Abstract
Background: Several instruments are widely used for assessing dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and reinforcing effects in users of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP), including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Questionnaire of Smoking Urges, original (QSU) and brief (QSU-b) versions; Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, original (MNWS) and revised (MNWS-R) versions; and Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, original (CEQ) and modified (mCEQ) versions. Although these instruments have been translated extensively, their translations and corresponding measurement properties have not been systematically assessed. This study aimed to (1) identify the translations of these instruments for which psychometric properties have been published, (2) describe the methods used for translation, and (3) describe the measurement properties and the context in which these translations were evaluated (e.g., target population and TNP used). Methods: Embase and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched. Results: While no information could be found for the CEQ/mCEQ, several translations were available for the remaining instruments: FTND, 25; QSU and QSU-b, 4 each; QSU (12-item version), 1; MNWS, 4; and MNWS-R, 1. Cigarette smokers represented the main target population in which the validation studies were conducted. Information about the translation process was reported for 25 translations. In most cases, the properties of the translations mirrored those of the originals. Differential item functioning was explored in only one case. Conclusions: There are few publications describing the measurement properties of the translations of the FTND, QSU/QSU-b, and MNWS/MNWS-R. None of these translations have been validated for TNPs other than cigarettes, which suggests the need for greater development and validation of instruments in this area.
Highlights
On June 22, 2009, the US Congress enacted a legislation (US Congress, 2009) that granted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products and the advertising and promotion of such products
There are few publications describing the measurement properties of the translations of the FTND, QSU/QSU-b, and MNWS/MNWS or its revised version (MNWS-R). None of these translations have been validated for tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP) other than cigarettes, which suggests the need for greater development and validation of instruments in this area
A mong the 19 QSU-b translations listed on PROQOLIDTM and indicated as translated by Mapi, we found two versions overlapping with our research, indicating that there are at least two versions of the QSU-b in those languages
Summary
On June 22, 2009, the US Congress enacted a legislation (US Congress, 2009) that granted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products and the advertising and promotion of such products. Several instruments are widely used for assessing dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and reinforcing effects in users of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP), including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Questionnaire of Smoking Urges, original (QSU) and brief (QSU-b) versions; Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, original (MNWS) and revised (MNWS-R) versions; and Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, original (CEQ) and modified (mCEQ) versions. These instruments have been translated extensively, their translations and corresponding measurement properties have not been systematically assessed.
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