School Environmental Factors Research Articles

Development of the Food Related Environments at School and Home Questionnaire (FRESH-Q)

ObjectivesDelineating determinants of food choice within the school and home environments of adolescents might help to translate advocacy efforts to effective interventions. However, this will require the development of valid instruments that measure school and home food environmental factors systematically. We conducted a cross-sectional study to develop a valid questionnaire that evaluates the food-related environments at schools and homes (FRESH- Q) of adolescents aged 10–15 years in Mumbai, India. MethodsA preliminary draft was developed based on a review of literature, eleven focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescents (n = 36) and parents (n = 27), and eight in-depth interviews (IDIs) with school supervisors followed by the identification of school food (SFE) and home food environment (HFE) constructs and an item pool generation. The content validity was evaluated by an expert panel and the item-wise content validity indices (I-CVI) for clarity and relevance were calculated. The questionnaire was pretested in 42 adolescents for face validity and further administered among 315 adolescents (mean age 13.2 (2.1) years) for psychometric evaluation. The principal axis method of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) established the construct validity and the internal consistency was determined using Cronbach alpha values > 0.7. A sub-sample (n = 108) completed FRESH-Q twice to estimate test-retest reliability. ResultsContent analysis of FGDs and IDIs revealed six SFE and eleven HFE constructs. The I-CVI for the majority of items were satisfactory (0.72–0.96) and the Cronbach alpha values were 0.88 for SFE and 0.92 for HFE items. The intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.78–0.96 indicating good to excellent reliability. Four factors – availability, and affordability of school foods, adolescents’ perceptions of SFE, and cafeteria policies explained 76.2% of the variance in SFE items. The EFA model identified five underlying constructs for HFE items – availability, accessibility and visibility of foods at home, family dietary habits, food purchasing behaviors, parents’ perceptions and consumption patterns. ConclusionsA valid 36 item self-reported questionnaire was developed to evaluate the school and home food environments of urban adolescents in India. Further investigations in different settings are recommended. Funding SourcesNone.

Gambaran Stres Psikososial dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya Pada Remaja

Teenagers are a transition from children to adults who have a lot of changes,it causes teens to experience psychological stress. The factors that influence psychosocial stress are living conditions, school environment, family economic status, relationships with others, unplanned events and habits. This study aim to determine the description of psychosocial stress and the factors that influence it in students at SMAN 8 Pekanbaru. The total respondents were 101 respondents using accidental sampling.. The measuring instrument used was a questionnaire from Holmes and Rahe and analyzed using univariate.. The results showed that the majority of respondents experienced moderate psychosocial stress (47.5%). Respondents who experienced the condition of the living environment factors were 51.5%, the state of the school environmental factors were 50.5%, family economic status factors were 37.6%, relationship factors with other people were 49.5%, unplanned incidence factors were as many as 31,7% and habit 2,% showed psychosocial stress. The researcher concluded that the majority of respondents experienced moderate psychosocial stress with the most influencing factor is the state of the environment in which they live. This research recommends adolescents to add information and add insight about psychosocial stress and the factors that influence it and can prevent it.

Prevalence Truancy is Associated with Attitude, Family and School Environment Factors

Truancy is a major issue that often plagues a country's education system. This phenomenon is also the highest contributor to student misconduct cases, especially in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between three main factors, namely student attitudes, family relationships and school environment in influencing truancy among students. A total of 148 students consisting of upper secondary school students in an east coast secondary school in Peninsular Malaysia was selected as respondents in this study. The results of this analysis process show that factors such as student attitudes, family relationships and school environment have a significant relationship with truancy among students. Schools in particular and the ministry in general should make these factors the main agenda in formulating programs and activities to curb this issue from continuing to plague the national education system. In fact, the role of parents is no exception in efforts to curb these symptoms from continuing to occur among students at school.

Faktor-Faktor Sosial dan Amalan Akhlak Dalam Kalangan Murid-Murid Sekolah-Sekolah Menengah Di Malaysia

The main objective of this study was to examine the students’ perception on the effect of social factors on students’ akhlak practices. This survey was a quantitative research and employed a set of questionnaire to collect data from the samples. The samples were form four and lower six students who were sellected from several secondary schools in Malaysia using the multi stage cluster sampling method. 3,262 students were involved in this study. The data were analysed using SPSS software. From this study, we may conclude that the students’ perception on the social factors that contributed towards akhlak practices was positive and the total overall mean was high i.e. 3.83. It also showed that parent and Islamic education factors were two main factors that contributed towards students’ akhlak practices. These were followed by community, law enforcement and school environment factors. Two other weakest factors i.e. artists and peers were only at moderate level and it seems that these two factors less contributed to the students’ akhlak practices.

Predicting environmental risk factors in relation to health outcomes among school children from Romania using random forest model - An analysis of data from the SINPHONIE project

BackgroundFew studies have simultaneously assessed the health impact of school and home environmental factors on children, since handling multiple highly correlated environmental variables is challenging. In this study, we examined indoor home and school environments in relation to health outcomes using machine learning methods and logistic regression. MethodsWe used the data collected by the SINPHONIE (Schools Indoor Pollution and Health: Observatory Network in Europe) project in Romania, a multicenter European research study that collected comprehensive information on school and home environments, health symptoms in children, smoking, and school policies. The health outcomes were categorized as: any health symptoms, asthma, allergy and flu-like symptoms. Both logistic regression and random forest (RF) methods were used to predict the four categories of health outcomes, and the methods prediction performance was compared. ResultsThe RF method we employed for analysis showed that common risk factors for the investigated categories of health outcomes, included: environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), dampness in the indoor school environment, male gender, air freshener use, residence located in proximity of traffic (<200 m), stressful schoolwork, and classroom noise (contributions ranged from 7.91% to 23.12%). Specificity, accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) values for most outcomes were higher when using RF compared to logistic regression, while sensitivity was similar in both methods. ConclusionThis study suggests that ETS, dampness in the indoor school environment, use of air fresheners, living in proximity to traffic (<200 m) and noise are common environmental risk factors for the investigated health outcomes. RF pointed out better predictive values, sensitivity and accuracy compared to logistic regression.

Varying Experiences of Cyber Victimization among Middle and High School Students.

BackgroundAlthough cyber victimization (CV) occurs in both middle school (MS) and high school (HS)—and these experiences appear to differ between boys and girls—to our knowledge, no studies have directly examined these differences across specific acts of CV. Further, limited research has examined school environment factors, such as school safety and attachment, as they relate to CV.ObjectivesThe current study compared CV experiences reported by boys and girls in both MS and HS as well as examined CV’s association with perceived school safety and school attachment.MethodParticipants were 286 MS and 304 HS students (52% boys) from a small, rural Midwestern community in the United States. Self-reported measures were collected.ResultsHS girls reported experiencing more CV than MS girls on 5 of the 6 CV acts examined. Additionally, HS girls reported experiencing more CV on 3 of the acts compared to MS boys. In general, HS boys and HS girls report similar rates of CV, with the exception of HS girls experiencing higher levels of “people saying mean and nasty things about them.” Regression analyses indicated that youth who report higher CV feel less connected to school, but their CV experiences do not appear to be related their perceived school safety when also considering traditional forms of victimization.ConclusionsCV experiences are higher for HS girls for the majority of different types of CV acts compared to MS youth but similar to HS boys, and experiencing these acts is associated with less school connectedness.

Associations Between Neighborhood Disadvantage, Resting-State Functional Connectivity, and Behavior in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study: The Moderating Role of Positive Family and School Environments

BackgroundNeighborhood disadvantage has consistently been associated with mental health and cognitive function, in addition to alterations in brain function and connectivity. However, positive environmental influences may buffer these effects. The aim of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), the moderating role of positive parenting and school environment, and relationships between disadvantage-associated rsFC patterns and mental health and cognition. MethodsIn this preregistered study, we tested this hypothesis in a large sample of 7618 children (aged 9–10 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Specifically, we analyzed the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and system-level FC. We also tested whether positive family and school environmental factors and sex moderated effects. Finally, we investigated multivariate relationships between disadvantage-associated rsFC patterns and cognition and mental health. ResultsDisadvantage was associated with widespread alterations in FC across both higher-order (e.g., default mode network and dorsal attention network) and sensorimotor functional systems, some of which were moderated by positive environments. Implicated connections showed multivariate associations with behavior, whereby disadvantage-associated rsFC was generally associated with worse cognition and mental health. Disadvantage-associated connections also predicted variation in cognitive scores using machine learning models. ConclusionsOur findings shed light on potential mechanisms (i.e., alteration of neural circuitry) through which neighborhood disadvantage may affect youth cognition and mental well-being. This work highlights the importance of positive family and school environments in mitigating some of these effects.

Anak Bangsa مشكلات تعلّم القراءة عند الطلاب ـبـ معهد روح الاسلام

Reading skill is one of the foreign skills that must be mastered by students. The purpose of this research is to discover the problems faced by students of Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa in studying Qira'ah. The data collection techniques used by researchers in this study were interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis techniques in this study are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. And the results of this study are that there are two aspects of problems experienced by students in learning Qira'ah, namely: 1. Language aspects include the knowledge of the letters Arabiya, pronunciation, knowledge of Arabic Qawaid, and their lack of mastery of vocabulary. 2. Non-language elements include Islamic boarding school environmental factors, teachers, students, learning methods, learning media, motivation. The solutions provided by the teacher in learning Qira'ah are: The teacher explains the differences and the use between letters of the alphabet and hijaiyyah, the teacher reads the material beforehand and explains the language rules with famous examples, the teacher gives a general vocabulary which is often used in learning to be memorized after the lesson, provide motivation, use a variety of learning methods and media.

Reducing Bullying in Schools- a Critique of Recent Evidence for the Role of Cultural Factors

Bullying and victimization are on-going major challenges in education settings internationally. Bullying is a complex phenomenon, but research on the causes of bullying behaviors has tended to focus on individual characteristics rather than school or other environmental factors. It is increasingly recognized, however, that the prevalence of bullying and victimization is likely to be affected by the school culture, particularly policies and practices related to pupils’ behavior and their interactions with their peers and teachers. Here, I discuss some of the existing evidence and uncertainties about these themes, with detailed reference to a recent, large UK study that has examined the contribution of schools’ practice and policies to bullying and victimization. This study, using multilevel analysis within the ‘dynamic model of educational effectiveness’ theoretical framework, provided some empirical evidence that cultural factors such as the level of parental and pupil engagement, and school policies relating to bullying and behavior, and teachers’ perceptions of how policies were implemented, recorded, evaluated, contribute substantially to the prevalence of bullying. As well as describing the strengths of the study design and conduct, I discuss some of the acknowledged limitations that could inform future research into the association of school cultural factors with important non-cognitive as well as cognitive pupil outcomes.

Improving in-depth, epidemiological and economic understanding of substance use, harm and its prevention across countries

Welcome to the second issue of Volume 8 of IJADR for 2020. This issue includes papers that focus on the global burden of different substances and their costs as well as studies of substance use and related harm by authors in Scandinavia and North America. The five papers include qualitative and quantitative studies and involve diverse populations from Canada, Sri Lanka, Germany and the United States. In an attempt to identify substance use research priorities for Canada, Sornpaisarn and colleagues (2020) reviewed 2014-2019 publications and analysed secondary data sources to study the relative substance-attributable burden of disease for alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in Canada, finding that tobacco followed by other drugs contributed more to the burden of disease estimates than did alcohol. This pattern was also evident in North America and differs considerably from that observed in the overall global burden of disease estimates, where alcohol ranks higher than other drugs in terms of its contribution to GBD. Secondly, this article reported on wholly attributable relative substance use disorder diagnoses in Canada, finding that relative to alcohol, opioid use disorders required more admissions to hospital. Finally, this article highlights that the greatest societal costs tallied in 2014 were for the costs of alcohol, followed by tobacco and all other drugs combined. Both other drug use and alcohol diagnosis costs increased in the period between 2007 and 2014, with cannabis and opioid costs increasing and tobacco costs declining. Leifman and Trolldal (2020) undertook an interesting study of price and income elasticity in Sri Lanka, finding that the economic drivers of alcohol sales appeared not to be affected by price and income changes to the same extent as sales in high-income countries or in the few studies that have been undertaken in other low- and middle-income countries. Their paper discusses aspects of Sri Lankan drinking culture including limitations on women’s drinking, the greater prevalence of lighter drinking and abstinence, banning of drinking on public holidays and drinking by tourists that may explain why general patterns of alcohol sales are less affected by price and income than expected, but argues that further research is needed to understand drivers of consumption in Sri Lanka. In a study among sexual minority and non-sexual minority men and women in the United States, Karen Trocki and her colleagues (2020) examined the extent to which the protective effects of marriage on substance use that are commonly observed among heterosexual men and women apply to sexual minority groups. They found that marriage confers protective effects against substance use depending on individuals’ sexual minority or non-sexual minority status, their sex, and the substances under study. The researchers call for further research to unpack the factors that may explain the role of marriage as a protective factor against substance use in sexual minority individuals. Egerer and Hellman’s (2020) study considered techniques that may be employed for interpreting researchers’ subjectivity – a well-recognized element – in qualitative research. They introduced three techniques: a form of content analysis, quantification of researchers’ expectations, and analysis of speaker positions among study participants. Using examples of data from focus groups among social workers in Germany, the paper discusses some of the contrasting impressions of qualitative data that can emerge from the use of the different techniques. This paper is likely to be very informative for many readers, and particularly, for those who may not be familiar with methods of analyzing and interpreting qualitative data. Using multi-level data, Julie Croff and her colleagues (2020) examined the extent to which individual-level and school-level parental factors, school environmental factors, alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) descriptive norms and peer deviance are associated with early adolescents’ lifetime alcohol consumption in a study conducted among seventh grade students in the United States of America. They found that parents’ educational involvement and peer deviance at both the individual and school levels were associated with the adolescents’ alcohol use; however, only individual level ATOD norms were associated with lifetime alcohol use. A key implication of the findings concerns the role of parental involvement at the school level in early adolescents’ alcohol use. The authors concluded that “Parent educational engagement programs need not target all parents, as strong results at the school level may come from a core team of key parent leaders.” (page 93).

Effect of School Environmental Factors on Academic Development of Secondary School Students in Boripe Local Government Area of Osun State.

This study is designed to investigate the effect of school environmental factors, particularly the serenity of school environment and adequacy of school facilities on academic development of secondary school students in Boripe Local Government, Osun State. The study made use of descriptive survey research design. Structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the sample size of 41 respondents selected from ten selected secondary schools in Boripe Local Government. relevant works of authorities in related fields were reviewed. Data were presented in tabular form and analyzed, using mean rating and standard deviation as descriptive statistics. Chi square test statistics was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study found that the serenity of school environment influences academic development of secondary school students, and that adequate school facilities enhances academic development of secondary school student as wells. It was recommended that government should set standard for serenity of secondary school environment and enforce same to ensure compliance always. Further to this, upgrade, renovation and provision of adequate secondary school facilities should be ensured to enhance students’ academic development at both state and federal level.

Scientific Substantiation of the Innovative Model of Catering for Cadet Corps Students

Introduction: In the Russian Federation, much attention is traditionally paid to military education and training. A special place in its structure is occupied by the system of cadet classes and corps. A distinctive feature of the learning mode in such institutions is a combined effect of standard and specific factors of indoor school environment and intensive physical activity owing to sports, applied military and drill training. No evidence-based methods of establishing nutrient requirements of children in modern conditions of cadet corps have been developed so far, which predetermines the potential of transforming nutrition from a health-saving factor into a health risk factor. Our objective was to provide a scientific substantiation of the model of healthy nutrition for students of cadet-type educational establishments. Methods: The statistical significance of the correlation was evaluated using the Student’s t-test. Correlation and regression analyses were used to assess cause-and-effect relationships. The Pearson correlation coefficient (rxy) was used as an indicator of the strength of the relationship between quantitative indicators x and y, both having a normal distribution. Correlation coefficient (rxy) values were interpreted in accordance with the Chaddock scale. For the purpose of statistical modeling, the method of multiple linear regressions was used. Conclusions: We substantiated the innovative model of organizing healthy nutrition for students of cadet-type schools based on the correlation and regression analyses with determination of statistical significance of the studied characteristics. Its efficiency indicators include an increase in average functional capabilities of students by more than 10 % and a reduction in the probability of developmental disorders by more than 25 %.

Determinants of Success of University Students in Vietnam: An Empirical Study

This paper investigates the determinants of students' success in Vietnam through conducting online interviews and surveys with 2,500 Vietnamese students at eight famous universities in Vietnam. By applying both SPSS 22 and STATA software, the study is to evaluate the impact of four driver factors, which affect GPA, language efficacy, and personal achievement. These factors are psychological perspective, home environmental, student demographic, and school environmental. The research results emphasize a positive effect of psychological and home-environmental determinants, but the negative effect of school environmental factors on the students' success. Besides, the relationship between demographics and student success was tested and indicated that male students have a better language learning ability, but a low level of academic achievement than female students. The results also point out the impact of religious affiliation and ethnicity on personal achievement. Non-religious students are better achievers than those having a religion or those in minority ethnicity. Moreover, accumulated schooling years are negatively associated with students' success. The more working experience students accrued, the higher possibility they are successful. Finally, the finding provides an insight into students' success that might be useful to government authorities and other universities in designing policies for enhancing the quality of education.

Neighborhood disadvantage, childhood adversity, bullying victimization, and adolescent depression: A multiple mediational analysis

Each of the home, school, and neighborhood environmental factors for adolescent depression has received substantial attention in the literature; however, there remains a paucity of research which systematically examines the mechanisms whereby neighborhood structural and social characteristics in early childhood affects later depressive symptoms in adolescence as transmitted through family and school adversities. The present study used nationally representative sampled data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal survey following a cohort of 4,898 children along with their parents and teachers at the child's birth and at 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years of age. Public and restricted-use data were used to merge individual surveys and neighborhood profiles. Our findings suggest that both neighborhood structural disadvantage and collective efficacy have direct impacts on adverse childhood experiences, bullying victimization, and social emotional development as well as indirect impacts on adolescents' depressive symptoms. Neighborhood collective efficacy, but not structural disadvantage, was found to directly contribute to later depressive symptoms of adolescents. Resilience factors such as familial support and stable relationships were not considered in the current study. Due to the unavailability of data, potential reciprocal relationships among peer bullying, social emotional problems, and depressive symptoms were not examined. Our finding that neighborhood characteristics contribute to the development of adolescents' depression emphasizes the importance of a healthy neighborhood environment, which also provides implications for multi-faceted interventions to promote neighborhood resources and support systems, as well as community-wide bullying prevention programs and childhood adversity screenings.

Effect of School Environment on Students’ Commitment toward Learning among Secondary Schools in Monduli District, Tanzania

This study sought to investigate the effect of school environment on students’ commitment toward learning among Secondary Schools in Monduli District, Tanzania. The study employed the quantitative approach in collecting and analyzing data from 346 respondents across five secondary schools in the District. The findings revealed that students’ perception were negative on the school environment as they tended to disagreed with the items. The study further indicates that students were committed toward learning. Finally, the study established the existing relationship between school environment and students’ commitment toward learning. Therefore, effective school environment predicts the rate of students’ commitment toward learning. The study therefore recommends that school management teams should work hard to improve the identified school environment factors as the factors are essential for effective learning to take place. The identified students’ commitment toward learning needs to be rewarded for students to maintain such a spirit as it is a key factor for effective learning to take place. Furthermore, school administrators should find ways to create conducive learning environment.

Assessing the efficiency of secondary schools: Evidence from OECD countries participating in PISA 2015

One of the most important issues accompanying the publication of the main results of the well-known Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is the classification of countries according to student attainment. However, this ranking does not take into account some highly relevant factors, such as the different resource endowments of each education system or the heterogeneous context in which schools operate. This study aims to provide a fuller picture of education system operation worldwide by assessing the managerial efficiency of secondary schools in a cross-country framework. To do this, we use data from OECD countries participating in PISA 2015 and apply a robust nonparametric approach that accounts for the fact that schools were operating under heterogeneous conditions before the efficiency measures of performance were estimated. Our results suggest that the consideration of both school resources and environmental factors significantly modifies the country ranking based solely on student results.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРАЦЕОХОРОННОЇ СПРЯМОВАНОСТІ У МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ ПОЧАТКОВИХ КЛАСІВ ШЛЯХОМ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ЗОРІЄНТОВАНОСТІ ЗМІСТУ НАВЧАННЯ З «ОХОРОНИ ПРАЦІ В ГАЛУЗІ»

Анотація. У статті актуалізується проблема втрати здоров’я учнів та вчителів у шкільному загальноосвітньому середовищі. Зазначається, що така ситуація зумовлена сукупною дією різних освітніх та суспільних чинників, однак однією з основоположних причин є недостатня працеохоронна спрямованість майбутніх учителів початкових класів як сукупність цінностей та мотивів, що визначають алгоритми поведінки щодо збереження життя, здоров’я та працездатності суб’єктів навчально-виховного процесу. Звертається увага на те, що вагомою проблемою у контексті формування працеохоронної спрямованості майбутніх учителів початкових класів є недостатня професійна зорієнтованість змісту навчання з «Охорони праці в галузі».&#x0D; Визначається професійно-зорієнтований зміст навчання з «Охорони праці в галузі» на основі врахування законодавчих та нормативних документів, що регламентують збереження життя, здоров’я та працездатності суб’єктів навчально-виховного процесу, негативних виробничих чинників загальнооствітнього шкільного середовища, можливих векторів майбутньої професійної діяльності, наявних наукових та методичних розробок щодо збереження життя, здоров’я та працездатності суб’єктів навчально-виховного процесу.&#x0D; Стверджується про позитивний вплив професійно-зорієнтованого змісту навчання із «Охорони праці в галузі» на працеохоронну спрямованість майбутніх учителів початкових класів.&#x0D;

Association between the school environment and children's body mass index in Terengganu: A cross sectional study.

With the on-going interest in implementing school policies to address the problem of childhood obesity in Malaysia, there is urgent need for information about the association between school environment and children’s weight status. This study aims to investigate the association between school environmental factors (physical, economic, political and sociocultural) with BMI of school children in Terengganu. The school environment factors were assessed using a set of validated whole-school environmental mapping questionnaires, consisting of 76 criteria with four domains; physical environment (41 criteria), economic environment (nine criteria), political environment (nine criteria) and sociocultural environment (17 criteria). This involved face-to-face interview sessions with 32 teachers from 16 schools (eight rural and eight urban). In addition, 400 school children aged between 9 and 11 years of the selected schools were assessed for BMI (WHO 2007 reference chart), dietary intake (food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)) and physical activity level (physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C)). Multiple regression was used to examine the association between school environment factors and BMI of the school children. Seven school environment criteria were found to be associated with BMI of school children when it was adjusted for calorie intake and physical activity level. About 33.4% of the variation in BMI of school children was explained by health professional involvement, simple exercise before class, encouragement to walk/ride bicycle to/from school, no high-calorie food sold, healthy options of foods and drinks at tuck shop, availability of policy on physical activity and training teacher as a role model. Policy makers should make urgent actions to address the obesogenic features of school environments. It should strive towards setting up healthy school environment and improving school curricula to promote healthy behaviours among the school children.

Does Cognitive Style Moderate Expected Evaluation and Adolescents' Creative Performance: An Empirical Study

ABSTRACTTwo studies investigated the effects of cognitive and school environmental factors on adolescents' creative performance. The first study tested the effects of expected evaluation and cognitive style on creativity among 89 high school students. The second study tested the effects of evaluation type and cognitive style on creativity among 92 high school students. Study 1 found main effects of expected evaluation and cognitive style on creativity. The interaction between expected evaluation and cognitive style was statistically significant. Under an experimental condition of expected evaluation, field‐dependent adolescents performed more creatively (i.e., higher originality) than those without expected evaluation. Study 2 uncovered main effects of expected evaluation type and cognitive style on creativity but no interactions between expected evaluation type and cognitive style. Adolescents performed better on the dimension of flexibility in a controlling evaluation condition, compared with adolescents in informational evaluation condition, and field‐independent adolescents showed more fluency and originality than field‐dependent adolescents. Together, this research provides a better understanding of the effects of expected evaluation and cognitive style on adolescents' creative performance. Implications for further research are discussed.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRESTASI BELAJAR MATA PELAJARAN DI SMP NEGERI 03 KEPANJEN

The purpose of this study is 1. to find out and analyze what factors influence the success of social studies learning achievement in students of SMP Negeri 03 Kepanjen Malang Regency.2. To find out and analyze the dominant factors that influence the learning achievement of social studies subjects in SMP Negeri 03 Kepanjen. The population in this study were students of class VII in SMP Negeri 03 Kepanjen whose IPS scores were less than KKM, totaling 186 students. And the sample is 48 students. The data collection technique used was Questionnaire Data obtained were analyzed by factor analysis techniques. This type of research uses factor analysis using Bartlett's lest of Sphericity. Based on the results of the study showed that there were 15 (fifteen) learning achievement factors formed, these factors were as follows: (1) family environmental factors, 17.21% (2) 7.80% material mastery factors. (3) class atmosphere factors, 6.80%. (4) learning source factors are 5.95%. (5) student activeness factor is 4.68%. (6) learning interest factors are 4.48%. (7) school environment factors, 3.92%. (8) physiological factors of students, 3.68%. (9) learning method factors 3.39%. (10) community environmental factors 3.21%. (11) the teacher discipline factor is 2.99%. (12) the method of teaching methods of teachers is 2.85%. (13) student readiness factor 2.68%. (14) learning facility factors 2.56% (15) curriculum factors 2.35%. The factor which gave the biggest contribution was the family environment factor, which was 17.21%. The smallest contribution is given by the curriculum factor which is 2.35%.