Faculty Of Forestry Research Articles

Hyponymic and graduonymic relations of forestry terms in German and Uzbek languages

The article deals with the hyponymic analysis of forestry terms in German and Uzbek languages, and this is one of the main points of the scientific work. In linguistics, it is very important to combine the lexical layers of the language into one system and divide them into lexical-semantic groups. The series divided into separate lexical-semantic groups includes synonyms, antonyms, as well as hypo-hyperonymic series. They are not only connected with each other on the basis of clear semantic connection, but also form a whole microsystem. Also, in the article, the meaning of words was studied by combining them into thematic and lexical-semantic groups. The features of lexical graduonymy are also discussed. Taking into account the wide spread of hyponymic relations in forestry terminology, a number of analyzes were conducted on terms related to subjects taught at forestry faculties. The following subjects are: Forest Breeding, Forest Phytopathology, Dendrology, Forest Medicinal Plants, Forest Entomology, Forest Formation and Anatomy of Forest Plants. According to the type relations of the collected terms, the differential semantics related to the general meaning of the term is distinguished. At the same time, it was found that the study of hypohyperonymic lines in German and Uzbek languages based on forestry terms serves to systematize lexicography.

Effects of Temperature on Asymbiotic Seed Germination of Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P.Delforge

Aim of study: Despite protection by international agreements, millions of orchid tubers are harvested from their natural distribution areas each year. Of these species, Himantoglossum robertianum is locally threatened due to overharvesting and requires precautionary measures to ensure its protection. Reproduction of the species in an asymbiotic environment is imperative for providing ex-situ protection. There are no studies on optimum germination temperature in H. robertianum. This study aimed to germinate H. robertianum seeds in-vitro under asymbiotic conditions. Area of study: The study was carried out at the Silviculture Laboratories of Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forestry Engineering. Material and methods: H. robertianum seeds were used in the study. Seeds were germinated in five replications at four different temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 25°C (± 0.5°C). The study was conducted for 275 days under dark conditions with Sıgma-Phytamax P-6668 used as the medium. Main results: The highest germination was 23.8% at 20°C and germination was not obtained at 10°C. While germination was faster at 25°C in the first 18 weeks, germination accelerated at 20°C after 18 weeks. Highlights: These results indicate that temperature is an important factor in the germination of H. robertainum seeds.

Preface

The 4th International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART) 2022 was held on August 29-30, 2022 with a theme of Natural Resources and Technology for Achieving Sustainable Development Goal through Academic, Industry, and Community and a subtheme of Resilience and Innovation Research on Sustainable Natural Resources and Technology Post-Covid 19. The present conference was initiated by Center of Excellence for Mangrove (Pusat Unggulan Iptek Mangrove) was collaborated with Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, JSPS Core to Core Program, e-Asia Joint Research Program which was fully supported by Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia and Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia.The conference covered six major topics in the related fields such as (i) Natural science and natural product, (ii) Natural resource technology, (iii) Information systems of tropical resources, (iv) Tropical biodiversity, (v) Food science and food technology, and (vi) Ethnobotany and ethnozoology. Due to the increasing cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia and other countries which pose a significant impact on our social gathering, work culture and travel restrictions, the committee has agreed on conducting this current conference was hybrid (conducted at Hotel Grandhika, Medan) and a Zoom meeting. Opening ceremony, speech of committee was done offline in hotel. All Parallel Presentation 1 in the morning session was carried out offline at hotel with six rooms. Parallel presentation 2 (afternoon session) was performed virtually through Zoom meeting with six room breakouts. Two panel session of key note speakers in morning and afternoon were performed hybrid (Dr Sasmito and Dr Nuryawan came to present in hotel).Notablen keynote speakers were invited to present the current issue and challenge in their respective field of studies. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Tadashi Kajita, University of the Ryukyus, Japan; Dr. Sigit D. Sasmito from National Universiy of Singapore, Singapore; Prof. Petar Antove from University of Forestry, Sofia-Bulgaria; Lubos Kristak, Ph.D, University of Zloven, Slovakia; and Arif Nuryawan, Ph.D from Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.ORGANIZING COMMITTEE available in this Pdf.

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing Publishing.• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous• Conference submission management system: Morressier• Number of submissions received: 141• Number of submissions sent for review: 129• Number of submissions accepted: 104• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 73.8• Average number of reviews per paper: 2• Total number of reviewers involved: 22• Contact person for queries: Name: Prof. Mohammad Basyuni, Ph.D Email: m.basyuni@usu.ac.id Affiliation: Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Comparative Analysis of Airborne Particulates and Indoor Physical Parameters between Dry and Wet Laboratories at the Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Laboratories are special micro-environments in university buildings in which the levels of pollutants depend on the nature of the experiments and the number of people employed. The aim of this study is to compare the airborne particulate (PM2.5) and the physical parameters in the existing indoor environment of Faculty of Forestry and Environment (FHAS) dry and wet laboratories. PM2.5, air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH) and air speed (AS) were monitored for nine working hours in selected dry and wet laboratories. Dusttrak aerosol monitor and Kestrel 4500 were used to collect the data for PM2.5 and the physical parameters, respectively. Descriptive analysis was performed to summarize the data characteristics. Meanwhile, independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation were conducted to compare the mean variables for dry and wet laboratories and measure the linear association strength between parameters, respectively. The results showed that airborne particulates and RH recorded were below and within the Department of Occupational Safety & Health (DOSH) acceptable limits which is 150μg/m3 and between 40-70%, respectively. Some of the laboratories have AT in the range of 23-26°C while others were not in the acceptable range where Chemical Laboratory recorded the highest (30 ± 0.5°C), while Xylarium was the lowest (18 ± 2.2°C). As for the AS, majority of the laboratories did not have air movement in the range of 0.15 – 0.50 m/s. Some of them recorded no air flow for the entire monitoring hours. Independent t-test analysis showed there was no significant difference between dry and wet laboratories in terms of the airborne particles, AT and RH, except for AS (p<0.05). The results from Pearson’s correlation found that airborne particles have significant relationship with all physical parameters in wet laboratories, while only RH and AS were found significant in dry laboratories. Therefore, it can be concluded that both laboratories have similar indoor air quality except for AS which highly depends on the ventilation systems and occupants’ activities.

Preference of Subterranean Termites among Community Timber Species in Bogor, Indonesia

Many methods have been explored to increase the palatability of pine (Pinus merkusii), the most common wood used for termite baiting. However, because of the undersupply of pine in Indonesia, it is crucial to vary the wood species for termite baiting and look for potential alternatives. Furthermore, various studies have shown that baiting time influences the intensity and pattern of termite attacks. Therefore, the present research aimed to study the preferences of subterranean termites and find the ideal baiting time among community wood species from Bogor, West Java, as a baiting alternative to pine. The woods tested were Acacia mangium (acacia), Falcataria moluccana (sengon), Anthocephalus cadamba (jabon), Maesopsis eminii (manii), Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany), Hevea brasiliensis (rubberwood), and P. merkusii (pine). Field tests were carried out based on the American Society for Testing and Materials D 1758-06 at the Arboretum, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, with a baiting time of one to six months. The results led to the identification of four species of termites, namely Microtermes sp., Macrotermes sp., Shedorhinotermes sp., and Capritermes sp.. The frequency of termite attacks on the test site reached 93.1%. Rubberwood was the most potential wood bait for subterranean termites, indicated by the highest average weight loss value (65.8%) with a shorter optimal baiting time (up to one month) than that of other tested woods.

GROWTH OF ANGSANA (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) MYCORRHIZAE 23 MONTHS AGE IN POST GOLD MINING

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) technology can increase the success of revegetation on post-mining land. In addition to the input of AMF technology, the selection of plant species is very important for the success of post-mining land reclamation. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of AMF on the viability and growth of the 23-month-old mycorrhizal Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) in the post-Bombana gold mining area, Southeast Sulawesi. This research was conducted in the post-gold mining area of ​​PT. Panca Logam Makmur, North Rarowatu District, Bombana Regency and the Laboratory Unit of the Forestry Department, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences Halu Oleo University, Kendari for 8 months. The research design used a Randomized Block Design which was divided into nine treatments; control (A0), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (A1), Septoglomus constrictum A2), Acaulospora delicata (A3), Glomus claroideum (A4), Glomus coronatum (A5), Ambiospora appendicula (A6), Mixed AMF I (A7); (A1+A2+A6) and Mixed AMF II (A8); (A1+A3+A4+A5). The total number of plants used was 27 plants. The results showed that the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was effective in increasing the growth of P. indicus plants in post-gold mining areas. The treatment of G. coronatum, G. claroideum, A. appendiculate, and C. etunicatum significantly increased the growth of 23 months old P. indicus plant on post-gold mining land compared to control and other treatments. G. coronatum and G. Claroideum have the potential to be developed as mycorrhizal biofertilizers.

Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Spores (AMF) Glomus Coronatum and Glomus Claroideum With Ab Mix Nutrition

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is an obligate fungus that has a symbiosis with plant roots and can stimulate plant growth and productivity so that AMF has the potential to be developed as a biological fertilizer. AMF propagation is influenced by many factors including fertilization. This study aims to determine the effect of giving AB mix nutritional doses on the production of AMF types of Glomus coronatum and Glomus claroideum. The research was conducted at the Plastic House of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association Southeast Sulawesi Branch and the Laboratory of the Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, UHO in September - December 2022 using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely the first factor was AMF type including Glomus coronatum and Glomus claroideum and the second factor is AB mix nutrition including control, 2.5 ml/1000 ml water, 5 ml/1000 ml water. The results showed that the interaction treatment of AMF Glomus claroideum and the provision of 2.5 ml AB ​​mix nutrition increased the number of AMF spores by 35 spores/5 g zeolite and root colonization by 69.16%.

PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF CEREALS AND LEGUMES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MILITARY

The full-scale war that the russian federation has unleashed against Ukraine has caused a humanitarian and economic catastrophe that is spreading beyond our country. One of the most tragic consequences of this war is the strengthening of the global problem of hunger. The article examines the state and prospects of grain export from Ukraine to foreign markets according to the data of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine during martial law. The main volume of supplies of grain and leguminous crops during the 2022 marketing year has been determined. Based on the analysis of the received data, it was established that the war in Ukraine caused the stoppage or damage of many domestic agricultural enterprises. It was determined that significant negatives were created in the logistics of their supply, both within the country and abroad. The impact of russian aggression on the prospects of supplying Ukrainian grain to the global and domestic food market is proven. A well-founded assumption is made that, as a result of military actions, the reduction of the export of Ukrainian grain products causes an unprecedented increase in food prices on the world market and the aggravation of the global problem of hunger in the world. However, the actual food reserves and planned volumes of agricultural production of our state are sufficient to provide the population with grain. It is noted that the restoration of domestic exports, as in pre-war times, in the proper volume is possible only under the condition of a complete cessation of hostilities, since the possibilities of logistics of transport communications on land routes are insignificant. The relevance of the researched data is reinforced by the implementation of an applied study carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University at the expense of the state budget on the topic: «Development of methods for improving the technology of growing legumes using biofertilizers, bacterial preparations, foliar feeding and physiologically active substances» (state registration number 0120U102034). A system for the purchase of alternative fertilizers is proposed, which will stimulate income to local budgets due to the additional expansion of the production of recommended biological preparations by regional farms. This, in turn, will stimulate the creation of additional jobs in the field of biological support, increase the overall ecological orientation of cultivation technologies and ensure the ecological stability of agricultural territories. This event will contribute to the effective European integration of Ukraine and the general improvement of the quality of the grown products, which will meet world standards in the field of organic and biological agriculture. Ultimately, this will contribute to the successful processes of stabilization of agricultural production in the post-war period and will guarantee obtaining appropriate levels of production at significantly lower levels of costs.

SOIL pH VALUE ON AGRICULTURAL LAND USING COW STATE FERTILIZER

Fertilizer is an organic fertilizer derived from animal manure in the form of solid, liquid, and food scraps mixed together. One example of this type of manure is manure from cow dung. The purpose of this study was to identify soil pH in three different locations, namely Komba, Koya and Youtefa, Jayapura Regency. This research was carried out in the life sciences lab of the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Marine Affairs, University of Ottow Geissler Papua.The method in this research is the experimental method. Soil samples were taken from different locations, namely Koya, Komba, and Youtefa. The parameters observed were soil pH, the data were processed descriptively. The results showed that there were differences in the quality index of the soil pH at each location, which tended to be acidic, namely in the Komba area, the soil pH was 6.62, Koya the soil pH was 6.22, and in Youtefa the soil pH 7.18

Forest engineering education in Turkey and KTU Faculty of Forestry- Forest Engineering Department

Türkiye’de ormancılık eğitimi 1857 yılında Tassy tarafından İstanbul’da kurulan orman okulu ile başlamıştır. Bu okul 1880 yılında maden okulu ile birleştirilmiş ve mezun olanlara ilk kez “orman mühendisi” ünvanı verilmeye başlanılmıştır. 1893-1910 döneminde ziraat okulu bünyesinde sürdürülen ormancılık eğitimi 1910 yılında “orman mektebi alisi” adıyla yeniden bağımsızlığını kazanmıştır. 1934 yılında orman mektebi alisi Yüksek Ziraat Enstitüsü (YZE) (Ankara) bünyesinde bir fakülteye dönüştürülmüştür. Bu süreçte orman mühendisleri 1870 orman nizamnamesi hükümleri çerçevesinde oluşturulan ormancılık düzeni çerçevesinde görev yapmaktadırlar. Nizamname ile devlet ormanları bir mukavele ile özel kesime verilen izin çerçevesinde işletilmektedir. Orman mühendisleri bu mukaveleleri hazırlamakta, işlemlerin mukaveleye uygunluğunu denetlemekte, devletin alması gereken ondalığın hesabını yapmakta ve ormanların korunmasını sağlamaktadır. Yani doğrudan ormanların işletilmesi işiyle ilgilenmemektedirler. Yaptıkları görevin karşılığında da kendilerine “orman müfettişi” denilmektedir. 1937 yılında ormanların tahribine yol açan bu işletmecilik düzeni değiştirilmiştir. Artık ormanları devlet işletecektir. Ancak orman mühendisleri orman işletmeciliğini bilmemektedir. Bu nedenle ilk kurulan orman işletmelerine “örnek işletme” adı verilmiş ve bu işletmeler birer hizmet içi eğitim kurumu gibi görev görmüştür. Orman Fakültesi ise eğitim programlarını artık işletmeciliği de içerecek şekilde değiştirmiştir. Orman mühendisleri ise şimdiki adı “orman işletme şefi” olan “orman bölge şefi” unvanı ile görev yapmaya başlamıştır. 1948 yılında YZE kapatılmıştır. Orman Fakültesi İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne bağlanmıştır. 1971 yılına kadar ormancılık (orman mühendisliği) eğitimi sadece İstanbul Üniversitesi bünyesinde yürütülmüştür. 1971 yılında Trabzon’da 1992 yılından itibaren de ülkenin 10 ayrı yerinde daha yeni orman fakülteleri açılmıştır. Böylece orman mühendisliği eğitimi veren kurumların sayısı 12’ye yükselmiştir.

Türkiye’de ikinci orman fakültesinin Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesinde kurulması ve eğitim-öğretime başlama sürecisüreci

Türkiye’nin dördüncü üniversitesi Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi (KTÜ), 1955 yılında Trabzon’da kuruldu. İlk dört fakültesinden biri orman fakültesidir. Türkiye’nin ikinci orman fakültesidir ve İlk orman fakültesi olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesinin desteğiyle 1971 yılında eğitime başladı. Genel Ormancılık Bölümüne 35, Orman ürünleri Sanayi Bölümüne ise 15 öğrencinin kaydı yapıldı. Bölümlerin adları 1974 yılında Orman Mühendisliği ve Orman Sanayi Mühendisliği olarak değiştirildi. Bu bölümler ilk mezunlarını 1975 yılında verdi. Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü 1990, Yaban Hayatı Ekolojisi ve Yönetimi Bölümü ise 2012 yılında eğitim öğretime başladı. Türkiye’deki orman fakültesi sayısı halen 12’dir.

Peculiarities of indicators of the respiratory system in women at rest and their changes during the burning of the next cigarette

One of the important problems facing modern society is the increase in the number of people with various types of addictions, the most common of which is smoking. Smoking and its medical-demographic and economic consequences are in the circle of scientific interests of many domestic and foreign scientists. That is why the aim of the scientific article is to study the peculiarities of the state of the respiratory system in women at rest and during the burning of another cigarette. The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Medical and Biological Monitoring and Public Health at the Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Forestry, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University for 60 women aged 17-21. At the first stage of the study, absolute anthropometric indicators were measured, such as height, weight, chest circumference. In the second stage women were interviewed on the Fagerström test. According to its results, the study is divided into 3 groups: Group I – women who have a history of smoking more than 3 years, burn more than 10 cigarettes per day and have a high level of dependence, Group II – women who have a history of smoking 1-3 years, up to 10 cigarettes are smoked per day and have a low and medium level of dependence, Group III – (control) women who do not smoke. The next stage of the study involved a functional diagnosis of the external respiratory system in women at rest and 15 minutes after smoking a cigarette using the functional method of pneumotachography (PTG). Registration and analysis of relevant indicators was carried out using a diagnostic automated complex “Cardio+”. Statistical data processing was performed using generally accepted methods of variation statistics (because the distribution of the results was normal) using MS Excel 2007 software. This article presents a study of the state of external respiration at rest and 15 minutes after burning another cigarette, which revealed the negative effects of smoking on the respiratory system of women who smoke. The study made it possible to make a detailed analysis of indicators of respiratory function in women aged 17-21 years, smokers and compare them with non-smokers. Based on the obtained results, it was found that in women smokers (groups I and II) there is a significant decrease in volume (FVC, VC, FEV1) indicators of external respiration, as well as the Tiffeneau-Pinelli test at p&lt;0.05, compared with the group of women control group both at rest and 15 minutes after firing the next cigarette. Analysis of velocity (MEF at the level of exhalation 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, PEF) of airflow through the bronchi to the lungs indicates a gradual decrease from MEF 25 % to MEF 75 % in women of the experimental groups, but a significant decrease is observed only at the level sight of 75 % in 15 min after burning of the next cigarette between I and III groups (at p&lt;0.05). A statistically significant difference between the values of the calculated Tiffeneau-Pinelli index, which characterizes the presence of obstructive respiratory failure, in women of groups II and III both at rest and 15 minutes after burning another cigarette. Thus, a decrease in these indicators indicates the presence of bronchial obstruction of the middle and small bronchi, as well as a violation of respiratory muscle strength and bronchial patency. It has also been shown that the reactivity (reduction) of volumetric and velocity indicators of external respiration to cigarette burning was higher in the group of women who do not smoke (control).

Effect of potassium and biological fertilization on vegetative growth characteristics of two potatoes cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.)

This experiment was carried out during the spring growing season 2021 in the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul / Tourist Forestry Zone, to study the response of three factors in the vegetative growth traits of the potato varieties. The first factor included two varieties of potatoes (Taurus and Universa), the second factor included bio-fertilizer (Trichoderma fungi) with two levels and only once (5 g.m2, without addition), and the third factor included potassium fertilizer as sulfate potassium at four levels (0, 100, 200, 300 kg.ha-1). The results were as follows: The treatment of the cultivar Taurus gave the highest significant values in plant height, leafy area, number of aerial stems, relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves and percentage of dry matter in the leaves a value of 96.18 cm.Plant-1 , 5918.6 cm2.Plant-1 , 3.41 steem.Plant-1, 23.58 and 17.88% respectively. The treatment of bio-fertilization at a concentration of 5 g.m2 was given the highest significant values in the relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves at a value of 22.35.

The health condition of trees in dendropark at Faculty of Forestry – Skopje with a special focus on fungal diseases and insect pests

The Dendropark at the Faculty of Forestry in Skopje, North Macedonia, was established as an ‘outdoor museum’ with a collection of forest trees and shrub vegetation. The collection was planted in 1950 on the area of 4.05 ha, and includes 336 taxa from native Macedonian and Balkan endemic dendroflora and introduced species from around the world. The Dendropark, like the other botanical gardens all over the world, offers a unique resource that facilitate earlier detection of the potential invasive threats to forest tree species. The inventoried population includes 444 trees belonging to 43 families. The three most represented families are Pinaceae with 21 species (19.4% of the inventoried plants), Cupressaceae with 16 species (15.8%) and Rosaceae with 18 species (7.4%). The 2014 survey indicated that 33.8% of the total number of trees were rated with good health status, 1.8% as very good, 31.1% rated as fair, while 24.5% were poor. Approximately 4.1% were rated to be in a critical state (in a state of decline), and 4.7% of trees were dead. The assessment of health status of plants in the Dendropark could be used as a valuable asset to planners and decision makers and provides information about the quality, quantity and location of natural resources in urban areas. Identifying changes in plant species composition and presence of invasive pests and diseases helps maintaining healthy urban forests.

Effect of Watering Schedules on Seed Germination of Two Major Agroforestry Species Dalbergia sissoo and Gmelina arborea

Aims: Water is an important natural resource supporting life and growth of plants heavily relies on water availability throughout its life cycle. Moisture stress is a major limiting factor in forest crops leading to unsuccessful seed germination. This study investigates the impact of moisture stress on the seed germination of two important agroforestry species Dalbergia sissoo and Gmelina arborea through manipulating watering schedules after sowing seeds.&#x0D; Study Design: Two independent experiments for Dalbergia sissoo and Gmelina arborea were designed in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with six treatments and three replications for each treatment&#x0D; Place of Study: Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi.&#x0D; Methodology: The complete experiment was carried inside a temporary polyhouse where the experimental materials were exposed to the six different watering schedule treatments. The first irrigation for all the treatments were started at the same time. The data recorded during the experiment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical significance and difference among treatments were determined by Duncan’s Multiple range test at (P = .05) level. &#x0D; Results: Significant differences were observed among the treatments and the results show that with increasing level of moisture stress, the germination performance in both species is highly reduced both in terms of germination percentage and germination energy.&#x0D; Conclusion: Daily watering to the seeds can help to achieve maximum and early seed germination as evident from data of germination energy with maximum values recorded for the treatments with daily watering schedule.

Utilization of bamboo charcoal to decrease tannin content of lindur fruit flour (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)

This study aims to determine the correct concentration of bamboo charcoal in the processing of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza fruit to produce mangrove flour with the lowest tannin content. The process of making bamboo charcoal is carried out at the Forestry Laboratory of the Forestry Department, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences. Meanwhile, the chemical analysis of flour is carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. The chemical analysis test was carried out using a completely randomized design method with a one-factor treatment test. This factor is the percentage of bamboo charcoal during boiling and soaking (R0 = 0%; R1 = 15%; R2 = 20%) for the type of mangrove fruit used (P1 = Brugueira gymnorrhiza). The results showed that the provision of bamboo charcoal at the time of boiling and soaking had a significant effect on reducing tannin levels and had a very significant effect on reducing the moisture content and HCN of lindur fruit flour. The best treatment is giving 20% bamboo charcoal with soaking time for 48 hours and changing the soaking water every 24 hours. The best treatment is giving bamboo charcoal 20% with immersion time for 48 hours and changing the immersion water every 24 hours, with the water content of 8.7%, tannin content of 0.063%, and HCN content of 2.093 ppm, where these results meet SNI standards. 01-2997-1996 [1] and ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) as food ingredients.

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous• Conference submission management system: Morressier• Number of submissions received: 41• Number of submissions sent for review: 41• Number of submissions accepted: 36• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 87.8• Average number of reviews per paper: 1.5• Total number of reviewers involved: 27• Contact person for queries: Name: Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Kang Chiang Liew Email: conference.fpt@ums.edu.my Affiliation: Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

Preface

Tropical forests are extensive and consist of diverse forest types, with the most significant proportion of the world’s forest. However, tropical forests and their inhabitants are highly threatened by anthropological activities and the effects of climate change. Retaining and protecting remaining tropical forest areas from conversion to other land uses is crucial for environmental, cultural and forest product functions. Sustainable forest management principles and forest policies encompassing the forest functions must be supported by concerted research that produces practical solutions to various problems.Universiti Malaysia Sabah, through Faculty of Tropical Forestry, organized the Tropical Forestry 2021 (TF-2021) Virtual Conference for researchers involved in tropical forestry research to share significant findings and create opportunities for collaborations. Even though it is conducted virtually, due to COVID-19 and travel restrictions, the conference managed to gather local and international participations and presentations on their tropical forestry-related work. Among topics presented covered the conference topics of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forest Management, Biodiversity and Genetic Conservation, Forest Policy and Economics, Forest Remote Sensing and GIS / Precision Forestry, Forest Protection, Forest Soil and Silviculture, Social Forestry, Nature Tourism and Recreation, Plantation Forestry, Agroforestry, Zoology and Wildlife, Wood Science, and Forest Products and Engineering.List of Editors, Organizing Committee TF-2021, List Of Participants are available in this pdf.

Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma Species in Biocontrol of Armillaria Root Rot Disease In Vitro Conditions

Aim of study: Armillaria root rot is a disease of fruit trees, some herbaceous plants and forest trees. Armillaria spp. which cause this disease, are among the most destructive fungal pathogens of trees. In this study, antagonistic effects of Trichoderma species in biocontrol of Armillaria were investigated in vitro conditions Area of study: The study area was in the Düzce University, Konuralp Campus. Material and methods: Trichoderma harzianum was provided from Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forestry Industrial Engineering (FS19) and Trichoderma viride was provided from Düzce University, Konuralp Campus. Armillaria mellea and Desarmillaria tabescens were isolated from the infected roots of hazelnut and oak trees in Konuralp Campus and cultured in potato dextrose agar. Trichoderma species were inoculated to confront with the pathogens in cultures of Armillaria and Desarmillaria to determine antagonistic effects for 15 days. Penetration of Trichoderma hyphae in rhizomorphs and sporulation of Trichoderma species in the surface of rhizomorphs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Main results: The statistically significant decrease was observed for A. mellea and Desarmillaria species caused by Trichoderma. One day after Trichoderma inoculation, Trichoderma hyphae grew approximately twice as much towards the host rhizomorphs. Three days after colonization of Armillaria and Desarmillaria rhizomorphs by Trichoderma, growth of Armillaria and Desarmillaria seemed to completely stopped. Highlights: Trichoderma species have been studied as the most widely used antagonists in biological control against many plant-pathogenic fungi worldwide. To develop an effective biological method for plant protection in the future, biological control studies are highly important in oak forest under natural stand conditions.