Factorial Design Technique Research Articles

Temperature, current density and cobalt concentration effects on electrodeposited anticorrosive cobalt-tungsten alloys using factorial experiment design and ANOVA techniques

ABSTRACTCorrosion processes can compromise the durability of metallic materials. One way to minimise the effects of corrosion is to coat them with corrosion-resistant alloys. In this study, Co–W alloys were produced by electrodeposition and their anticorrosive performance was evaluated at different levels of current density, Co bath concentration and bath temperature, using factorial experiment design and ANOVA techniques. This evaluation consisted of measuring corrosion current and using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Adherent and corrosion resistant alloys were obtained at the lowest temperature of experimental design (25°C) and current density (10 mA cm−2) values. From the corrosion tests, X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis it was possible to conclude that the increase in the tungsten percentage in the composition of the alloy generated an increase in corrosion resistance. Although the alloys’ chemical composition has influence on the corrosion resistance, their physical aspect, such as the presence of cracks, are more significant for the resistance to corrosion.

THE The Use of Music Background in Teaching Reading Comprehension for Negative and Positive Students’ Perception

Reading is a kind of activity to transfer the information and to comprehend the writer’s ideas by the learner through the written or the printed words. Learning achievement is not only determined by the one factor such as teaching method, but also it is affected by some learning factors. Besides, learning is affected by psychological factor such as classroom atmosphere.This study used experimental research. It was aimed to comparing the effectiveness of Beta Wave music, acoustic music, no music, as music background when learning English. This study was experimental research by using factorial design, it was 3x2 factorial design and use technique of multi factor analysis of variance (ANNOVA) which helped to understand the effect of two or more independent variables upon a single dependent variable, the independent variables are beta wave music, acoustic music, and no music, and the dependent variable is the students’ achievement in reading comprehension of tenth graders of SMAN 4 Kota Cirebon. For moderating variables are positive and negative students’ perception toward music background.Mostly, students with positive perception were affected by music background whether acoustic and beta wave music as well as none-music background in learning reading comprehension.While students with negative perception were positively affected even a few students were negatively affected by beta music background when they learn reading comprehension. Because, they thought that the music were annoying, then the students felt uncomfortable. But it was different with students with negative perception in experiment A that used acoustic music background. They were positively affected by acoustic music background.The use of acoustic melodic music was effective in developing students’ reading comprehension both of students with positive and negative perception toward. While the use of beta wave music background was effective in developing students’ reading comprehension for students with positive perception but it was not effective for students with negative perception.

The Effectiveness of STEM-Based on Gender Differences: The Impact of Physics Concept Understanding

<p style="text-align:justify">The purpose of this research is to describe the effectiveness of STEM on the physics concepts understanding seen from gender differences. The research method used is a type of quasi-experimental design with 2x2 factorial design and saturated sampling technique. The data collecting technique used a tested method to see the results of students’ concept understanding. Hypothesis testing was done using two-way ANOVA 2 x 2 factorial designs. The results of the study are: (1) there are differences in STEM and conventional learning on concepts understanding and the use of STEM learning is more effective than the conventional one; (2) there are differences in the results of understanding the concept between male and female students where male students are higher than female students; and, (3) there is no interaction between learning and gender towards concepts understanding. The research recommends designing the STEM-integrated ESciT learning to be relevant with the indicator measurements and to manage the learning effectively to obtain optimum learning outcome.</p>

Optimizing the setup of a flatbed color scanner for color measurement using full factorial design

AbstractThe application of flatbed color scanners for the measurement of color in various industries, especially textile industry, has received a great deal of attention. The initial setup of a scanner and the investigation of factors with a significant effect on scanner outputs are necessary to measure a reliable color using the scanner. In the present study, the setup of a flatbed color scanner was optimized using a full factorial design technique. Three factors, including the scanning position on the glass surface of the scanner (A), cutting size of an image in pixels (B), and bit depth (C), at different levels as input factors, and signal‐to‐noise ratio and variance of the scanned image as the responses were considered for the evaluation of the reliability of the scanner color measurement. The results of analyzing the factorial design indicate that each of the three factors played a significant role in the scanner setup for the color measurement so that factor A demonstrated the most significant impact on the responses.

Optimization & characterization of friction surfaced coatings of AA6063 aluminium alloy over AISI316 stainless steel substrate

Abstract The present work showcases the relationship between process variables and coating dimensions of Aluminium-AA6063 over stainless steel-AISI316 through friction surfacing. A 23 factorial design technique and RSM were performed, also the existed model was authenticated by confirmatory experiments. Influence of variation in rotational speed (2000, 2400, 2800 rpm), transverse speed (75, 150, 225 mm/min) and axial force (4, 5, 6 kN) on coating width and thickness was investigated. Analysis of interfacial characteristics of the coating was made using SEM and EDX techniques. 150 mm/min transverse speed, 5 kN axial force and 2400 rpm rotational speed were identified as optical parameters with an observed coating thickness = 1.96 mm and width = 18.12 mm respectively.

Co-processing behavior of Gölbaşı lignite and poplar sawdust by factorial experimental design method

In this work, the liquefaction of coal and biomass with direct liquefaction strategy was explored. The point of liquefaction is both to utilize a greater amount of the current coal and biomass assets all the more productively and to create an alternative liquid fuel to oil. Along these lines, the procedure parameters must be resolved to expand the liquefaction efficiency. In addition, it is proposed to do the liquefaction efficiency, particularly in the reactant conditions, to expand the measure of oil. Process parameters were controlled by utilizing Factorial Experimental Design technique in the liquefaction procedures. The solid/liquid ratio was changed as 1/2-1/4, the catalyst concentration was 2–6%, the temperature was 375–400 °C and the duration was 30–90 min. Starting nitrogen pressure was set at 30 bar, stirring speed was 400 rpm, coal/biomass proportion was settled at 1/1. Tetralin as a solvent and MoO3 as catalyst were utilized. Toward the finish of the liquefaction procedure, the total conversions were computed in view of the acquired non-reactive solid (char). As indicated by the outcomes obtained, the most total conversion (81.9%) was acquired at a solid/liquid proportion of 1/2, a catalyst concentration of 2%, a reaction time of 90 min and a reaction temperature of 400 °C. In light of total conversions and elective liquid fuel (oil) in the given conditions, the solid/liquid ratio should be taken as 1/2, the catalyst concentration is 2%, the reaction time is 30–90 min and the reaction temperature is 400 °C. The lowest reaction time found, in this study, is the innovative solution for reducing co-liquefaction cost preferred.

Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis of AGET ATRP of MMA in Emulsion Polymer Reactor

AbstractThis study investigates atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) as the initiation technique in an emulsion well‐mixed 2L stirred tank reactor. The performance of the AGET ATRP of MMA is analyzed for five key independent variables, namely temperature, catalyst complex (CuBr2/dNbpy), initiator (EBiB), reducing agent (ascorbic acid), and surfactant (Brij 98). The reaction is carried out based on a two‐step polymerization procedure. A resolution 5 fractional factorial design technique is employed to assess the influence of the five independent variables on the monomer conversion, polymer average molecular weights, and polydispersity index (PDI). An input–output model is constructed from the data of 21 designed experimental tests. A statistical analysis of the results shows that the temperature is the most influential variable for the three output process responses. The initiator strongly affects the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) molecular weights. It is the least important key variable affecting MMA conversion and PDI, and the surfactant is the least one affecting PMMA Mn. On assessing the independent interactions effect, the interactions of temperature‐surfactant on conversion, and temperature‐initiator for PMMA Mn are considered. Process simulation in 3D mapping has demonstrated that model predictions agree well with experimental data.

Prediction of Flow Characteristics of Al2O3–CaO–MgO–SiO2–TiO2-Type Blast Furnace Slag and Its Evaluation

Regression equations are developed using factorial design technique to predict the flow characteristics of synthetic high-Al2O3 blast furnace (BF) slag in terms of CaO, SiO2, MgO, the main constituents, and TiO2, a minor constituent. The compositions of the synthetic slags are in agreement with the compositional variations of their counterparts in related industry. The regression equations are validated through further experimentation with additional ten numbers of synthetic slags. It is inferred that the CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio, MgO and TiO2 jointly affect the flow characteristics of the high-Al2O3 BF slag, granting the BF operator greater flexibilities in burden calculations. It is further concluded that the combination of high C/S ratio and high MgO content irrespective of TiO2 content in the slag is more beneficial from an operation point of view.

Analisa Pengaruh Guided discovery learning dan Motivasi terhadap Learning outcomes Sains dan Sikap kritis Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri di Kota Mojokerto

This study aims to examine the superiority of Guided discovery learning discovery findings and to determine the significance of the interaction between Guided discovery learning and motivation for learning outcomes of science and critical attitudes of students. The design of this study uses a quasi-type nonequivalent control group design pre-test and post-test type. The subjects of this study were the sixth-grade students of Public Elementary Schools in Mojokerto City 2016/2017 Academic Year. Determination of the sample using cluster random sampling technique, and obtained the research sample is SDK Kranggan 1 and SDN Surodinawan with a total of 144 students. The research data was collected using tests, motivation questionnaires, and critical attitude questionnaires. Data analysis using manova factorial design technique. All calculations use the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics 20 for Windows application program. Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that: (1) there are differences in learning outcomes of significant science and critical attitudes between groups of students who use guided Guided discovery learning findings and groups of students who use expository Guided discovery learning; (2) there are differences in learning outcomes of science and students' critical attitudes that are significant between groups of students who have high motivation and groups of students who have low motivation; and (3) there is no significant interaction effect between Guided discovery learning and motivation on learning outcomes of science and critical attitudes of students

Designing fabrication and evaluation of Oral fast Disintegrating tablet of Ranitidine HCL

The aim of this research work was to design develop & evaluate oral fast disintegrating tablets of Ranitidine HCL. The Orodispersible tablets of Ranitidine HCl were prepared by using direct Compression technique with a Synthetic Superdisintegrant such as Crosspovidone and a natural Superdisintegrant Fenugreek gum in different concentration. 32 factorial designs was applied to study the effect of independent variables, concentration of Crosspovidone & Fenugreek gum on dependent variables like Cumulative % Drug release and Disintegration time by using design expert software. Prepared oral fast disintegrating tablets evaluated for Pre and Post-compression parameters. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characterise especially fast disintegration & dissolution property. Full factorial design and optimization technique successfully used in the development oral fast disintegrating tablets. Comparing the all the formulations, formulation F9 was considered as optimized formulation which shows excellent fast disintegration, in vitro dissolution, and faster drug release within 6 min in comparison to other batches also stable in stability study.
 Keywords: Fast disintegrating, Ranitidine, Crosspovidone, Gum, Optimizations, Water absorption ratio

Introducing a Unique Inventory Control Framework for Centralized VMI and JIT Production

Abstract The purpose of this research is to develop a new Information Fractal Structure (IFS) framework to facilitate communication and collaboration between centralized Vendor-Managed-Inventory (VMI) and Just-In-Time production to optimize inventory and logistics cost throughout the supply network. The proposed framework is conceptually developed, validated and implemented using mathematical and simulation modelling. Experimental factorial design and statistical techniques (MANOVA) are used to generate and analyze the results. The results demonstrated that the application of the proposed IFS provided a new effective collaboration protocol between centralized VMI and core manufacturer. Furthermore, the IFS led to an increase in both collaboration and integration and improve the process of sharing information across the network, which has proven to be a problematic area for industrialists.

Nano-hydroxyapatite-alginate-gelatin microcapsule as a potential osteogenic building block for modular bone tissue engineering

To develop osteogenic building blocks for modular bone tissue engineering applications, influence of gelatin as cell adhesive molecule and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) as osteoconductive component was examined on alginate-based hydrogel properties and microencapsulated osteoblast-like cell behavior by using factorial experimental design technique. nHA and alginate showed a statistically significant impact on swelling reduction, and improvement of stability and mechanical strength of hydrogels, respectively. Gelatin influence, however, was in a reverse manner. nHA played imperative roles in promoting microencapsulated osteoblastic cell proliferation and function due to its bioactivity and mechanical strength improvement of hydrogels to the modulus range of mineralized bone tissue in vivo. The results and their statistical analysis also revealed the importance of interaction effect of gelatin and nHA. Proliferation and osteogenic function of the cells fluctuated with increasing gelatin concentration of microcapsules in the presence of nHA, demonstrating that hydrogel properties should be balanced to provide an efficient 3D osteoconductive microcapsule. Alginate (1%)-gelatin (2.5%)-nHA (0.5%) microcapsule with compressive modulus of 0.19 MPa ± 0.02, swelling ratio of 52% ± 8 (24 h) and degradation rate of 12% ± 4 (96 h) revealed a maximum performance for the cell proliferation and function, indicating a potential microcapsule composition to prepare building blocks for modular bone tissue engineering.

Enhanced production of laccase and pectinase using co-culture of Trametes hirsuta and Phanerochaete sp. through EVOP-factorial design technique.

The present study deals with the coproduction of laccase and pectinase enzymes through solid state fermentation using mixed fungal culture of Trametes hirsuta and Phanerochaete sp., to minimize the cost and time of the process. Substrates selected for the enzyme production were wheat bran, pulse husk and mustard peel. To get optimum yield of laccase and pectinase in a single fermenter, EVOP factorial design technique with factors like pH, incubation temperature and substrates ratio have been explored. At search level of EVOP, outcomes of the one factor at a time has been considered as incubation temperature 30°C for 7days at pH 5 with wheat bran: pulse husk: mustard peel ratio of 2:2:1 (w/w/w) and yield of laccase and pectinase was found as 78.1U/gds and 105.0U/gds respectively. In first setup of EVOP factorial both laccase and pectinase activities were not found optimum in same set of experiments; therefore, on the basis of its decision making steps, second set of experiment was performed by taking decisions of first set of EVOP as search level. Optimum yield of laccase and pectinase was achieved about 250U/gds and 247U/gds respectively at 34°C, pH 4.5 with 1.75:1.75:1.5 (w/w/w) wheatbran: pulse husk: mustard peel as substrate, which was 2-3 times higher than the outcomes of one factor at a time method.

Systematic study of graphene oxide production using factorial design techniques and its application to the adsorptive removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous medium

Water pollution is a serious environmental problem and coloured pigments are considered one of the greatest concerning contaminants. Graphene, a new two-dimensional material presenting high theoretical specific surface area, has been widely studied for applications in wastewater treatment. It was the aim of this work to study the feasibility of producing Graphene Oxide (GO) under different conditions, using Factorial Design techniques, so that it could be successfully applied in the adsorptive removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye in aqueous medium. For GO production, the best conditions were achieved within 3 h of reaction and no ultrasonic bath, for a percentage removal of MB over 99%. Surprisingly, it was verified that ultrasonic bath and the increase in reaction time had negative effects under GO production process. For the adsorptive studies using the best samples produced, it was observed that the best pH value was 5.5, and the maximum adsorptive capacities predicted by the Langmuir model were approximately 365 and 504 mg.g−1, although this was not the model that best fit the experimental data. Unlike most previous works which reported MB adsorption onto GO occurs in mono-layers, in this study it was proved the process happens with formation of multiple layers, as the equilibrium data best fit the Temkin model. Both the physical nature and the spontaneity of the process were verified by the Gibbs free energy of adsorption. Equilibrium was reached very quickly in less than 10 min, and kinetics data were properly fitted to pseudo-second order model.

Accuracy enhancement of magnetic field distribution measurements within a large cell spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer

The factorial design technique is implemented to achieve greater accuracy in the determination of magnetic field distribution within a single cell of spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic magnetometer. Three-dimensional magnetic field distribution within a single vapor cell can be found by consecutively pumping, layer by layer, all the cell volumes perpendicular to the probe laser beam, detected by a photodiode array. Thus each element of the array collects information about the magnetic field in the small volume (voxel) which forms when the corresponding part of the probe beam and optically pumped layer cross. One of the most effective ways to enhance measurement accuracy is repeated pumping of the layers and averaging the measured results. However, the measurement time is multiplied several times due to the repeated scanning of the cell volume. The suggested technique enables increased measurement accuracy of each voxel while preserving the number of measurements. Magnetic field distribution is determined by the illumination of the cell layers one by one or simultaneously, according to a special algorithm, with subsequent multifactorial analysis of the obtained results.

Wear Analysis of a Ti-5Al-3V-2.5Fe Alloy Using a Factorial Design Approach and Fractal Geometry

This paper describes the application of the full factorial experimental design technique to confirm the significance of the factors affecting the wear behavior of a recycled Ti-5Al-3V-2.5Fe alloy with a minimum number of experiments. The fractal theory has been used to describe the worn surface state and to investigate the relationship between the fractal dimensions and the surface morphology. The experiments of the sliding wear have been performed under stresses in the range of 1-5 MPa and within sliding velocities range of 0.2–2.0 m/s. Morphology of the worn surfaces investigations has been undertaken using a scanning electron microscope. From the analysis of variance and the nonlinear regression model, the results show that the applied stress has a higher contribution to the wear rate than the sliding velocity.

A Statistical Analysis of Corrosion Rate and Mechanical Properties of metal inert gas welding

In the present work an attempt has been made to optimize the process parameters of metal inert gas welding for aluminum pipes 6061 to evaluate the output quality characteristics using factorial design. An interaction effect of input parameters is also studied to predict their influence on the output response. The performance of MIG for aluminum pipe is evaluated in terms of joint’s tensile strength and corrosion rate , factorial design technique has been employed using orthogonal array, ANOVA (analysis of variance) to study contribution of each parameter and interaction of them on output and confirmation tests at 95 % confidence level to compare with experimental results. Optimal combination of parameters is presented with a good agreement found between the estimated and experimental results within the preferred significant level after verifying experimentally. It was confirmed that factorial design with ANOVA and confirmation tests successfully improved the quality characteristics of tensile strength and corrosion rate of MIG process.

Development of an information fractal to optimise inventory in the supply network

The aim of this research paper is to develop a new conceptual framework for an information fractal to optimise inventory including safety stock, cycle stock and prevent stock out at lowest logistics cost and further enhance integration within the network. The proposed framework consists of two levels; top and bottom level fractals. Fractals in the bottom level analyse demand, optimise safety stock and then transmit output to the top level fractal. Fractals in the top level investigate different replenishment frequencies to determine the optimum cycle stock for each fractal in the bottom level. The proposed conceptual framework and a hypothetical supply network are implemented and validated using mathematical modelling and supply chain GURU simulation software; in order to optimise inventory in the supply network during the demand test period. Experimental factorial design and statistical techniques (MANOVA) are used to generate and analyse the results.

THE EFFECT OF LEARNING TEACHNIQUES AND SELF CONFIDENCE TOWARD TO STUDENTS' SPEAKING SKILL IN INDONESIANDISCUSSION (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE 17TH NATIONAL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS PALEMBANG)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of learning techniques and self confidence of students' speaking skills in Indonesian discussion. This research was conducted on the students of the 107th class of the 17th National Senior High School Palembang in 2017 by using factorial experimental design technique 2 x 2. Type of research conducted is experiment technique analysis which was used Analysis of variance (ANAVA) two ways at level of significance 0,05.The results of this study indicated that mind mapping techniques were more effective than problem-based learning techniques, and then there was an interaction effect betweenStudents' speaking skill in Indonesian discussions by using mind mapping technique and students learning by using problem-based techniques, probability values ​​M_learning (0.795) ˂0.05. The mean value of learning with mind mapping technique is greater than the average value of learning with problem-based technique (84.89) ˂ (80.89).

Experimental investigation of effect of tool path strategies and cutting parameters using acoustic signal in complex surface machining

High productive milling of complex sculptured surfaces is extremely important in many different industries. Determination of the appropriate tool path styles and milling parameters is crucial in ensuring precise surface machining, meeting the better surface integrities and lower tool deflection and forces using process monitoring methods. In this study, sound pressure as a monitoring method is presented for analyzing different tool path strategies and cutting parameters to assess their influence on surface errors, tool deflection, cutting forces, sound pressure level and instantaneous material removal rate on rough machining of complex surfaces with ball end mill. Design and analysis of experiments are performed using factorial design technique and variance analysis. Additionally, the significant parameters affecting the experimental results are introduced. B-rep based method with integrated CAM software is developed to calculate the cutter/workpiece engagement, effective cutting diameter and instantaneous material removal rate. Milling strategies employed include contour parallel, zigzag with two cut angle, and spiral. The milling conditions were feed rate and radial depth of cut. The conclusion is that 0° zigzag strategy provokes the lowest cutting forces, tool deflection, surface errors and sound pressure and spiral strategy signifies the worst surface errors and the highest cutting forces. With the increase of feed rate, instantaneous material removal rate increases parallel to rising of machining sound signal, milling forces, tool deflection and machining errors. It is observed that the step over value has less influence on the results. The sound pressure level which has a drastic reference to the material removal rate and removed volume values are detected and experimental results could be figured out with sound pressure.