Family Leguminosae Research Articles

Glycosylation and methylation in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoids in Pueraria lobata.

The pathway for forming isoflavonoid skeletal structure is primarily restricted to the Leguminosae family. Subsequent decorations on the compound backbone by tailoring enzymes would change their biological and medicinal properties. Pueraria lobata is a leguminous plant, and as a traditional Chinese medicine its roots have been ascribed a number of pharmacological activities. Glycosylation and methylation are the main modifying processes in isoflavonoid metabolism in P. lobata roots, resulting in the accumulation of unique glycosylated and methylated end isoflavonoid compounds. For instance, daidzein 8-C-glucoside (i.e., puerarin) and puerarin derivatives are produced only by the Pueraria genus. Puerarin has been established as a clinical drug for curing cardiovascular diseases. To better understand the characteristic isoflavonoid metabolism in P. lobata, this review attempts to summarize the research progress made with understanding the main glycosylation and methylation of isoflavonoids in P. lobata and their biosynthetic enzymes.

Seed micromorphology of tribe Desmodieae (subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae) from Thailand with its taxonomic implications

Abstract. Saisorn W, Suddee S. 2023. Seed micromorphology of tribe Desmodieae (subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae) from Thailand with its taxonomic implications. Biodiversitas 24: 5572-5585. The seed micromorphology of 21 genera and 58 species of the tribe Desmodieae in Thailand was studied. The result showed that the shape of the seed can be ellipsoid or transversely ellipsoid, irregular, oblongoid, quadrangular, rectangular, reniform, rhomboid, subcircular, and triangular. An oblongoid shape is restricted to the genus Sohmaea; the seeds’ length, width, and thickness are 0.94-5.93 mm, 0.78-3.65 mm, and 0.39-1.92 mm, respectively. The testa color can be light green to green, yellow, light to dark brown, or black. Testa patterns can be classified into nine types: colliculate, colliculate-rugulate, fissured, pitted, reticulate, reticulate-reticulate, reticulate-rugulate, rugulate, and smooth. The rim-arillate aril can be thin, thick, or well-developed. This tribe is classified into three groups based on aril types. Group I: a thin rim-arillate type is restricted to Akschindlium godefroyanum. Group II: a thick rim-arillate type is found on the seeds of the most studied plants. Group III: a well-developed rim-arillate type is a taxonomic characteristic of Codariocalyx. The overall shape of the rim-arillate aril is subcircular, circular, subcircular-elliptic, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, and oblong. An oblong shape of the rim-arillate aril is a unique character for Grona heterophylla compared to other species within Grona.

Chromosome-scale genomes of five Hongmu species in Leguminosae

The Legume family (Leguminosae or Fabaceae), is one of the largest and economically important flowering plants. Heartwood, the core of a tree trunk or branch, is a valuable and renewable resource employed for centuries in constructing sturdy and sustainable structures. Hongmu refers to a category of precious timber trees in China, encompassing 29 woody species, primarily from the legume genus. Due to the lack of genome data, detailed studies on their economic and ecological importance are limited. Therefore, this study generates chromosome-scale assemblies of five Hongmu species in Leguminosae: Pterocarpus santalinus, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Dalbergia cochinchinensis, Dalbergia cultrata, and Senna siamea, using a combination of short-reads, long-read nanopore, and Hi-C data. We obtained 623.86 Mb, 634.58 Mb, 700.60 Mb, 645.98 Mb, and 437.29 Mb of pseudochromosome level assemblies with the scaffold N50 lengths of 63.1 Mb, 63.7 Mb, 70.4 Mb, 61.1 Mb and 32.2 Mb for P. santalinus, P. macrocarpus, D. cochinchinensis, D. cultrata and S. siamea, respectively. These genome data will serve as a valuable resource for studying crucial traits, like wood quality, disease resistance, and environmental adaptation in Hongmu.

Antioxidant Potential and Known Secondary Metabolites of Rare or Underutilized Plants of Yucatan Region

The screening of rare plants from the Yucatan region and the known native plants in Mexico, that have been successfully introduced worldwide, has been conducted. Based on a literature analysis and a search of English and Spanish scientific information regarding botanical, plant biochemical, and antioxidant potential in databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, as well as the national databases of Mexico (Flora: Yucatan Peninsula (cicy.mx) and Especies endémicas|Biodiversidad Mexicana), rare or underutilized plants from the Yucatan region with antioxidant potential have been selected. The formulas of the most studied secondary metabolites of these selected rare plants are shown. Among the selected rare plants with antioxidant potential, the families Sapidaceae and Anacardiaceae had the highest number of representatives. Additionally, representatives from the families Annonaceae, Moraceae, Malpighiaceae, Solanaceae, Ebenaceae, Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Leguminosae were also presented. The current scientific data analysis of selected rare plants from the Yucatan region, Mexico, provides significant background for their further use and introduction in not only the Yucatan region of Mexico, but also worldwide.

Aromatic compounds from the seeds of Dolichos lablab L. with anti-inflammatory activity

Twenty-four aromatic compounds including five novel ones, dolilabphenosides A (1), B1 (2), B2 (3), C1 (4), and C2 (5) were obtained from the seeds of Dolichos lablab L. Their structures were established based on spectroscopic analyses and chemical reactions. Among the known compounds, 9, 10, 14, 17, 19, and 22–24 were gained from the family Leguminosae for the first time, and 6, 8, 11–13, 15, 16, 18, 20, as well as 21 were firstly identified from Dolichos genus. Moreover, the inhibitory effect evaluation of all the isolates against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages suggested that compounds 1–3, 6, 7, 11–15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the novel compounds, dolilabphenosides A (1), B1 (2), B2 (3) were found to inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β.

Implementation of machine learning in DNA barcoding for determining the plant family taxonomy

The DNA barcoding approach has been used extensively in taxonomy and phylogenetics. The differences in certain DNA sequences are able to differentiate and help classify organisms into taxa. It has been used in cases of taxonomic disputes where morphology by itself is insufficient. This research aimed to utilize hierarchical clustering, an unsupervised machine learning method, to determine and resolve disputes in plant family taxonomy. We take a case study of Leguminosae that historically some classify into three families (Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Mimosaceae) but others classify into one family (Leguminosae). This study is divided into several phases, which are: (i) data collection, (ii) data preprocessing, (iii) finding the best distance method, and (iv) determining disputed family. The data used are collected from several sources, including National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), journals, and websites. The data for validation of the methods were collected from NCBI. This was used to determine the best distance method for differentiating families or genera. The data for the case study in the Leguminosae group was collected from journals and a website. From the experiment that we have conducted, we found that the Pearson method is the best distance method to do clustering ITS sequence of plants, both in accuracy and computational cost. We use the Pearson method to determine the disputed family between Leguminosae. We found that the case study of Leguminosae should be grouped into one family based on our research.

Morphological and Molecular Characterizations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Influence on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Plant Nutrition.

Pulses are considered a remarkable and stable source of nutrients, which are being presently extensively cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Pulses belong to the family Leguminosae and are a rich source of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) for best growth via symbiotic relationship with bacteria and AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The aim of the current study was evaluating the influence of AMF diversity associated with various pulses (French bean, mung bean, kidney bean, peas, soybean, peanuts, and grams). Furthermore, AMF characterization was done using morphological features of spores and sequencing of the rDNA gene, which confirmed the existence of 10 different AMF taxa. Among the different genera, the genus Glomus was observed to be the most dominant with 30% species followed by Gigaspora (22%), Sclerocystis (12%), Acaulospora (8%), Rhizophagus and Septoglomus (7%), Diversispora (5%), and Claroideoglomus, Archaeospora, and Ambispora (3%). Furthermore, soil physicochemical analysis and percentage of AMF colonization results revealed the fact that the phosphorus content (inversely proportional to the AMF diversity) was a determining factor of AMF diversity. The highest amount of available phosphorus (62.825 mg kg-1) in the district Swabi resulted in a low rate of AMF colonization (6.66 ± 11.54%) with a comparatively higher rate of AMF colonization (50.66 ± 1.15%) found in the soil of the district Chitral having a low phosphorus content (17.3 ± 7.6 mg kg-1). Nutrient uptake by pulses including nitrogen (2.4 ± 1.3%), phosphorus (13.5 ± 7.6 mg kg -1), potassium (99.5 ± 25.8 mg kg -1), zinc (1.4 ± 0.5 mg kg -1), moisture (2.3 ± 1.3%), crude fats (5.6 ± 2.8%), ash (4 ± 1.2%), and proteins (13.6 ± 9.01%) determined the fact that AMF species diversity is positively correlated to the plant mineral nutrition. From the current study, it is concluded that AMF inoculation to the soil fields is beneficial to ensure the sustainability and productivity of pulse crops in diverse environmental conditions without polluting the soil.

Evaluation of antiarthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Derris brevipes (benth.) Baker leaves

Background: Derris brevipes is a common medicinal plant used in the traditional system of medicine as an anti-arthritic agent. Aims and Objectives: The present study was to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of D. brevipes (EEDB) leaves, belonging to the family Leguminosae. Materials and Methods: The dried leaves were collected and extracted using 95% ethanol, and the extract was subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening. In vivo activities were evaluated in collagen (chicken sternal collagen)-induced arthritis (CIA) in Sprague–Dawley rats. Prednisolone was used as the standard, and EEDB (at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) was administered through the oral route. Body weight measurement, arthritic score, histological score, and radiology score assessments were carried out. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf extract from D. brevipes showed the presence of components such as steroids, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. In vivo tests on CIA rats given the extract showed that it could lower the arthritic score, the paw volume, the radiological score, and the histological score. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the D. brevipes leaf extract possesses antiarthritic activity.

GC-MS ANALYSIS AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF PETROLEUM EXTRACT OF SEEDS OF PSORALEA CORYLOFOLIA


 
 
 Plants show various medicinal properties due to presence of phytoconstituents. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy is a technique which is used to identify compounds in a plant extract on the basis of retention time and their mass. In the current investigation, petroleum ether extracts of seed of Psoralea corylifolia (family Leguminosae) was subjected for GC- MS analysis. Total 51 compounds were identified out of which many are significant as having antioxidant potential such as ficusin, vitamin E, stigmasterol, gamma sitosterol etc. The extract was also subjected for their free radical scavenging potential by using DPPH assay. Results revealed the presence of good antioxidant activity of the petroleum extract.
 
 

Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants in Western Kenya

Malaria is a potentially lethal illness that is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes and is caused by a parasitic organism. Individuals who are pregnant, small children, and the elderly are considered to be especially susceptible to the condition. The presently accessible antimalarial medications are associated with adverse effects and substantial expenses, particularly in regions with little financial resources. Medicinal plants present a viable option owing to their reduced incidence of adverse effects, decreased financial burden, and convenient availability. Nevertheless, the existing body of research pertaining to the utilization of medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria is somewhat restricted. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and antiplasmodial characteristics of various medicinal plants found in Kakamega County, located in Western Kenya. In vitro studies were conducted using organic and aqueous extracts derived from the plants. The extracts were used to assess both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Additionally, an evaluation was conducted to determine the safety and cytotoxicity of the plant extracts. The plant extracts obtained from dichloromethane exhibited the lowest yield, whereas the water extracts yielded the highest proportion. Plants belonging to the Leguminosae family, namely Senna didmobotrya and Senna occidentalis, exhibited the most substantial productivity when subjected to water and methanol solvents. Several plant extracts shown significant antiplasmodial action against both the chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of the malaria parasite. A number of extracts had a moderate level of antiplasmodial action, but a small subset exhibited poor or negligible activity. Of the three examined extract types (water, methanol, and dichloromethane), it was shown that the methanol extracts exhibited the greatest prevalence of plants with significant antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive strain. The majority of the methanol extracts exhibited moderate action against both strains, although a minority shown low or no activity. The extracts of dichloromethane also exhibited a variety of antiplasmodial properties. In general, the study unveiled the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants found in Kakamega County, located in Western Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. The efficacy of these plants in inhibiting the growth of both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of the malaria parasite was demonstrated. The results of this study offer significant insights for stakeholders who are interested in investigating the potential of herbal remedies as an alternate strategy for the treatment of malaria.

Genome-wide analysis of the R2R3-MYB gene family in Spatholobus suberectus and identification of its function in flavonoid biosynthesis.

Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (S. suberectus), a plant species within the Leguminosae family, has a long history of use in traditional medicines. The dried stem of S. suberectus exhibits various pharmacological activities because it contains various flavonoids. Diverse functions in plants are associated with the R2R3-MYB gene family, including the biosynthesis of flavonoids. Nonetheless, its role remains unelucidated in S. suberectus. Therefore, the newly sequenced S. suberectus genome was utilized to conduct a systematic genome-wide analysis of the R2R3-MYB gene family. The resulting data identified 181 R2R3-SsMYB genes in total, which were then categorized by phylogenetic analysis into 35 subgroups. Among the R2R3-SsMYB genes, 174 were mapped to 9 different chromosomes, and 7 genes were not located on any chromosome. Moreover, similarity in terms of exon-intron structures and motifs was exhibited by most genes in the same subgroup. The expansion of the gene family was primarily driven by segmental duplication events, as demonstrated by collinearity analysis. Notably, most of the duplicated genes underwent purifying selection, which was depicted through the Ka/Ks analysis. In this study, 22 R2R3-SsMYB genes were shown to strongly influence the level of flavonoids. The elevated expression level of these genes was depicted in the tissues with flavonoid accumulation in contrast with other tissues through qRT-PCR data. The resulting data elucidate the structural and functional elements of R2R3-SsMYB genes and present genes that could potentially be utilized for enhancing flavonoid biosynthesis in S. suberectus.

Crop Rotation Practiced by Romanian Crop Farms before the Introduction of the “Environmentally Beneficial Practices Applicable to Arable Land” Eco-Scheme

The main objective of this article is the analysis of crop rotation applied to three crop farms of different sizes in Romania. The period under study is before the implementation of the “Environmentally beneficial practices applicable to arable land” eco-scheme, included in the National Strategic Plan of Romania, 2023–2027, in the section on direct payments related to subsidies. The analysed crop farms have different areas, as follows: Farm A—64.97 ha, Farm B—615.50 ha and Farm C—2881.33 ha. This research aims to highlight the agro-environmental conditions specific to each farm that are required to be met by 2023. The data analysis highlights the fact that farms under 100 ha, such as Farm A, must apply the conditions of the eco-scheme as follows: 3.25 ha with non-productive elements, including uncultivated land; 6.50 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, 16.25 ha cultivated with cereals, 19.49 ha cultivated with corn, 12.99 ha cultivated with sunflowers, 3.25 ha cultivated with watermelon and 3.25 ha cultivated with vegetables. These farms do not apply modern technologies and have fragmented surfaces, and must have both uncultivated areas and areas planted with nitrogen-fixing crops, but must also practice crop diversification. Farms of over 100 ha, such as Farm B, must have 30.78 ha of non-productive elements and 246.20 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, of which 30.78 ha are perennial crops and 215.42 ha are annual crops, such as soy. Crop diversification is also recommended, with 92.33 ha cultivated with cereals, 184.65 ha cultivated with corn and 61.55 ha cultivated with oil crops, sunflower and/or rapeseed. Farms the size of Farm C must have 144.07 ha of non-productive elements, 720.33 ha must be cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, such as soy, and diversify crops as follows: 720.33 ha—cereals, 720.33 ha—corn, 518.64 ha—sunflower and/or rapeseed and 57.63 ha—potatoes.

Genome-wide identification, characterization and primer designing of simple sequence repeats across Leguminosae family.

Legumes are important clade of commercially important family Leguminosae that mainly include medicinal, flowering and edible plants. Although the genomic sequence of legumes is accessible, only the limited number of effective simple sequence repeat markers has been identified by prior research. Additional polymorphic simple sequence repeats marker discovery will aid in the genetics and breeding of legumes. In this study, 13 complete genome sequences were screened for the identification of chromosome-wise simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 1,866,861 SSRs were identified. Based on the study, it was observed that the number of SSRs in non-coding region was more as compared to coding region and frequency of mononucleotides was highest followed by di-nucleotides while penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats were least frequent one. The identified genome-wide SSRs and newly developed SSR markers, primers and their mapping will provide a powerful means for genetic researches across Leguminosae plants, including genetic diversity and evolutionary origin analysis, fingerprinting, QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for breeding as well as comparative genomic analysis studies.

Assessment of Allelopathic Activity of Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg as a Potential Source of Natural Herbicide for Paddy Rice

Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to the Leguminosae family. This plant is well known for its use as a cover crop, but little information is available on the allelopathic potential of this legume. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the allelopathic effects of A. pintoi under various screening conditions and to analyze its potential allelochemicals using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In laboratory bioassays, aqueous extracts of A. pintoi powder exerted the average inhibition of the growth of Echinochloa crus-galli (55.1%), Oryza sativa (77.1%), and Vigna radiata (60.1%), respectively, of which the root lengths of the tested plants were the most suppressed. In greenhouse experiments, E. crus-galli was inhibited by 63.4% at 200 g/m2 of A. pintoi dried powder application. In field trials, A. pintoi also significantly reduced the growth of E. crus-galli and natural weeds. By incorporating a dose of 200 g/m2, the average inhibition of E. crus-galli was 43.9%, the dry weight of natural paddy weeds was 43.1%, and rice yield was simultaneously increased by 35%. The growth inhibitions of weeds and tested plants were proportional to the doses of A. pintoi applied and varied with the tested plant species. Among three different solvent extracts (methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate), the hexane extract exerted the highest suppression against the growth of E. crus-galli and L. sativa by IC50 against root and shoot growth = 4.08 and 8.4 mg/mL and 1.7 and 1.54 mg/mL, respectively, followed by ethyl acetate extract, while the least effective was methanol extract. From those extracts, a total of 35 substances were detected by GC-MS analyses, including 14 newly identified constituents, such as phenolic acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, fatty acids, pyranones, and benzofurans, which may be responsible for the herbicidal effects of A. pintoi. This study suggests that A. pintoi may be used as a source of bioherbicide to minimize the dependency on harmful synthetic herbicides and enhance rice yield.

Ethnoveterinary survey of trypanocidal medicinal plants of the beninese pharmacopoeia in the management of bovine trypanosomosis in North Benin (West Africa)

Cattle breeding is of great socio-economic importance for Benin's cattle farmers in general and those of North Benin in particular. The objective of this study is to inventory the natural products of medicinal plants of the Beninese pharmacopoeia for the management of trypanosomes in cattle in North Benin. The methodology consisted of individual and semi-structured interviews with cattle farmers on the use of medicinal plants. A total of 360 cattle farmers were selected and interviewed in twelve villages in four municipalities (Tchaourou, N'dali, Bembèrèkè and Gogounou) in northern Benin. Different quantitative ethnobotanical indices were calculated to determine the level of use of plant species. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF = 0.918) and the Generic Coefficient (Rg = 1.04) were evaluated. The knowledge of medicinal plants was influenced by the level of education and the main activity of those who practiced animal husbandry. The results yielded 48 medicinal plants for veterinary use belonging to 46 genera and 28 families. The Leguminosae family (12.50%) was the most represented. The most cited plants with a RFC above 10% were K. senegalensis, P. africana, K. africana, M. inermis, S. latifolius, M. polyandra. The parts used were leaves (46.15%); barks (24.62%) and roots (15.38%). Decoction (53.23%), plundering (32.26%) and maceration (11.26%) were the main methods of preparation. The administration was mainly by oral route. The calculated indices show a high diversity of medicinal plants with trypanocidal properties in the control of cattle trypanosomosis in the Sudanese and Sudano-Guinean zones of northern Benin. Plant species with high citation and RFC values should be selected for comprehensive pharmacological and phytochemical research to validate this ethnomedical knowledge in the management of cattle trypanosomosis.

Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Pterodon emarginatus Vogel and Pterodon pubescens Benth: Comparative and Phylogenetic Analyses.

The species Pterodon emarginatus and P. pubescens, popularly known as white sucupira or faveira, are native to the Cerrado biome and have the potential for medicinal use and reforestation. They are sister species with evolutionary proximity. Considering that the chloroplast genome exhibits a conserved structure and genes, the analysis of its sequences can contribute to the understanding of evolutionary, phylogenetic, and diversity issues. The chloroplast genomes of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The genomes were assembled based on the de novo strategy. We performed the annotation of the genes and the repetitive regions of the genomes. The nucleotide diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using the gene sequences of these species and others of the Leguminosae family, whose genomes are available in databases. The complete chloroplast genome of P. emarginatus is 159,877 bp, and that of P. pubescens is 159,873 bp. The genomes of both species have circular and quadripartite structures. A total of 127 genes were predicted in both species, including 110 single-copy genes and 17 duplicated genes in the inverted regions. 141 microsatellite regions were identified in P. emarginatus and 140 in P. pubescens. The nucleotide diversity estimates of the gene regions in twenty-one species of the Leguminosae family were 0.062 in LSC, 0.086 in SSC, and 0.036 in IR. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the proximity between the genera Pterodon and Dipteryx, both from the clade Dipterygeae. Ten pairs of primers with potential for the development of molecular markers were designed. The genetic information obtained on the chloroplast genomes of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens presented here reinforces the similarity and evolutionary proximity between these species, with a similarity percentage of 99.8%.

Pharmacological and Pharmacognostical Studies of Cassia fistula Linn

This study aims to present an extensive and up-to-date review of pharmacological activities, Pharmacognostical studies and traditional medicinal uses of Cassia fistula. The golden shower tree Cassia fistula (Amaltas), which is 8–15 meters tall, is a member of the Leguminosae family. Reddish brown roots, compound leaves with three to eight leaflets each, cylindrical pods, and ovoid seeds are all characteristics of the Cassia fistula stem. Alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are among the ingredients of Cassia fistulas bioactive. It has a greater impact on treating various illnesses and has antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. A variety of activities have been reported to be present in it, including anthelmintic, antibacterial and wound healing activities. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present a thorough analysis of the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological characteristics, and pharmacognostic qualities of Cassia fistula.

Integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals the molecular regulatory mechanism of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Ormosia henryi Prain

Flavonoids are important components of many phytopharmaceuticals, however, most studies on flavonoids and isoflavonoids have been conducted on herbaceous plants of the family Leguminosae, such as soybean, and less attention has been paid to woody plants. To fill this gap, we characterized the metabolome and transcriptome of five plant organs of Ormosia henryi Prain (OHP), a woody Leguminosae plant with great pharmaceutical value. Our results indicate that OHP possesses a relatively high content of isoflavonoids as well as significant diversity, with greater diversity of isoflavonoids in the roots. Combined with transcriptome data, the pattern of isoflavonoid accumulation was found to be highly correlated with differential expression genes. Furthermore, the use of trait-WGCNA network analysis identified OhpCHSs as a probable hub enzyme that directs the downstream isoflavonoid synthesis pathway. Transcription factors, such as MYB26, MYB108, WRKY53, RAV1 and ZFP3, were found to be involved in the regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in OHP. Our findings will be beneficial for the biosynthesis and utilization of woody isoflavonoids.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxypropyl Sesbania Galactamannan Seed Gum for Pharmaceutical Application

The core focus of current research is chemical polysaccharide modification in pharmaceutical applications. The gum is made from the endosperm of Sesbania grandiflora Plant seeds that belongs to family Leguminosae. Both water-soluble and waterinsoluble gum were present in the Sesbania seed powder; the water-soluble gum was removed during purification, yielding a 30% purification yield. In order to increase the applications of partially hydroxypropyl Sesbania gum, the modifications indicated here entail adding hydroxypropyl groups to the molecule under a variety of different conditions. Among the factors that were looked at were the etherifying agent concentration, alkaline volume, and preparation medium parameters, including the reaction time and temperature. The degree of substitution (DS) was raised, which boosted the unaltered gum’s solubility, stability, and viscosity. Increases in an etherifying agent and alkali concentration, volume, reaction duration, and temperature increase DS from 0.4 to 0.7. The finished product was characterized using IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, rheologic property, solubility, swelling index, and gel fraction analysis of batch F1 as an improved batch. The alternate method for developing drug-loaded nanoparticles for controlled release dosages form by suing hydroxypropyl Sesbania gum.

Investigation on microfloral association in the roots of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., a medicinally important tropical pulse-crop and their possible applications for crop improvement: a review

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., an economically important medicinal plant belongs to the Leguminosae family. Being Afro-Asian origin, the plant has long tradition of uses. It is primarily used for its antiurolithiatic property although it has other medicinal uses. Being Leguminosae member, this plant can form rhizobial nodules and mycorrhizal associations. The rhizobia obtained from this plant are mostly belonged to Bradyrhizobium sp. Although, Rhizobium pusence has also been reported. Microbes as biofertilizers can be used to increase yield of this plant, as well as there is great potential for utilizing the microbes derived from this plant. In this review we aim to describe the plant M. uniflorum - its taxonomic characteristics, economic uses, putative active constituents, and beneficial microflora along with their applications.