Family Latrines Research Articles

EVALUASI PROGRAM SANITASI TOTAL BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN MAMUJU

Low coverage of family latrines, village implement community-based total sanitation (STBM) and the village of defecation Random Stop (Stop Babs) resulted in increased cases of disease based environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the components of the input, process and output for the low coverage STBM program. This study is an evaluation using a qualitative approach in 10 selected health centers in Mamuju conducted by purposive sampling based health centers category in June – August 2015. The informants are holders STBM program health centers, community health centers and the head of environmental health section chief. In collecting the data, researchers used the method triagulasi ie depth interviews, observation and document analysis. Analyses were performed with a qualitative analysis of the various opinions that combined the results of triangulation. The results showed there were several indicators of input components of adequate policies, authority and responsibility, human resources; except for operational funds and infrastructure. Kompenen planning process, pengoorganisasian and reporting is adequate, but the implementation and monitoring indicators was inadequate. Output components are all yet to reach the standards set. Conclusion there are some indicators that are not sufficient operating funds, infrastructure, implementation, and monitoring.

A study of availability of basic facilities at household level of rural Gujarat, India

Background: India, a globally important consumer economy and one of the fastest growing economies in the world. By 2025-26 the number of middle class households in India is likely to more than double from the 2015-16 levels to 113.8 million households or 547 million individuals. The standard of living in India shows large disparity. Objectives: To study the rural household condition regarding social, demographic and housing condition. Methods: This cross-sectional secondary data analysis study was conducted at RHTC – Hadiyol of GMERS medical college, Himmatnagar, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat during 1st January 2016 to 30th August 2016. Study included 500 household from RHTC with 2250 members of rural area by purposive sampling method. Results: Almost 93.8% population was residing their own house and 66.2% population have “pucca” house. Mean family size was 4.5 ± 1.5 in rural households. Separate kitchen was present in 54.4% houses. Conclusions: Study reveals the socio-demographic and housing status difference between urban slum and rural area regarding own house, number of family members, kitchen, latrine, bathroom, and overcrowding, sanitary practices.

Analisis Beberapa Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Penggunaan Jamban Keluarga di Desa Ranah Singkuang Kabupaten Kampar

People in the village Ranah Singkuang who do not have family toilets still use the land, shrubs and streams to defecate, it was incompatible with the rules of health, so that they can transmit diseases and health problems. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between education, knowledge, attitudes, conditions of latrines and the role of extension with the participation of the community in the use of family latrines in the village of Ranah Singkuang Kampar by using Analytic Survey method with cross sectional design. Research conducted on 64 samples of defined population of 149 people in the village of Ranah Singkuang Kampar district in Riau province. Research shows that education, knowledge and attitudes as predisposing factors have the meaningful relationships with community participation in the use of household toilets, attitude is the most influential factor in which a good attitude will affect eight times participated both in the use of household toilets. As well as enabling factors (conditions of latrines) and reinforcing factors (the role of extension workers) also has a significant relationship with public participation in usage of toilet in the Ranah Singkuang village . Adverse effects as a result of low participation in the use of household toilets are contaminate soil, water and aesthetics, giving rise to the spread of disease to society.

Nearly half of preschool children are stunted in Dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study

BackgroundStunting has been the most pressing public health problem throughout the developing countries. It is the major causes of child mortality and global disease burden, where 80 % of this burden is found in developing countries. In the future, stunting alone would result in 22 % of loss in adult income. About 40 % of children under five-years were stunted in Ethiopia. In the country, about 28 % of child mortality is related to undernutrition. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of stunting among preschool children in Dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross–sectional study was carried out in Dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia from January 01 to February 29, 2015. A multi-stage sampling followed by a systematic sampling technique was employed to reach 681 mother-child pairs. A pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. After exporting anthropometric data to ENA/SMART software version 2012, nutritional status (stunting) of a child was determined using the WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Standard. In binary logistic regression, a multivariable analysis was carried out to identify determinants of stunting. The Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95 % confidence interval was computed to assess the strength of the association, and variables with a P-value of <0.05 in multivariable analysis were considered as statistically significant.ResultsA total 681 of mother-child pairs were included in the study. The overall prevalence of stunting was 46 % [95 % CI: 38.7, 53.3 %]. In multivariable analysis, the odds of stunting was higher among children whose families had no latrine [AOR = 1.6, 95 % CI: 1.1, 2.2)]. Likewise, children living in household with more than four family size [AOR =1.4, 95 % CI: 1.1, 1.9)] were more likely to be stunted.ConclusionsThis study confirms that stunting is a very high public health problem in Dembia district. The family size and latrine availability were significantly associated with stunting. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the latrine coverage and utilization of family planning in the district.

Kondisi Sanitasi Dasar Masyarakat Desa Pingaran Ulu Kecamatan Astambul Kabupaten Banjar Tahun 2014

Abstract: Basic Sanitary Conditions At Pingaran Ulu Village Community Subdistrict Astambul, Banjar District Year 2014. Basic sanitation monitoring efforts are directed towards environmental factors that can constitute the chain of transmission of the disease, which include water supply, wastewater disposal, disposal of human waste / family latrines and waste management. Basic sanitary conditions must be able to meet the physical needs, the reality is difficult to be met and most of the population because of the level of education, social science and economics. To know the basic sanitary conditions descriptive survey research is to use the checklist and guided interview questionnaire to 249 households. The purpose of the study to determine the means of water supply, disposal of excreta and wastewater, waste management, and the factors that influence those described in the form of frequency distribution tables and narrative. The result showed a percentage overview of basic sanitation Pingaran Ulu villagers who do not qualify ie water supply as much as 80% comes from the river water, excreta disposal as much as 89% of people throw in the river, wastewater by 75% without management, waste management how to burn garbage as much as 56%. This is due to the level of education, low socioeconomic majority. It is expected the public to pay attention to the quality of basic sanitation, income generation so that people can repair and build basic sanitation facilities and healthy home by way of mutual assistance / social gathering under the guidance of the relevant service agencies. For the Banjar District Health Office and Health Center Astambul should be able to spearhead the development of basic sanitation and a healthy home.Keywords: basic sanitation; village Ulu Pingaran

Hubungan Sumber Air Minum, Jamban Keluarga dan Saluran Pembuangan Air Limbah dengan Kejadian Diare di Kecamatan Pangkalan Kuras Kabupaten Pelalawan

Penyakit Diare adalah buang air besar (Defekasi) dengan jumlah lebih banyak dari biasanya (normal 100 – 200 ml per jam tinja), dengan tinja yang berbentuk cairan atau setengah cair (setengah padat), dapat pula disertai defekasi yang meningkat. Berdasarkan data Puskesmas Kecamatan Pangkalan Kuras tahun 2012, penyakit diare merupakan penyakit dengan urutan tertinggi ketiga dengan 1645 kejadian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengelolaan sumber air minum, kondisi jamban, dan Saluran Pembuangan Air Limbah (SPAL) dengan kejadian diare yang di alami masyarakat Pangkalan Kuras tahun 2013. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif analitik dengan desain cross secsional, dilaksanakan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pangkalan Kuras dengan responden kepala keluarga yang berjumlah 182 orang. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara dan observasi dengan kuesioner, teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah random sampling dengan metode systematic sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adanya hubungan yang erat antara pengelolaan air sungai menjadi air minum dengan (OR = 2,426), pengelolaan air sumur menjadi air minum dengan (OR = 3,205), kondisi jamban keluarga (OR = 3,755), dan kondisi SPAL (OR = 3,588) penyebab kejadian diare di Pangkalan Kuras. Hasil ini di peroleh melalui analisis chi square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%

DIARRHOEAL MORBIDITY PREVALENCE IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND HYGIENE PRACTICES IN DANGILA ZURIA WOREDA, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA

Background and Aims: Though the relationship between environmental and hygiene risk factors, and the occurrence of diarrhoea in children have been documented elsewhere, there are limited studies in Ethiopia in general and in Dangila Zuria Woreda in particular. The present study aimed to assess under-five diarrheal morbidity prevalence associated with environmental factors and hygiene practices. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dangila Zuria Woreda from March 24-April 21, 2010. 520 mothers of index under-five children living in systematically taken households from 7 randomly selected Kebeles out of 28 in the Woreda constituted the study population. Data were collected using structured and pre-tested questionnaire, entered into a computer, edited and analysed using SPSS version 15.0. Stepwise logistic regression model was used to calculate the Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for the different risk factors. Results: Out of 520 sampled mother-child pairs, 498 participated in the study giving a response rate of 95.8%. Prevalence of diarrheal morbidity over a period of two weeks preceding the study was about 24.9%. In the bivariate analysis, a number of risk factors including latrine condition, presence of handwashing facility (P&lt;0.001) and latrine availability, all family latrine use, reason to use latrine as excreta dangerous, proper child faeces disposal, mothers’ handwashing practice and handwashing with soap after defecation (P&lt;0.05) appeared to be significantly associated with under-five childhood diarrheal morbidity. However, all family latrine use, reason to use latrine as excreta dangerous, proper child faeces disposal, mothers’ handwashing practice and handwashing with soap after defecation were the only significant variables on multivariate analyses (P&lt; 0.05). Conclusions: As diarrhoea morbidity was major problem among under-five children in the Woreda, continuous, regular and targeted hygiene education programs are very essential in order to bring about behavioral change and reduce the risk of childhood diarrhoeal morbidity.

SP6-59 Factors associated with diarrhoeal illness in Lebakwangi health center working area, Cigudeg Sub district, Bogor district, Indonesia in 2009

IntroductionIn Bogor District, Indonesia diarrhoea is still a very serious public health problem frequently occurring in outbreaks. In 2009 there were eight outbreaks of diarrhoea, one in the working area...

Pollution par les nitrates des nappes phréatiques sous environnement semi-urbain non assaini: example de la nappe de Yeumbeul, Sénégal

High nitrate concentrations, above the WHO guideline of 50 mg l −1, were observed in samples of shallow wells reaching the Yeumbeul suburb (Senegal) area groundwater. This groundwater is exploited by 7000 houses and therefore there are health implications. Correlations between parameters such as nitrate content (NO 3 −) in the groundwater and soil water, the distance between shallow wells and family latrines, and soil water chloride (Cl −) and colon bacillus content led to two possible sources of groundwater pollution: first, contamination by non impervious and shallow latrines; and second, the leaching of soil NO 3 − from waste organic matter carried in groundwater.

Family latrines and paediatric shigellosis in rural Bangladesh: benefit or risk?

The potential benefits of installing excreta disposal facilities on the burden of paediatric diarrhoea in less-developed settings remain controversial. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate whether family latrines are associated with interruption of the transmission of shigellosis to younger children in rural Bangladesh. We prospectively studied 1529 children under 5 years of age exposed to index cases of Shigella dysentery. In all 219 children with culture-proven shigellosis detected during 1 month of follow-up were compared with 1310 control children who did not develop shigellosis or Shigella-negative dysentery. Overall, the presence of a family latrine appeared to be associated with a higher, not a lower, risk of paediatric shigellosis (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.89). While use of a pit or sanitary latrine revealed no evidence of a protective association (ORa = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.43-2.15), use of a hanging latrine in which faeces were discharged directly onto the ground or into a body of water was associated with a notable increase of risk (ORa = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.98, P < 0.05). While cautioning that installation of sanitary latrines may not be sufficient to reduce the burden of paediatric shigellosis in less-developed settings, these data suggest that eliminating unsanitary latrines constitutes a potentially important intervention in its own right in these settings.