of published studies, qualitative research papers, and theoretical perspectives on the topic. Design/Methodology/Approach:The study design employed a comprehensive literature search across various databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, using relevant keywords related to leisure, quality of life, parents, and intellectual disability. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies published within the last decade, focusing on the experiences of parents with children diagnosed with intellectual disabilities and examining the impact of leisure activities on their well-being. A total of 40 articles were selected for the review, encompassing diverse study designs and participant demographics. Findings/Result: The results of the analysis, which was based on reviewing various studies, unveiled a noteworthy connection between engagement in leisure activities and the overall quality of life for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Taking part in leisure pursuits had a favorable impact on the well-being of parents by offering chances to alleviate stress, engage in social interactions, and enhance physical health. Moreover, inclusive leisure activities that encompassed both parents and children with intellectual disabilities played a pivotal role in nurturing a sense of familial unity and enhancing the well-being of the entire family unit. However, the review also identified challenges related to limited access to leisure opportunities, financial constraints, and time constraints, which could adversely impact parental well-being. The examination highlighted the significance of integrating leisure-based interventions and support structures into the care strategies designed for families raising children with intellectual disabilities. Through the promotion of leisure activities that are both accessible and inclusive, professionals in the field, educators, and policymakers have the potential to elevate the quality of life for parents within this demographic. Moreover, the findings highlighted the need for further research to explore specific leisure needs and preferences of parents and children with intellectual disabilities, allowing for the development of tailored strategies to optimize parental well-being and overall family functioning. Originality/Value: By offering a thorough investigation into the correlation between leisure activities and the quality of life for parents of children with intellectual disabilities, this analysis conducted through review contributes a fresh perspective and valuable insights to the existing body of literature. By emphasizing the importance of leisure engagement in promoting parental well-being, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the unique experiences and challenges faced by parents in this specific context, ultimately guiding the development of effective support and intervention strategies.

Why did the civil code of Meiji Japan provide the same surname for couples? Westernization, de-Chineseization, and the construction of a national state

ABSTRACTThis article challenges the question of how and why ‘the compulsory same surname system for couples’ was written into the Meiji Civil Code. Administrative documents related to surnames issued by the Meiji government, documents of the Code Research Committee, and the stenographic records of the Diet deliberations allow us not only to know that the form of the compulsory same surname system for the Couple was influenced and justified by the norms of marriage in Western society, but also to unveil an invention of tradition. ‘the compulsory same surname system for couples’, a product of Westernization, was then combined with the Japanese traditional ‘ie’ system and successfully implemented as a new tradition that was created and established in a short period of time. This article concludes in the Meiji period, during the construction of the modern national state, when ‘the compulsory same surname system for couples’ broke the norm of the surname belonging to the upper class under the feudal era, while the sense of family unity it brought also served to unify the nation. And so, internally, this served to homogenize and unify the nation. Externally, Meiji leaders believed it would play a role in correcting the unequal treaties with the West and removing any perceived influence from Chinese civilization. Using this system of the compulsory same surname for couples as one of the means to build the identity of ‘modern Japan’, was the true intention of the Meiji government.

The Rules of Fiqh Al-Adatu Muhakkam in the Tradition of "Menjalang" and "Mandi Balimau Kasai" in Parit Baru Village

The conclusion of this study highlights the intricate interplay between religious and cultural aspects within Indonesian society, particularly in the context of Parit Baru village. The village's adherence to ancient customs like the Menjalang tradition and the Balimau Kasai Bathing tradition reflects a commitment to both religious values, primarily Islam, and the preservation of unique cultural practices. The Menjalang tradition, considered a silaturrahim practice, fosters family unity and forgiveness as a precursor to the holy month of Ramadan. Its alignment with Islamic teachings and emphasis on familial solidarity make it a meaningful practice. Similarly, the Balimau Kasai Bathing tradition, while not strictly obligatory according to Islamic teachings, maintains its significance in welcoming Ramadan. The tradition embodies the intersection of cultural heritage and religious observance, with the possibility of evolving into a Sunnah practice. This study underscores how local customs can harmonize with religious norms, enriching the diverse tapestry of Indonesian society while maintaining alignment with Islamic principles.

Retention and turnover among migrant nurses: A scoping review.

To map and explore primary research about factors related to retention, turnover and turnover intention among migrant nurses. Understanding retention and turnover among migrant nurses is essential, especially in the context of nursing shortage. There is a range of factors motivating nurses to emigrate; however, factors related to retention and turnover among migrant nurses in the host country are unclear. This review utilised Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework for scoping reviews, and is reported with the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Four electronic databases were searched-CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest and PubMed-to identify primary research published between January 2000 and May 2022. Titles and abstracts were reviewed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then full-text versions were reviewed. Data extracted were summarised, and results synthesised. Fifteen studies were included, with studies mainly from the Middle East, the United Kingdom and the United States. Personal, organisational, financial, political and environmental factors were found to influence retention and turnover among migrant nurses. Retention and turnover rates among migrant nurses vary among host countries. The factors identified are related to each other; hence, retention and turnover among migrant nurses are best understood in the context of their source country, host country and individual circumstances. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY, SOCIAL POLICY, AND HEALTH POLICY: Host countries must promote strategies that foster retention, such as reviewing immigration policies to support long-term immigration and family unity. Organisations employing migrant nurses need to consider the presence of a social network to facilitate adaptation and integration. It is also recommended that source countries address the reasons for emigration and initiate policies encouraging return migration, including providing merit to overseas experience. International nursing organisations should call for an examination of the conditions of migrant nurses to ensure equality across all source countries.

On Idle Possibilities and Missed Chances: Refugee Rights in Egypt

Abstract This article investigates the rights of refugees in Egypt and the numerous barriers that exist that prevent their enjoyment. Specifically, the article examines the implementation of international and regional legal frameworks relating to refugees and asylum-seekers by two key stakeholders in Egypt, namely the host state and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In addition, the article explores the current and potential future role of international and regional law in the implementation of these rights, while investigating the national legal framework and practice on the ground in relation to four core rights: obtaining refugee status, issuing documentation, attempting to protect family unity or to reunify with family in case of separation, and accessing public healthcare. In doing this, the article investigates, first, whether the host state and/or UNHCR retains a preference for a legal framework found at one scale of analysis over the other, and second, if international law and in particular, regional law and governance frameworks could be better utilised by all key stakeholders to improve the situation for refugees on the ground. Through the collection of empirical data from interviews and focus groups, a clear picture emerges of regional legal frameworks and norms remaining on the periphery or simply being ignored by the two key stakeholders responsible for implementing protection mechanisms. Instead, the analysed core rights are understood through a complex hybrid of international norms and national policy. This appears like a missed opportunity. The article concludes by arguing that, while in practice regional legal provisions currently only have a limited effect, they have the potential to offer improved protection and rights for a wider group of asylum-seekers and refugees.

‘If the desert could speak’: The karretjiemense of the Karoo in My Children Have Faces

Both film-maker Timothy Gabb and anthropologist Michael de Jongh have noticed the disappearance of the karretjiemense, a marginalised people who travel the Karoo desert using donkey carts or karretjies. Having run a petrol station in Prince Albert in the Eastern Cape, author Carol Campbell’s debut novel My Children Have Faces features a family of karretjiemense who wander the Karoo desert and in real ways ‘belong to’ it. This belonging is reflected in the novel through the ‘interchanges and interconnections between [their] human corporeality and the more-than-human’, which ecocritic Stacey Alaimo calls ‘transcorporeality’. It is an engagement that enables the resilience of the tight-knit family to the vulnerabilities of living in the desert in order to escape the pursuit of the murderous Miskiet. Campbell reflects this transcorporeality, fictionally, through naming, through animal imagery and through the motifs of smell and of movement. She also registers how transcorporeality dwindles and family unity breaks down once they leave the desert. Having sold their donkeys and killed Miskiet, they apply for the formal identities they have lacked and head towards a settled life in the village very different to the nomadic life that has defined them up to now.Contribution: This article adds to the emerging field of ecocriticism in South Africa by using the concept of ‘transcorporeality’ to explore the connections between the karretjiemense and the desert Karoo environment in Carol Campbell’s My Children Have Faces (2013).

Problematisation of Parental Alcohol Abuse Related Harm to Children: The Results of Professionals’ Response

Problematisations as taken-for-granted “truths” practices making it crucial to look at them critically and to draw attention to any potentially harmful consequences they may have. The main aim of this article is to examine how the issue of parental alcohol’s harm to children is problematised in the child protection and support processes in Lithuania. Data from 20 semi-structured interviews with key child welfare and protection experts were analysed using Bacchi’s problematisation approach strategy. Professionals think that parental intoxication is damaging to children, and because of the issues they perceive, most of their work is focused on measures to enhance parental behaviour. This approach to the problem distances professionals from the harm that children are experiencing. It is typical to remove children from intoxicated parents and re-unite them once the parents sober up. Professionals rely on their own moral principles and ideals, particularly the desire to maintain “family unity”. Long-term harm develops when children who need support are undervalued and neglected. Because child welfare practices focus on a small portion of the problems, the harm to the children’s personalities and development is not adequately addressed. Analyses showed that the problematisation of parental alcohol abuse-related harm to children by professionals impacts the presumed result, which is that children are the “visible but unprotected victims”. The professional field of problematisation of alcohol’s harm to children brought on by parental alcohol misuse must consider crucial elements such as understanding childhood trauma and its long-term effects on child development, knowing how to respond to it when it occurs, and understanding how to avoid harmful long-term consequences.

아동의 가족재결합에 대한 연구: 유럽인권재판소 판례를 중심으로

Family unity and family reunification (or family reunion) are similar in that they deal with protection of family as one unit. However, since family reunification focuses on the maintenance of families that have already been formed but separated due to migration, these two concepts are not strictly regarded as the same ones. Family reunification is important as it promotes the stability and social integration of the people directly involved. In particular, for children, the necessity of applying the right of family reunification deserves special emphasis as an effective preventive measure against various kinds of risks they face. In Korea, it is difficult as yet to find cases or legislation dealing with family reunification of the child, however, there is a possibility of increasing the future occurrence of the issue due to continuous influx of foreigners.
 Thus, this research attempts to provide a starting point for further discussions through reviewing international legal bases and introducing related case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
 As a result, the research found that there is an international consensus to ensure the family reunification of the child on the basis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, European Convention of Human Rights and other related documents. The case law of the ECtHR also provides two meaningful implications in this sense. First, it embodied the concept of the family reunification of the child by active consideration of universal and regional standards. The Court confirmed that the family reunification of the child means not only entry into, but also ensuring stable stay. In this regard, the Court recognized a related positive obligation of the authorities. In determining whether there is a violation of the obligations, the Court consistently considered a fair balance between individual and public interests. Second, the Court solidified its position that the best interests of the child should be given priority in all cases concerning children. In the trial processes, the Court comprehensively regarded several factors that may cause significant influence, such as the age of the children concerned, their situation in their country of origin and the extent to which they are dependent on their parents, and so on.
 There may be some differences in family type and culture between Europe and Korea. Nevertheless, the introduction of somewhat advanced judgments from ECtHR is really meaningful in a situation where related discussions are not yet enough. It is expected that this study containing analysis of the European case law on family reunification of the Child would contribute to the improvement of related domestic case law and legislation, considering properly both national interests and human rights.

Women and partners' experience of major postpartum haemorrhage: a qualitative study.

To examine women and their partners' experience of major postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). A qualitative interview study. Two Labour and Delivery Units in Denmark. Women who experienced major PPH (≥1 litre within 2hours after vaginal birth). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 women and nine partners (nine joint interviews, six individual interviews). Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. A qualitative description of women and their partners' experiences. Three major themes were identified. (1) 'From birth to emergency' included factors that increased concern in women and their partners, such as 'incomprehensible' medical terminology, a tense atmosphere, and alarm call. Transfer to the operating theatre was experienced as the most devastating part of major PPH. (2) 'Feeling safe during an emergency' described factors that supported the women and their partners' management of the situation such as brief explanations from a few healthcare professionals and reassurance that the healthcare professionals were in control of the situation. The pain was experienced as severe, but acceptable. (3) 'Family unity challenged' described how family bonding was supported by positioning the partner at the head of the bed and by keeping the baby on the woman's chest. Several factors such as small gestures from healthcare professionals and appropriate organisation of the PPH can make a difference to the woman and her partner's experience of major PPH. Particularly, efforts that support family bonding are greatly valued by women and their partners.

Parents’ Family Coping Strategies during the Pandemic: Effects on Parent and Child Well-Being

This study aimed to understand the strategies families used to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, and their effects on family, parent, child, and couple functioning and well-being. In April and May 2020, and again one month later, 277 parents from 174 families who previously participated in a trial of a family preventive intervention were invited to participate in an online survey regarding the pandemic. Parents completed measures regarding family cohesion, couple coparenting and relationship quality, parenting quality, and parent and child mental health and well-being. Parents were asked to share the coping strategies they found most effective, and responses were coded into four groups: Family Unity, Healthy Habits, Adaptability, and Child-Focused. Adaptability was associated with increases in couple relationship quality but also in child internalizing and externalizing behaviors from Month 1 to Month 2. The results suggest that the strategies parents use may have differing effects on parents and children.

Marriages, New Women and Changing Intra-Group Dynamics of the Trader Families in Rawalpindi

This research expounds on the question of how the micro-foundations of power are constituted and manifested in middle class trader families? In the pursuit of answering this question, the present study aims to focus on the domestic sphere of traders who primarily belong to Nirankari Bazaar1 in Rawalpindi, historically a mercantilist city2. This work is based on my ethnographic study and observation of the community norms and practices within the homes of the traders. This work will explore how relationships in the domestic sphere are made, contested and befriended so as to know how the intra-group dynamics unfold in traders’ families. The underlying focus of this is to understand the significance of women of traders in the making of the families, formulating or breaking linkages to consolidate or disintegrate the economic position of the trader. In this regard, we look at the institution of marriage as the basic unit of intra-group dynamics and relationships whereby ‘new’ relatives are designated as instrumental drivers of the family and house. The central argument in this study is how the new woman after being included in the trader household is expected to connect or disconnect family unity and property which is a marker of significance for the trader. The paper draws semblance with literature on domestic relationships in Punjab from the historic, economic and social context. Further, the paper is based on the theoretical foundation from Levi-Strauss’s structural analysis within anthropology that explains, society as like language is based on rules and patterns that constitute the deeply embedded structures within. The embedded or unconscious3 structure in this case of marriage determines the subsequent conscious4 social relations and practices of making and unmaking alliances in the trader household. This purpose of the research is to elucidate the role of new women in contouring family dynamics despite the dominance of men in the traders families.

Obligations to ‘Strangers’

Abstract Proceeding from the assumption that international criminal justice is a cosmopolitan project, the article advances a reconceptualized understanding of cosmopolitanism as a theoretical basis for collective action in ensuring accountability for international crimes. The article examines the building blocks of cosmopolitanism, and how the concept’s emphasis on equality and unity of the human family can guarantee its fundamental values of human dignity and shared humanity. Based on the understanding that international crimes assault humanity’s fundamental and cosmopolitan value of human dignity, and that accountability for such crimes is a cosmopolitan objective, the article advances the argument that while accountability for international crimes is primarily the obligation of individual sovereign states, this responsibility is ultimately residually one of humanity as a whole, exercisable through humanity’s collective action such as through regional intergovernmental organizations where an individual state is unable or unwilling by itself to do so.

Longing for a Forever Home: Ontological insecurity is collectively produced in fixed-term supportive housing for families

ABSTRACT Increasingly unaffordable housing means that family homelessness represents an urgent issue for social policy and practice. Targeting families at risk of homelessness, Supportive Housing for Families (SHF) subsidizes leases and offers support aimed at sustaining tenancies and family unity. We explore how short-term funding cycles in an advanced welfare system impacts experiences with service delivery. Building on housing scholarship employing an ontological security lens, we interrogate the temporal dimensions of SHF, and how these are intertwined with understandings of home in spatial terms. The analyses are based on research conducted to examine a 12-month SHF pilot in Southeast Queensland, Australia. We analyse qualitative interviews conducted with families (n=17), statutory child protection officers (n=7), and SHF support workers (n=10) involved in this pilot. Findings indicate that fixed-term funding impacts every aspect of service delivery, resulting in the collective production of ontological insecurity, as families continue to long for a forever home.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON THE MEDIA FORMATION OF LVIV ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN SPACES

Architecture ensures a person's orientation in space, affects his emotions and mental state. A group of social and cultural factors influencing the formation of media formation of architecture and city spaces determines the aspects of human perception of the architectural environment. Each of its elements performs a certain function and at the same time is the context of people's everyday life. The media formation of architecture and urban spaces creates material conditions for providing the physiological needs of a person because it carries certain information about the possibilities of their satisfaction. The article identifies sociological, cultural and spiritual factors and examines their influence on the media formation of the Lviv city. The evaluation of the relationships between social and cultural factors and media formation was carried out on the basis of a multidimensional matrix of relationships. It was established that social and cultural factors have the greatest influence on mental media formation of architecture. On the other hand, connections with the physical media formation, except for the visual, are absent. The assessment also made it possible to discover that the psychological state of a person has the most count of connections with informative essence of the architecture. The desire to find the meaning of life is manifested in architecture through emotional properties associated with the disclosure of the life processes of society with the expression of national, social, political unity of people, with the value of family unity, with self-affirmation of the individual. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account aspects of the psychological perception of future objects in architectural practice.

Latina mothers’ perspectives on adverse experiences and protection of Latinx youth in an agricultural community

BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a measure of childhood toxic stress that have a dose-dependent relationship with many adult health outcomes. While ACEs have been validated across diverse populations to measure neglect, abuse, and family dysfunction, they do not specifically assess trauma related to racism/xenophobia and immigration. 54% of Latinx youth in the United States are immigrants or children of immigrants and a large group with potentially unmeasured trauma. This study looks beyond ACEs to identify adverse and protective factors for healthy development among Latinx youth in an agricultural community through the perspectives of their mothers.MethodsTwenty mothers of adolescent participants in A Crecer: the Salinas Teen Health Study (a prospective cohort study of 599 adolescents) completed semi-structured interviews in Spanish. Interviews focused on mothers’ perspectives on community resources, parenting strategies, parenting support systems, and their future aspirations for their children. Four coders completed iterative rounds of thematic coding drawing from published ACEs frameworks (original ACEs, community ACEs) and immigrant specific adverse events arising from the data.ResultsMothers in this study reported adverse experiences captured within community-level ACEs but also distinct experiences related to intergenerational trauma and immigrant-related adversities. The most cited community-level ACEs were housing instability and community violence. Immigrant related adversities included experiences of systemic racism with loss of resources, political instability limiting structural resources, and language-limited accessibility. These were exacerbated by the loss of family supports due to immigration related family-child separation including deportations and staggered parent–child migration. Having experienced intergenerational trauma and systemic oppression, mothers discussed their strategies for building family unity, instilling resilience in their children, and improving socioeconomic opportunities for their family.ConclusionsLatina mothers shared the impacts of immigrant-related experiences on systemic inequities in the United States which are currently missing from the ACEs framework. Immigrant specific adverse events include language-limited accessibility, or family-child separations, and policies impacting structural resources for immigrant families. Mothers highlighted their capacity to build resilience in their children and buffer impacts of systemic racism. Community-tailored interventions can build on this foundation to reduce health disparities and promote health equity in this population.

Differences in county-level cardiovascular disease mortality rates due to damage caused by hurricane Matthew and the moderating effect of social capital: a natural experiment

BackgroundAs the climate continues to warm, hurricanes will continue to increase in both severity and frequency. Hurricane damage is associated with cardiovascular events, but social capital may moderate this relationship. Social capital is a multidimensional concept with a rich theoretical tradition. Simply put, social capital refers to the social relationships and structures that provide individuals with material, financial, and emotional resources throughout their lives. Previous research has found an association between high levels of social capital and lower rates of cardiovascular (CVD) mortality. In post-disaster settings, social capital may protect against CVD mortality by improving access to life-saving resources. We examined the association between county-level hurricane damage and CVD mortality rates after Hurricane Matthew, and the moderating effect of several aspects of social capital and hurricane damage on this relationship. We hypothesized that (1) higher (vs. lower) levels of hurricane damage would be associated with increased CVD mortality rates and (2) in highly damaged counties, higher (vs. lower) levels of social capital would be associated with lower CVD mortality.MethodsAnalysis used yearly (2013-2018) county-level sociodemographic and epidemiological data (n = 183). Sociodemographic data were compiled from federal surveys before and after Hurricane Matthew to construct, per prior literature, a social capital index based on four dimensions of social capital (sub-indices): family unity, informal civil society, institutional confidence, and collective efficacy. Epidemiological data comprised monthly CVD mortality rates constructed from monthly county-level CVD death counts from the CDC WONDER database and the US Census population estimates. Changes in CVD mortality based on level of hurricane damage were assessed using regression adjustment. We used cluster robust Poisson population average models to determine the moderating effect of social capital on CVD mortality rates in both high and low-damage counties.ResultsWe found that mean levels of CVD mortality increased (before and after adjustment for sociodemographic controls) in both low-damage counties (unadjusted. Mean = 2.50, 95% CI [2.41, 2.59], adjusted mean = 2.50, 95% CI [2.40, 2.72]) and high-damage counties (mean = 2.44, CI [2.29, 2.46], adj. Mean = 2.51, 95% CI [2.49, 2.84]). Among the different social capital dimensions, institutional confidence was associated with reduced initial CVD mortality in low-damage counties (unadj. IRR 1.00, 95% CI [0.90, 1.11], adj. IRR 0.91 CI [0.87, 0.94]), but its association with CVD mortality trends was null. The overall effects of social capital and its sub-indices were largely nonsignificant.Conclusion Hurricane damage is associated with increased CVD mortality for 18 months after Hurricane Matthew. The role of social capital remains unclear. Future research should focus on improving measurement of social capital and quality of hurricane damage and CVD mortality data.

PERSPECTIVA DE IMIGRANTES SOBRE A INTEGRAÇÃO PESSOAL E FAMILIAR NA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experiences of immigrants and their families related to integration in Brazil. Method: this is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in a municipality in southern Brazil. The informants were 13 immigrants who had lived in Brazil between six months and five years and who were able to communicate in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Data were collected between May and November 2021, through semi-structured interviews, audio-recorded and subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: the 13 participants were aged between 27 and 65 years (mean age 36 years), nine of whom were women, seven from Venezuela and the others from countries in South, Central America and Africa. Three categories emerged which show the adversities experienced, especially in relation to jobs (low wages, labor exploitation, non-recognition of academic titles), communication difficulties and distance from family. On the other hand, they also show satisfaction with public safety, health care and the possibility of personal and professional development. To maintain family unity and their origins, people in an immigration situation financially help members who could not migrate, make typical foods and use the native language in the home environment. Conclusion: integration into Brazilian society is permeated by challenges, namely the absence/distance from family of origin and/or constituted, lack of understanding of language, work and financial problems and social support network weakness. However, immigrants seek to maintain an adequate family functioning based on the support of institutions and the maintenance of the culture of origin.

Respecting the Manning Family: Jane Manning James and Her Family in Wilton, Connecticut

Respecting the Manning Family: Jane Manning James and Her Family in Wilton, Connecticut

Prediction of family resilience based on marital commitment and psychological capital in married couples of Takab city

Background and Aim: In the happiest marital relationships, people sometimes face stressful situations or problems, and yet, their relationships can remain stable. In this context, it is thought that determining which resources provide relational resilience can provide guidance for strengthening a marital relationship; Therefore, the current research was formed with the aim of predicting family resilience based on marital commitment and psychological capital. Methods: The current research is descriptive of the correlation type; For this purpose, a random sample of 296 people was selected from the statistical population of married men and women in Takab (from West Azarbaijan province). In this research, in order to collect data, McCubbin et al.'s family resilience questionnaire (1986), Stanley and Markman's Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1992), and Luthans' Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) were used. The data obtained from the research were analyzed with SPSS-23 software. Results: The results of multivariate regression showed that marital commitment can predict family resilience with 99% confidence and among the components of psychological capital, self-efficacy can predict family resilience with 95% confidence. Conclusion: As a result, in order to face and deal with problems and crises, it is emphasized on preserving family unity and marital commitment and psychological capital.

MARRIED COUPLES’ SAME SURNAME ISSUE IN JAPANESE FAMILY LAW

Despite the traditional postulates of jurisprudence regarding the necessity to introduce flawless bills, each legal system struggles with issues which arouse controversy and become the subject of a lively political and legal debate. Even if the controversy affects millions of people and their private lives, the decision to solve it is limited by government policy. For example, this pattern is reflected in the married couples’ same surname issue in Japanese Family Law. Japanese courts investigated it yet did not provide any binding solution. The media have also increasingly raised this problem as an example of a private law defect requiring a fundamental change in the near future. Still, public awareness of the legal controversy is insufficient to overcome it. Even though a large part of Japanese society supports the reform of the married couples’ same surname system, the government protects it as an embodiment of Japan’s legal tradition and a symbol of family unity. Undoubtedly, the dispute regarding the need to revise Family Law went beyond the legal debate and became a significant political and social issue in the last three decades. Unfortunately, Western legal scholarship is still unaware of this vivid example of the 21st-century rivalry between the liberal/individual and the conservative/collective views in one of the most distinguished private law systems.