Fagerström Test For Nicotine Dependence Research Articles

A cross-sectional study of psychopathy and khat abuse among prisoners in the correctional institution in Jimma, Ethiopia.

BackgroundKhat abuse and psychopathy are both strongly related to criminal activity. Higher rates of substance use in people with psychopathy are hypothesized to be related to psychopathic personality traits, which include high sensation seeking, low conscientiousness and neuroticism, impulsivity, and irresponsibility. Little is known, however, about the association between psychopathy and khat abuse among prisoners in Ethiopia. Therefore, we evaluated the presence of these two factors in prisoners in the correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia.Materials and methodsWe used a cross-sectional study design to collect data from 336 prisoners from June 5 to July 5, 2017. Study participants were selected by a systematic random sampling technique. Khat abuse was assessed with the Drug Abuse Screening Tool and psychopathy with the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. We also assessed nicotine dependence with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; alcohol use disorder, with the alcohol use disorder identification test; adverse traumatic life events, with the Life Events Checklist; and social support, with the Oslo 3-Item Social Support Scale. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed in bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Variables with a P value < 0.05 in the final fitted model were declared to be significantly associated with the outcome variable.ResultsThe overall prevalence of lifetime khat use was 59.9%, and the prevalence of khat abuse in prisoners with psychopathy was 78.0%. Prisoners with psychopathy had a three times higher odds ratio of abusing khat than those without psychopathy (AOR = 3.00 [1.17–7.67]). Among the confounders, a family history of substance use (AOR = 2.50 [1.45–4.31]), poor support (AOR = 2.28 [1.11–4.67]), alcohol use disorder (AOR = 7.78 [4.16–14.53]), and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts (AOR = 2.26 [1.45–4.31]) were also positively associated with khat abuse.ConclusionsThe prevalence of khat abuse was higher in prisoners with possible or probable psychopathy.

The Development and Assessment of Modified Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Scale among Malaysian Single Electronic Cigarette Users.

ABSTRACTBackground:The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is the most widely used scale for assessing nicotine dependence on conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCGs). But the FTND does not evaluate the subject’s nicotine dependence to electronic cigarette (EC).Objective:The aim of this study was to develop and assess an equivalent modified FTND scale that measures the nicotine dependency via EC.Materials and Methods:The investigator developed the equivalent modified FTND scale that scores identical to the original scale, that is, 0–10. The developed scale piloted among 15 EC single users, that is, use only EC verified by carbon monoxide (CO) level of <8ppm. The assessment of the scale was done among 69 EC single users and observed for 1 year to determine their nicotine status.Results:The modified scale revealed an acceptable Cronbach α value of 0.725. Further test–retest reliability of the scale showed a satisfactory Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient value of 0.730 (P > 0.05). A 1-year observation showed that of 69 single users, 11 single users completely stopped nicotine intake, 24 remained as EC single users, 15 shifted to dual-use, and 19 relapsed to TCG. Surprisingly, the EC users who completely stopped nicotine intake after 1 year had a low average nicotine dependence value of 3 that was measured by the modified FTND scale at the baseline.Conclusion:The modified FTND scale precisely identifies the physical dependence to nicotine via EC. Therefore, as per this study results the modified FTND scale can be applied in any EC-related studies to assess nicotine dependency via EC.

Effects of synbiotic supplement on LPS level in Thai smokers: A preliminary study

Background: The impacts of smoking on the intestinal microbiome piece and arranged assortment have been appeared in different arranged controlled and observational clinical trials in individuals. Synbiotics are utilized not fair for the progressed survival of beneficial microorganisms included to food, however in expansion for the prompting of the duplication of specific nearby bacterial strains display within the gastrointestinal tract.&#x0D; Aims and Objective: This research proposes the impact of synbiotic supplement on gut-brain axis in Thai smokers in the realm of gut-related biochemical parameters and cognition.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: We directed a single gathering, pre-and post-test study; 20 patients lived in Mahasarakham, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence at 4 or above, and no history of cerebrovascular diseases, brain and abdominal surgery, and not taking hormones or medications impacted brainwaves or utilizing antibiotics inside about fourteen days prior. Subjects were allocated to synbiotic supplement containing 3 kinds of prebiotics and 7 types of probiotics prior to sleep every day for about two months.&#x0D; Results:Results were estimated in gut-related biochemical parameters change and alternation in cognition. The present outcomes have indicated essentially decline in the scores of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and also the scores of craving for smoke after intervention. In additions, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma significantly decreased after the intervention.&#x0D; Conclusion: Further researches are obligatory to lead in finding a propensity to improve in gut-related biochemical parameter and cognition after admission of synbiotic supplement.

The Micronuclei Scoring as a Biomarker for Early Detection of Genotoxic Effect of Cigarette Smoking.

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the micronuclei scoring as a biomarker for early detection and screening of genotoxic effect of cigarette smoking in the peripheral blood T- lymphocytes. A total number of eligible 148 individuals have participated in the study; 78 Current smokers and 70 never smokers. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was performed for all the participants in the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. Assessment of the smoking status of the participants was conducted through the detailed smoking history, Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) scoring, and determination of the urinary cotinine creatinine ratio (CCR). A significantly higher frequency of micronuclei in the binucleated T-lymphocytes(BMNi) was identified in the smokers group as compared to the nonsmokers; OR=4.9, 95% CI=1.9-12.5), P-value=0.006. Both of the pack years and the smoking duration of the smokers could significantly predict the BMNi scoring; P-value=0.001, 0.002 respectively. Our results indicate the association between BMNi and cigarette smoking, suggesting that BMNi Scoring can be a useful biomarker for early detection and screening of the genotoxic effect of cigarette smoking as a primary preventive measure for various smoking induced cancers.<br />.

Tobacco use and nicotine dependence among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ballabgarh tuberculosis unit, Haryana.

Introduction:This study was conducted to estimate the burden of tobacco use and nicotine dependence among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients to help inform effective implementation of tobacco cessation strategies among tuberculosis patients to improve treatment outcomes.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 211 consecutive newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients between July 2018 till January 2019 at Ballabgarh tuberculosis unit (TU) in Faridabad district of Haryana, India. All participants were administered a pre-tested questionnaire to assess tobacco use and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) to assess nicotine dependence. Current tobacco users were defined as those who smoked in the past 7 days. Nicotine dependence was classified as low, moderate, or high for the FTND score of 0-3, 4-6, and 7-10, respectively.Results:Majority of the participants (71.1%) were male, aged 26–50 years (45.5%), and married (65.4%). Fifty (23.7%, CI: 18.0–29.4) participants were currently using tobacco; 29 (13.7%, CI: 9.1–18.4) reported smoking tobacco while 23 (10.9%, CI: 6.7–15.1) reported using smokeless tobacco. In the last month, the proportion of patients who attempted to quit smoking and smokeless tobacco was 31% and 26.1%, respectively. 86.2% of the smokers and 69.6% smokeless tobacco users reported moderate to a high level of nicotine dependence.Conclusion:High prevalence of tobacco use, a higher level of nicotine dependence and inability to quit despite an attempt among a large number of tuberculosis patients, necessitates the inclusion of routine tobacco cessation advice and nicotine replacement therapy in tuberculosis care.

A study of cognitive dysfunctions in chronic smokers

Background: Cognition is defined as the mental processes of perception, memory, and information processing. Cigarette smoking could contribute to cognitive impairment through atherosclerotic and hemodynamic processes. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives were to study the cognitive dysfunctions in chronic smokers and to compare cognitive dysfunctions in chronic smokers with nonsmokers who are matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional study conducted using purposive sampling on participants recruited from the Outpatient Department of Psychiatry, Narayana Medical College and Hospital. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of sixty patients. Out of this, thirty participants who are current smokers were taken as cases and the other thirty participants who are the attenders of the patients who never smoked cigarette were taken as controls. Informed consent was taken from the cases and controls. Brief Cognitive Rating Scales (BCRSs), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), and Trial-Making Test-A and B were used to assess the cognitive functions, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to confirm the diagnosis of nicotine dependence. Statistical Analysis Used: To test the association between the groups, Chi-square test was used. To test the mean difference between the groups, Student's t-test and ANOVA were used. To test the correlation between the scores, Spearman's rank correlation was used. Results: Smokers when compared to nonsmokers took longer time in the completion of both trail-making tests A and B and gave less correct responses on DSST. Significant impairment in all the five axes of BCRS was observed. Comparison was statistically significant between FTND score, the trail-making tests A and B, BCRS, except axis-ii. Conclusions: The higher the nicotine dependence, the greater is the chronicity of cigarette smoking, which has significant cognitive dysfunction.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION, ALCOHOL AND /OR TOBACCO ABUSE OF THOSE RESPONSIBLE AND CHILDREN’S ORAL HEALTH

Objective : To investigate the influence of parental depression and smoking and alcohol use by parents/caregivers use on oral health in children aged 5-11 years of both sexes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 85 children and their parents/caregivers. Adult respondents completed three questionnaires to assess depression and alcohol and tobacco use: two versions of the PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-2 and PHQ-9), AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) for risk assessment of alcohol dependence and abuse, and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The PHQ-2 contained two questions requiring an affirmative or negative answer. Children underwent oral examinations to evaluate biofilm control, gingival bleeding and caries index, specifically DMFT index. Relationships among variables were evaluated using chisquared tests and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Only 10.6% of parents and caregivers consumed tobacco and 24,7% of parents or caregivers manifested depressive symptoms. Regarding alcohol consumption, 10.6% of caregivers presented risky consumption or dependence. A positive association was found between children’s gingival bleeding and their caregivers’ risk of alcohol dependence (p=0.038). Conclusion: A positive association between caregivers’ risk of alcohol dependence and the presence of gingival bleeding in children was found. Caregivers’ depression and alcohol and tobacco use did not influence children’s caries.

Tobacco use and its clinical correlates among Psychiatric in-patients at a tertiary care Psychiatric Hospital: A cross sectional study

Background: Prevalence of tobacco use is variable among psychiatric illness across the world. Tobacco consumption may predispose or worsen the psychiatric illnesses. Aims: To study the prevalence of tobacco use among psychiatric in-patients and to study the association between various sociodemographic variables and clinical variables with tobacco use. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among psychiatric in -patients (n=200) at a tertiary care psychiatric hospital. Consecutive sampling technique was applied. A semi-structured proforma was applied to capture the socio-demographic and clinical details of the participants. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was applied to assess for the tobacco dependence. Results: Prevalence of current tobacco use among the study population was 39.5%. Among the psychiatric illness, prevalence of tobacco use is significantly higher in substance use disorders when compared with mood disorders (?2=7.757, p=0.005) and schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (?2=24.093, p20.820, p), employment (?2=7.860, p= 0.005) and marital status (?2=7.930, p= 0.019) among psychiatric patients. Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use was found to be high among psychiatric population. There is a need to focus on the adequate management of tobacco use along with primary psychiatric conditions. Keywords: Nicotine, Psychiatric in-patients, Smoking, Tobacco.

Assessment of Nicotine Dependence among Adult Tobacco Users in Selected Urban Population of Ahmedabad City

Background: Tobacco consumption is considered as a major public health problem in India. However, nicotine dependency is an area which has not been given much importance. The FTND score is considered as an easy tool to assess the dependence through physiological and behavioural symptoms.&#x0D; Aim and Objectives: To assess the nicotine dependence of the tobacco users in urban slums of Ahmedabad city.&#x0D; Methodology: Nicotine dependence among tobacco users (18-60 years) was studied by means of six -item. (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) in a community based interventional cluster randomized trial which was conducted through house to house survey from 20 clusters (slums) of Ahmedabad district.&#x0D; Result: Among 1968 people surveyed, a total of 400 subjects in intervention and control arm were interviewed. The prevalence of tobacco use was 20.3%. 23 % of the tobacco users had high to very high dependence. The overall FTND score was 4.5 and score for smoking was high 5.4 (2.2).&#x0D; Conclusion: A medium level of dependence was observed among the tobacco users in the current study. Tobacco intervention study can be more effective and productive if a baseline assessment of nicotine dependence is measured before any intervention.

The effectiveness of individual interventions on smoking cessation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Context: Guided self-change (GSC) is theory-driven based on cognitive-behavioral change models such as transtheoreticlal model (TTM) and can be applied with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for behavioral change of smoking in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) smokers. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the individual GSC, NRT, and GSC-NRT on smoking cessation of COPD patients. Settings and Design: This randomized clinical control trial study was carried out in Imam Khomeini Hospitals in Mazandaran province in 2016–2017. Materials and Methods: Three- group block randomized controlled trial, comparing GSC (n = 20), NRT (n = 20), and GSC-NRT (n = 20) in smoking cessation and other related variables COPD smokers with follow-up to 29-week. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: The GEE model revealed that GSC reduced the odds of quitting smoking rate compared to the NRT group (odds ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval: 0.022–0.545, ES = 0.20). Furthermore, the TTM questionnaire, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, and spirometry variables were evaluated in the three groups. The recovery in nicotine dependency, the exhaled carbon monoxide and spirometry variables was more pronounced in the GSC and GSC-NRT groups than in the NRT over 29 weeks after the treatments. Cons (PV = 0.009, ES = 0.52), pros (PV = 0.04, ES = 0.12), experiential process (PV = 0.005, ES = 0.18), counterconditioning (PV = 0.04, ES = 0.12), stimulus control (PV = 0.004, ES = 0.19), environmental-reevaluation (PV = 0.0001, ES = 0.30), and habitual craving (PV = 0.004, ES = 0.19) were significant across the three groups. Conclusion: The interventions in the GSC and combined GSC-NRT groups were significantly more effective than in the NRT group in TTM variables, and GSC and combined GSC-NRT were equally effective in smoking cessation rate.

Investigation of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 gene variants in tobacco use disorder or tobacco use disorder and schizophrenia comorbidity

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether functional variants of Catechol-O-Methyltrans-ferase (COMT) (rs4680) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CNR2) (rs2501432) genes play a role in tobacco use disor-der (TUD) or tobacco use disorder and schizophrenia (TUDSch) comorbidity. Methods: This study consisted of 163 participants with TUD, 60 participants with TUDSch, and 106 gender-, age- and ethnicity-matched non-smoker con-trols (HNC). While the TUD and TUDSch were diagnosed according to the DSM-5, the severity of TUD was rated according to the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Genotyping of COMT and CNR2 genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Results: Distributions of genotypes and allele frequencies were compared among the groups. Patients with TUDSch had higher frequency of COMT Val/Val genotype compared to the TUD and HNC groups (p=0.001, p=0.034, respect-tively). Patients with TUD had higher frequency of Val/Met genotype than TUDSch and HNC groups (p=0.001, p=0.033, respectively). The frequency of the Val allele was higher in TUDSch than the HNC group, whereas the frequency of the Met allele was higher in TUD than in the TUDSch group (p=0.047, p=0.001, respectively). Addi-tionally, patients with TUD had higher frequency of TT CNR2 genotype than the HNC group (p=0.019). Conclusion: While the Val/Val genotype of the COMT gene is associated with an increased risk for TUDSch, the Val/Met geno-type is associated with an increased risk for TUD. Additionally, the TT CNR2 genotype was associated with in-creased risk for TUD in the Turkish population.

Depression, Sexual Dysfunction, and Medical Comorbidities in Young Adults Having Nicotine Dependence.

Background:Nicotine dependence, depression, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypothyroidism are risk factors of sexual dysfunction.Aims and Objectives:The present study aims to find the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the various sexual response cycle domains in individuals with nicotine dependence with and without comorbidities.Materials and Methods:A total of 52 individuals attending the tobacco cessation clinic were included in the study. To assess the primary outcome, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale, and Hamilton's Depression Rating Scale 17had been administered after validation in local vernacular.Results:In the sample, 32 (61.5%) were male and 20 (38.5) were female. The 17 participants (32.7%) met the criteria of low nicotine dependence, 5 (9.6%) participants met low to moderate, 11 participants (21.2%) had moderate dependence, and 19 (36.5%) participants met the criteria of high nicotine dependence.Conclusions:The nicotine dependence is directly related to sexual dysfunction, and it affects various stages of the sexual response cycle. One-quarter of individuals of nicotine dependence also met the threshold criteria of depression. The interventions as primary and primordial preventions with awareness building and health education may be a cost-effective measure to prevent tobacco-related deaths.

Remission of Food Addiction Does Not Induce Cross-Addiction after Sleeve Gastrectomy and Gastric Bypass: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: The hypothesis of “cross-addiction” has never been validated, and numerous aspects speak against it. Objectives: To compare the differences between sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and gastric bypass (GB) procedures concerning cross-addiction. Setting: Center for maximum care in Germany. Methods: We performed a prospective analysis of patients undergoing SG or GB as the first surgical treatment for severe obesity. All patients completed validated questionnaires to evaluate food intake (Yale Food Addiction Scale, YFAS), alcohol intake (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), nicotine use (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence), exercise (Exercise Addiction Inventory), drug addiction (20-item Drug Abuse Screening Test), and Internet use disorder (Internet Addiction Test) before the operation (T0) and 6 (T6) and 24 (T24) months postoperatively (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02757716). Results: One hundred thirteen patients underwent SG (n = 68) or GB (n = 45). At the follow-up, 61% completed the questionnaires at T6 and 44% at T24. In the YFAS, the percentage of patients diagnosed with food addiction decreased from 69 to 10%, and the mean symptom count decreased from 3.52 ± 1.95 to 1.26 ± 0.99 at T24 (p < 0.0001); these values did not differ between the surgical groups (p = 0.784). No significant evidence of cross-addiction was observed for use of alcohol, nicotine, drugs, the Internet, or exercise in either surgical group. The percentage of patients with moderate nicotine dependence increased in the SG group (+8.9%) at T24, but this was not significant. Conclusion: In this single-center cohort study, surgery for obesity caused significant addiction remission regarding food but without inducing cross-addiction after 2 years. Importantly, no significant differences were seen between the SG and GB procedures.

Effect of the different smoking cessation regimens with acupuncture on smoking withdrawal and their influence factors: a multi-center randomized controlled trial

To evaluate the clinical effect of acupuncture on smoking cessation and withdrawal symptoms and to explore the influence factors of acupuncture on smoking cessation. A total of 500 subjects with tobacco dependence were randomized into an acupuncture group, an auricular therapy group, an acupuncture plus auricular therapy group, a TENS group and a nicotine replacement therapy group (NRT group), 100 cases in each one. In the acupuncture group, acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Lieque (LU 7), Hegu (LI 4) and Zusanli (ST 36). The treatment was given 5 times a week, once a day in the first 2 weeks. The treatment was given once every 2 days in the week 3 and 4, 3 times a week, and twice a week, once every 3 days in the week 5 to 8. In the auricular therapy group, the ear point pressure therapy was used at shenmen (TF4), neifenmi (CO18), pizhixia (AT4) and jiaogan (AH6a), 3 times a week. In the acupuncture plus auricular therapy group, acupuncture and auricular therapy were adopted with the same points and manipulation as the previous two groups. Acupuncture was given 3 times a week and the auricular therapy was given twice a week. In the TENS group, SDZ-Ⅱ B type electric acupuncture apparatus was used to stimulate Lieque (LU 7) and Zusanli (ST 36), once a day. In the NRT group, the nicotine patch was used on the chest, back and the upper arms of the subjects, once a day. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks as one course in every group. Afterwards, the 16-week follow-up was conducted. The time-point withdrawal rate was evaluated by the level of urine cotinine in 8 weeks of treatment and in the follow-up in the subjects of 5 groups. The persistent withdrawal rate was evaluated by the self-report of the subjects in 8 weeks of treatment as well as in the follow-up in the 5 groups. The withdrawal effect, the score of the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and the score of the heaviness of smoking index (HSI) were compared among the groups. Twenty indexes were selected as the potential influence factors, the 72 h withdrawal rate based on the level of urine cotinine in 8 weeks of treatment and in the follow-up was taken as the dependent variable. Using the two categories of Logistic regression analysis, the influence factors of therapeutic effect of acupuncture were screened for smoking cessation. After 8 weeks of treatment, the time-point withdrawal rate in the subjects among the groups was NRT group > acupuncture plus auricular therapy group > auricular therapy group > acupuncture group > TENS group. In the follow-up, the time-point withdrawal rate was acupuncture plus auricular therapy group > NRT group > acupuncture group > TENS group > auricular therapy group, but without statistical significance in comparison (P>0.05). After 8 weeks of treatment, the persistent withdrawal rate in the subjects among the groups was auricular therapy group > TENS group > acupuncture group > acupuncture plus auricular therapy group > NRT group. In the follow-up visit, the persistent withdrawal rate was auricular therapy group > TENS group > acupuncture plus auricular therapy group > acupuncture group > NRT group. The result in the auricular therapy group was better than all of the other 4 groups (P<0.05). Except in the follow-up visit, FTND score in the acupuncture group was lower than the auricular therapy group (P<0.05), FTND score and HSI score were not different significantly in statistics among the groups either in 8 weeks of treatment or in the follow-up (P>0.05). The regression analysis showed that the factors, i.e. nationality, educational background, drinking frequency, pre-treatment FTND score, pre-treatment HSI score and smoking cessation for physical reason in family, were correlated significantly with the withdrawal result after 8-week treatment (P<0.05). The factors, i.e. education background, smoking age, pre-treatment FTND score and different therapeutic methods, were correlated significantly with the withdrawal result in the follow-up (P<0.05). Acupuncture combined with auricular therapy effectively reduce nicotine dependence and smoking intensity and relieve withdrawal symptoms. There are many factors that affect the withdrawal effect in smoking cessation. Hence, the influence factors in smoking cessation with acupuncture should be clearly determined so as to develop the individual regimen for smoking cessation and improve the clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture on smoking cessation.

Measurement properties of the translations of instruments evaluating the subjective effects of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products: a systematic review of the literature

Background: Several instruments are widely used for assessing dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and reinforcing effects in users of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP), including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Questionnaire of Smoking Urges, original (QSU) and brief (QSU-b) versions; Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, original (MNWS) and revised (MNWS-R) versions; and Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, original (CEQ) and modified (mCEQ) versions. Although these instruments have been translated extensively, their translations and corresponding measurement properties have not been systematically assessed. This study aimed to (1) identify the translations of these instruments for which psychometric properties have been published, (2) describe the methods used for translation, and (3) describe the measurement properties and the context in which these translations were evaluated (e.g., target population and TNP used). Methods: Embase and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched. Results: While no information could be found for the CEQ/mCEQ, several translations were available for the remaining instruments: FTND, 25; QSU and QSU-b, 4 each; QSU (12-item version), 1; MNWS, 4; and MNWS-R, 1. Cigarette smokers represented the main target population in which the validation studies were conducted. Information about the translation process was reported for 25 translations. In most cases, the properties of the translations mirrored those of the originals. Differential item functioning was explored in only one case. Conclusions: There are few publications describing the measurement properties of the translations of the FTND, QSU/QSU-b, and MNWS/MNWS-R. None of these translations have been validated for TNPs other than cigarettes, which suggests the need for greater development and validation of instruments in this area.

Diabetes and Addictive Disorders

AbstractPrevalence of addictive disorders among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) (type 1 and type 2) ranges from 9.6 to 29%. Excessive and problematic use of psychoactive substances in persons with diabetes results in poor glycemic control with frequent hyperglycemic crisis. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, benzodiazepines, inhalants, and stimulants are common psychoactive substances used among persons with diabetes in India. The daily use of alcohol by men and women with DM should not exceed 15 and 30 g of ethanol, respectively. Use of other psychoactive substances is not recommended for persons with DM. Various screening tools exist for assessing substance abuse like WHO-ASSIST, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and Opioid Risk Tool. Integrated management of co-occurring addictive disorder and DM is recommended. Psychosocial treatments for substances include brief interventions (BIs), motivational interviewing, contingency management, relapse prevention, and cognitive behavior therapy

Smoking Cessation Education Program Among Automobile Factory Workers: An Interventional Study from Bam, Iran

Objectives: Smoking is a serious, highly prevalent health problem worldwide. This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of an educational program on quitting smoking among automobile workers in Bam, Iran. Patients and Methods: In this interventional study, one hundred male automobile workers were randomly allocated to the intervention (N = 50) and control group (N = 50) at automobile manufacturing factory in Bam, Iran in 2017. Just the intervention group participated in an educational program. The short form of Transtheoretical Model (TTM) questionnaire and also Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) were used. Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables and repeated measure ANOVA was utilized to compare parametric variables between the two groups. Results: Totally 50 participants in each group of the intervention (mean age = 30.90 ± 4.22) and control (mean age = 31.44 ± 3.55) groups completed the study. The mean scores for the decisional-balance in the control versus intervention group, immediately after the intervention, 3, and 6-month follow-up were 22.73 ± 2.28 vs. 18.68 ± 2.20, 21.96 ± 2.19 vs. 18.20 ± 2.08, and 22.18 ± 2.40 vs. 18.62 ± 1.97, respectively. The mean scores in the control versus intervention group for temptation were 32.30 ± 5.10 vs. 20.72 ± 3.01, 31.88 ± 5.09 vs. 24.04 ± 3.05, and 32.58 ± 4.72 vs. 24.08 ± 2.65, respectively; and for the processes of change were 70.96 ± 6.27 vs. 58.68 ± 5.89, 71.50 ± 6.88 vs. 60.48 ± 6.37, and 72.30 ± 6.66 vs. 63.02 ± 6.38, respectively. The mean scores of change in the intervention group compared to the control group at 6 months after the intervention compared to baseline were significant in terms of decisional balance (3.96 vs. -0.42; P < 0.001); situational temptation (-9.7 vs. -1.34, P < 0.001), and process of change (-6.22 vs. 1.64, P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study revealed that the designed educational program could be effective in quitting smoking among automobile factory workers through decreasing temptation and increasing decisional balance and process of change.

Profesyonel Araç Sürücülerinde Sürücü Davranışları ve Becerileri ile Alkol, Madde ve İlaç Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi

Giriş: Sürücü davranışları ve sürücülük becerileri, trafikte kaza riskini oluşturan ana unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Alkol ve madde etkisi altında araç kullanma davranışı; ölümlere, maddi hasarlara ve yaralanmalara neden olan önemli bir trafik sorunudur. Bu çalışmada; profesyonel araç sürücülerinde alkol, madde ve ilaç kullanımı sıklığının araştırılarak, bu maddeler ile sürücü davranış ve becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.&#x0D; Yöntem: Çalışma İzmir ilinin 4 farklı ilçesinde çalışan 90 profesyonel araç sürücüsü ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sürücülere sosyo-demografik ve madde kullanımına ilişkin soruların yer aldığı anket formu, Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi (FNBT), CAGE Alkol Tarama Testi, Sürücü Davranışları Ölçeği (SDÖ) ve Sürücülük Becerisi Ölçeği (SBÖ) uygulanmıştır. Veriler istatiksel olarak SPSS 18.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir (p&lt;0,05 anlamlılık düzeyi).&#x0D; Bulgular: Sürücüler 20-67 yaşları arasında olup yaş ortalaması 42,9±12,7’dir. Sürücülerin %46,7’si 20 yıldan fazla süredir profesyonel araç sürücüsüdür. Sürücülerinçoğunluğunda sigara (%57,8) ve alkol (%63,3) kullanımı vardır. Sürücülerin %55,6’sı trafikte dikkatini arttırmak ve/veya uyanık kalmak amacıyla yaşam boyu en az bir kez ağrı kesici, %12,2’si sakinleştirici ilaç, %1,1’i steroid, %20’si esrar, %3,3’ü amfetamin tipi stimülanlar (ATS), %2,2’si sentetik esrar kullandığını belirtmiştir. Alkol ve esrar kullanımı ile hatalar, kural ihlalleri ve güvenli araç kullanma becerisi puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur.&#x0D; Tartışma ve Sonuç: Alkol, madde ve ilaç etkisi altında araç kullanma davranışının psikolojik, psikiyatrik ve adli toksikolojik bakış açısıyla çok yönlü olarak ele alınması uygulamada fayda sağlayacaktır. Çalışmamızın sonuçları ile işyeri ve trafik ortamında adli kanıt sunan madde testlerinin önemli olduğu ve aktif olarak uygulanması gerektiği görülmüştür.

Prevalence and correlates of smoking and nicotine dependence: results of a nationwide cross-sectional survey among Singapore residents

BackgroundSince the Singapore Mental Health Study in 2010 which reported a 16.0% prevalence rate for current smokers and 4.5% for nicotine dependence, new anti-smoking strategies have been implemented. The aim...

Prevalence and analysis of tobacco use disorder in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.

IntroductionTobacco use disorder (TUD), previously known as nicotine dependence, was associated with increased risk of lung cancer. However, little is known about the prevalence of TUD and symptom manifestation in smokers with lung cancer.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of TUD using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria in patients diagnosed with lung cancer and analyze their tobacco use characteristics.MethodsA total of 200 histologically confirmed lung cancer patients who used tobacco within the prior 12-month period at the time of diagnosis were recruited for this study. Participants were assessed using interviewer-administered questionnaires to determine TUD symptoms and smoking-related behaviors, and self-administered Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was also administered.ResultsThe prevalence of DSM-5 TUD was 92.0% (n = 184). Of a total of 200 subjects, 23 (11.5%), 35 (17.5%), and 126 (63.0%) were classified into mild, moderate, and severe TUD categories, respectively. A total of 19 (81.3%) moderate TUD and 98 (77.8%) severe TUD patients had attempted smoking cessation. Of these subjects, 21 (21.4%) severe TUD and 12 (63.2%) moderate TUD patients tried more than three times. The number of satisfied criteria under DSM-5 TUD was positively correlated with FTND score, cumulative lifetime smoking amount, and daily smoking levels.ConclusionsSmokers diagnosed with lung cancer showed a high prevalence of DSM-5 TUD. Their heavy and consistent tobacco use suggests reduced motivation to abstain from smoking.