Russian Facilities Research Articles

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ КРИТИЧЕСКИ ВАЖНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ПРИРОДОЭКСПЛУАТИРУЮЩЕЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ И РАЗВИТИЯ КОРПОРАТИВНЫХ ПРИРОДООХРАННЫХ СИСТЕМ

The article provides a study of economic security, both from doctrinal and practical points of view, on the economic activities of enterprises in the context of its interface with environmental standards established by Russian legislation. The essence of the basic concepts is revealed - “ecological safety” and “state of security”, which are the most important indicators of well-being in the environmental sphere and compliance with the conditions of long-term and comfortable living of humans and animals. Arguments are made in favor of the need for widespread implementation of environmental protection systems in order to increase the economic efficiency and safety of enterprises operating on a closed cycle principle, whose activities affect the ecological sphere and affect the environment, which is especially important for critical facilities in Russia. The conclusions formulated in the course of the study can be applied for further study and optimization of the processes of ensuring technological and environmental safety and increasing the economic security of enterprises, as well as critical infrastructure facilities in our country.

Tepidibacillus marianensis sp. nov., a novel heterotrophic iron-reducing bacterium isolated from Mariana Trench sediment.

A novel chemoheterotrophic iron-reducing micro-organism, designated as strain LSZ-M11000T, was isolated from sediment of the Marianas Trench. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain LSZ-M11000T belonged to genus Tepidibacillus, with 97 % identity to that of Tepidibacillus fermentans STGHT, a mesophilic bacterium isolated from the Severo-Stavropolskoye underground gas storage facility in Russia. The polar lipid profile of strain LSZ-M11000T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, as well as other unidentified phospholipids and lipids. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (28.4 %), C18 : 0 (15.8 %), iso-C15 : 0 (12.9 %), and anteiso-C15 : 0 (12.0 %). Strain LSZ-M11000T had no menaquinone. Genome sequencing revealed that the genome size of strain LSZ-M11000T was 2.97 Mb and the DNA G+C content was 37.9 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between strain LSZ-M11000T and its close phylogenetic relatives, Tepidibacillus fermentans STGHT and Tepidibacillus decaturensis Z9T, were 76.4 and 72.6 %, respectively. The corresponding DNA-DNA hybridization estimates were 20.9 and 23.4 %, respectively. Cells of strain LSZ-M11000T were rod-shaped (1.0-1.5×0.3-0.5 µm). Using pyruvate as an electron donor, it was capable of reducing KMnO4, MnO2, As(V), NaNO3, NaNO2, Na2SO4, Na2S2O3, and K2Cr2O7. Based on phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic evidence, strain LSZ-M11000T is proposed to be a novel strain of the genus Tepidibacillus, for which the name Tepdibacillus marianensis is proposed. The type strain is LSZ-M11000T (=CCAM 1008T=JCM 39431T).

The risk of infant mortality among the offspring of the workers of radiation hazardous production

Infant mortality is an indicator of healthcare quality and social well-being in a society and could be used as an important parameter in assessing the effects produced by parental occupational exposures on the offspring health. The objective of the study: to analyze the risk of infant mortality in the cohort of the 1st generation offspring of the workers of Mayak Production Association (PA), the first atomic production facility in Russia. Infant mortality and its components were analyzed in a cohort of children (n = 24,780) born in 1949–1973; the main group comprised 14,435 offspring of Mayak PA workers; the comparison group contained 10,345 children of unexposed parents. Incidence and relative risk of early and late neonatal, postneonatal and infant mortality were assessed taking into account the offspring sex, calendar period of birth, nosologies, parental age, categories of accumulated doses of parental preconception occupational exposure. Relative risk was calculated with 95 % confidence interval. A higher incidence of postneonatal and infant mortality as a whole was established among the offspring of unexposed parents. Infectious pathology as a cause of death was registered among the offspring of Mayak PA workers statistically significantly less often than in the comparison group. Infant mortality rate in the main group was lower in parental age categories of 21–25 and 31–35 years as well as among younger fathers. A higher rate of infant mortality in certain categories of accumulated doses of occupational preconception gamma-exposure was caused by the contribution of infectious nosologies. Infant mortality due to malignant neoplasms in the main group requires further epidemiological analysis. A retrospective analysis demonstrated higher rates of infant mortality and of its components among the children of un-exposed parents that could be possibly explained through the “healthy worker effect” and better social well-being of Mayak PA personnel.

Риск младенческой смертности среди потомков работников радиационно-опасного производства

Infant mortality is an indicator of healthcare quality and social well-being in a society and could be used as an important parameter in assessing the effects produced by parental occupational exposures on the offspring health. The objective of the study: to analyze the risk of infant mortality in the cohort of the 1st generation offspring of the workers of Mayak Production Association (PA), the first atomic production facility in Russia. Infant mortality and its components were analyzed in a cohort of children (n = 24,780) born in 1949–1973; the main group comprised 14,435 offspring of Mayak PA workers; the comparison group contained 10,345 children of unexposed parents. Incidence and relative risk of early and late neonatal, postneonatal and infant mortality were assessed taking into account the offspring sex, calendar period of birth, nosologies, parental age, categories of accumulated doses of parental preconception occupational exposure. Relative risk was calculated with 95 % confidence interval. A higher incidence of postneonatal and infant mortality as a whole was established among the offspring of unexposed parents. Infectious pathology as a cause of death was registered among the offspring of Mayak PA workers statistically significantly less often than in the comparison group. Infant mortality rate in the main group was lower in parental age categories of 21–25 and 31–35 years as well as among younger fathers. A higher rate of infant mortality in certain categories of accumulated doses of occupational preconception gamma-exposure was caused by the contribution of infectious nosologies. Infant mortality due to malignant neoplasms in the main group requires further epidemiological analysis. A retrospective analysis demonstrated higher rates of infant mortality and of its components among the children of un-exposed parents that could be possibly explained through the “healthy worker effect” and better social well-being of Mayak PA personnel.

Legal Historians of Russian Diaspora in 1920s—1930s

The article characterizes the activities and legacy of Russian legal historians who found themselves in emigration in European academic centers in the 1920s. Among these researchers are mentioned M. N. Yassinsky, G. V. Demchenko, F. V. Taranovsky, A. V. Soloviev, and M. V. Shakhmatov. It is shown that prior to the revolution, these scholars taught at various universities in Russia, and in emigration they occupied chairs at higher educational institutions in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The sources of the study include published works by the scholars, memoirs of emigrants, as well as archival materials of various types from storage facilities in Russia and Slovenia, which are being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The analysis of sources revealed that their establishment in emigration was associated with certain difficulties. On the other hand, the experience gained in Russian universities in studying and teaching the history of Russian and Slavic law helped them integrate into the local academic environment. Only Taranovsky and Shakhmatov to some extent adhered to their previous themes in their scholarly activities, while other scholars changed theirs. It is concluded that this was due to a lack of access to sources and the demands of the courses being taught. At the same time, it is emphasized that there was ideological-methodological unity and awareness of belonging to a particular scientific community. The conclusion is drawn that pre-revolutionary schools of legal history continued to exist in the conditions of European emigration.

Применение нейросетевых технологий для прогнозирования состояния работы объектов предприятий АПК

All agricultural facilities in Russia are currently going through digital transformation. However, the process needs a unified approach for the entire agricultural sector. Neural network methods have already proved extremely effective in various areas of IT. The authors used neural networks to analyze statistic data and assess the performance of agricultural infrastructure.
 This study involved technical data from the production cycle of agro-industrial enterprises, namely packaging and greenhouses. The data obtained were analyzed using artificial neural networks.
 The procedure included identifying a set of factors that described an agro-industrial complex or some of its properties that corresponded to a specific task. These data were used in planning and making managerial decisions. The program identified five factors that described the state of an agricultural enterprise. These factors were used to build a model while its elements served as output data for the neural network. The model calculated the future state of the object. Trials were run on a limited data set on a multilayer perceptron. The neural network showed reliable results for a small data set. The root mean square error of was 0.1216; the mean modulus deviation was 0.0911.
 In this research, modern neural network technologies demonstrated good prospects for the domestic agro-industrial complex as a method of control, management, and dispatching. However, specific operational patterns require further studies.

Research of the Experience of Creation, Classification of Foreign Campuses and Peculiarities of their Financing

In modern conditions of spatial development, university campuses have undergone significant changes, representing not only platforms for joint research of science and business, but also the centers of urban innovation districts, which form an innovative community in the city and adjacent territories, having a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the region. The purpose of this work is to study foreign experience in the creation, operation and financing of foreign campuses for further application in the implementation of projects for the creation of new university–type campuses on the territory of the Russian Federation. The objectives of the research in the article were: the issues of systematization of foreign campuses by type of territorial location, scale, type of settlement and architecture; comparative grouping of infrastructure in foreign and Russian university campuses; financing mechanisms for the creation and operation of foreign campuses. Methodology – a system of scientific methods for grouping infrastructure facilities on foreign campuses, tabular synthesis of accounting and analytical information on the availability and movement of income and expenditure of national budgets, based on the best foreign experience. Within the framework of this article, the authors assessed the stages of creation and commissioning of campuses based on the experience of a number of countries: China, South Korea, Japan, France, Finland, Austria, which allows us to conclude that flexibility and diversity in design schemes in accordance with local characteristics, commissioning and modernization of campus facilities in Russia. As a result of generalization of the best world practice in the field of creation and functioning of university campuses, the article develops recommendations for assessing the appropriateness of financing and evaluating the effectiveness of budgetary funds of university campuses in the Russian Federation.

Monetary policy on launching new production facilities in Russia: Opportunities in the semiconductor market

The paper discusses the capabilities of the Russian monetary system for massive lending to new industries that are of strategic importance to the country and contribute to its technological sovereignty. The key provisions of monetary theory and the concept of multiplier constitute the theoretical basis of the study. Modelling transient processes was used as the main research method. Empirical evidence is official data from the Bank of Russia and the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), as well as industry reports on the global semiconductor market. The authors propose their own model of the transition process, which allows assessing the possible inflation rate and economic growth generated by massive credit investments. Testing the model in the microelectronics industry showed that assumptions about the Bank of Russia possibly losing its control over inflation due to a large-scale lending are unfounded. Even during the first two years, when the construction of a new enterprise is underway and there is an obvious imbalance between the product and money supply, the additional inflation rate caused by this initiative does not exceed 0.5 % per year. We conclude that the regulator has enough reserves to open credit lines for establishing new high-tech enterprises simultaneously in several industries. The proposed model can be used to optimize the public administration system when designing the country’s technological development strategy focused on domestic import substitution.

Risk of perinatal mortality among the offspring of workers employed at production with radiation hazards

Studies that address risks of perinatal mortality among the offspring of people exposed to ionizing radiation in the workplace are significant for developing hygienic standards at production facilities with radiation hazards. The purpose was to analyze perinatal mortality (stillbirths and early neonatal deaths) among the offspring of workers employed by Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA), the first atomic production facility in Russia. A retrospective analysis was performed among 25,007 children born in 1949–1973; parents of 14,580 of these children were exposed to long-term occupational radiation at Mayak PA. The study provides frequency and dynamics of perinatal mortality and comparative analysis of perinatal mortality by sex, year of birth, parental age at childbirth, and dose categories of radiation exposure. Research data were analyzed by methods of non-parametric statistics. We calculated a relative risk (RR) of perinatal mortality among the offspring of exposed and unexposed parents with 95 % CI. The rate of perinatal mortality was generally the same in both groups, 19.9 for 103 in the test group and 17.9 for 103 in the control, p > 0.05. Stillbirths among male offspring were statistically significantly more often observed in the test group due to contribution of the children with only mothers exposed to occupational radiation exposure at Mayak PA prior to conception and offspring exposed in utero. Intrauterine fetal death was observed statistically significantly more often among boys of the test group compared to controls: 2.9 against 0.9 for 103. Rates of stillbirths and perinatal mortality in the main group statistically significantly exceeded the values in the comparison group in 1949–1953: RR = 2.69 (CI: 1.46–4.95) and 2.12 (1.38–3.28) respectively. Significant statistical differences in the perinatal mortality risk were established in certain categories of preconception and intrauterine gamma-exposure. The identified peculiarities of unfavorable outcomes in the perinatal period that were detected among the offspring of Mayak PA workers could be eligible for further epidemiological monitoring. Polyetiology character of perinatal mortality requires further follow up of the cohort of the offspring born to atomic production workers.

A Rare Human Helminth Infection in Russia.

Currently, more than 500,000 cases of various helminthes in humans are reported annually in the Russian Federation. This figure may not reflect the true incidence of helminthes, as only nine separate nosological forms are compulsory notifiable. The rest of the species of detected helminthes are included in a separate category of "other helminthes" or "rare helminthes". The bulk of the latter is represented by the helminthes with a rate of incidence that does not exceed one case per 100,000 people. This review is based on data derived from publications in the Russian language, both from the Russian Federation and international, as well as data available from various health treatment facilities in Russia. These data largely cover the period of the 1990s-2010s. A total of 15 species of "rare helminthes" are described in this review: anisakiosis, capillariosis, clonorchosis, dioctophymosis, dipylidiosis, echinochasmosis, fasciolosis, gastrodiscoidosis (amphistomiosis), metagonimosis, metorchiosis, nanophyetosis, pseudamphistomosis, sparganosis (spirometrosis), strongyloidosis and trichostrongylosis. Details of their geographical distribution, clinical and epidemiological peculiarities, and the difficulties they pose in diagnosis are provided. The public health importance of "rare helminthes" in Russia at present and in the forthcoming years is stressed.

On the biosafety of the Russian population

The features of ensuring the biosafety of the population and important production and economic facilities in Russia due to the growth of external military threats with the secret use of new types of biological weapons are described. Several new tasks of Russian medicine and pharmaceuticals, as well as regulation of the corresponding market of goods and services, have been formulated. It is important to create a protective integral military-biological potential for populating Russia for a group of dangerous infectious diseases based on many new achievements of science and technology. The definition of the term «genocide» as an object of international law at the level of the UN and Russian law is given. These are actions committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, any national, ethnic, racial, or religious group in Russia. The diagnosis of the detection of deadly infectious and gene biologics can be problematic. The article provides recommendations for the mobilization strengthening of the health system and biosafety in general.

Пожарная безопасность предприятий промышленности с учетом различных отраслей, форм собственности и субъектности

The state of fire safety at industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation in various industries is analyzed based on the study of the indicators of large fires at the industrial facilities. Most of the major fires during the analyzed period of time occurred at the enterprises of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The largest loss of life per 100 major fires was recorded in the light industry, fuel industry and construction. The lowest levels of safety (estimated by the indicator «the proportion of injured people out of the total number of people killed and injured in fires») were recorded at the light, forestry, and agricultural enterprises. It is noted that about 56 % of fires at the light and forestry enterprises occurred at small and micro-enterprises, which is much higher than the national average (on average for all the industries in Russia, large fires at small and micro-enterprises over the analyzed period amounted to 38 %). The state of ensuring fire safety of industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation of various forms of ownership is analyzed based on the study of the indicators of large fires at the industrial facilities. It is established that most of the fires during the analyzed period occurred at the private enterprises — 84 % of all large fires at the industrial facilities in Russia. An additional analysis of the state of fire safety at the industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation was carried out based on the study of the indicators of large fires at the industrial facilities by business entities. The lowest levels of safety were recorded in the microenterprises and small enterprises, which confirms the assumptions about the problems with occupational safety and health management systems in these enterprises. In this regard, the task of developing approaches to improve occupational safety management systems at these enterprises is relevant.

Overview of the Epidemiological Situation and Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Facilities in the World and Russia

Background: Residents of long-term care facilities are at higher risk of the severe course and outcomes of COVID-19. Objective: To describe the epidemiological situation and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in nursing homes in the world and Russia. Materials and methods: We reviewed Russian and English-language papers published in March 2020 to October 2022 and found in such resources as eLIBRARY.ru, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Academy, and Scopus using the following keywords: long-term care facilities, nursing homes, COVID-19 morbidity in nursing homes, COVID-19 mortality in nursing homes, and COVID-19 risk factors in nursing homes. Availability of information on morbidity and mortality among residents and employees of long-term care facilities in Russia, Europe and the USA and about the risk factors for severe course and adverse outcomes of COVID-19 was the inclusion criterion. Of 1,013 articles initially identified, 40 publications were included in the review. Results: The analysis of the worldwide epidemiological situation has shown that COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates in nursing homes fluctuate, and, as of October 2022, cases of the disease among residents, including multiple cases within a facility, were still registered. In most countries, the highest incidence of COVID-19 in long-term care facilities was observed in January – March 2022, while the lowest was noted in May – July 2021. The number of deaths has decreased significantly over time and remains low. Risk factors for a severe course and death from the novel coronavirus disease include age, male sex, and concomitant diseases. We established, however, that disease severity was also affected by the staff-to-resident ratio, availability of paid sick leave of the personnel, patient isolation opportunities, division of the working area, type of ownership (private), and COVID-19 incidence rates in the local community. Conclusion: We have analyzed the epidemiological situation and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in long-term care facilities at the national and global levels. As of October 2022, the novel coronavirus disease remains a challenge for nursing facilities. The severity of the infection is influenced by personal characteristics of patients and external factors related to the residential care facility.

Reliable power supply to power consuming units via isolated distributed generation: problematic issues and approaches to their solution

The present study considers solutions to problematic issues concerning the integration of distributed generation facilities into the internal power supply network of power consuming units. The possibility of ensuring reliable power supply using verified models of generating plants and power consuming units is analysed along with a description of principles for the selection of control systems for generating plants. Full-scale measurements recording significant deviations in power quality indicators, were carried out. A total capacity of distributed generation facilities operating as a part of isolated energy districts is estimated at 8.5–9 GW. In addition, in the case of operation as a part of power systems, this capacity is equal to 13.5–14 GW. Therefore, the total capacity of these facilities is 22–23 GW or 9.5–10% of the total capacity of all generating facilities in Russia. The necessity of using verified mathematical models of generating plants, as well as main synchronous and asynchronous motors, along with the correct consideration of rotated mechanism types and real load factors, is substantiated. Principles for selecting the excitation systems of generating plants, as well as coordinating parameter settings for relay protection devices in generating plants and other elements in the internal power supply networks of power consuming units are considered. Recommendations regarding the permissibility of commutations and guaranteed correspondence between electric power quality indicators and regulatory requirements in island (autonomous) operating mode are provided. Thus, the need on the part of organizations that have necessary software systems and experience in conducting complex mode calculations to implement projects for integrating distributed generation facilities is substantiated. Here, the volume and complexity of calculations is higher than in the design of standard power plants and power supply systems.

Geoecological aspects of rationing when creating energy facilities in Russia

The object of the research underlying this article is the geoecological issues of the creation of energy facilities in Russia, and such issues are considered in the aspect of rationing. These issues have not been studied enough, while their relevance is associated with the large-scale negative impact of energy facilities on the natural environment, as well as with the designation of state rationing as one of the leading areas of research within the scientific specialty “Geoecology”. The purpose of the work was to identify the features of “geoecological rationing” in Russia by the example of the creation of energy facilities. To achieve it, the current situation concerning the geoecological aspects of rationing when creating energy facilities is considered. The stages and main problems of the formation of geoecology as a science in Russia are described (the national uniqueness of this phenomenon is emphasized). The directions of geoecological research that are relevant from the point of view of creating energy facilities, including the justification of state rationing, are highlighted. The main documents on standardization, the subject area of which affects the considered sphere of urban planning activity, are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the insufficient effectiveness of the considered documents in the geoecological aspect. The main problems of environmental regulation and standardization in the field of higher professional education in the field of “geoecology” are also identified. To rectify the situation, options are offered for performing systematic scientific studies, the results of which will be used, among other things, to update the documents under consideration.

Анализ нормативного метода оценки доли перелившейся через ограждение жидкости при квазимгновенном разрушении резервуара

Purpose. When assessing fire risks at oil and petroleum product storage facilities, it is necessary, alongside, to consider the scenario of a liquid spill in case of quasi-explosive tank destruction. The breakthrough wave formed in this case is able to overflow through safety enclosure. The normative method allows assessing the proportion of overflowing liquid only through the enclosure in the form of vertical protective walls, while earth dikes of trapezoidal shape with different slope angles have become most widespread at the specified objects of protection. The article justifies the relevance of continuing the research on assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through enclosures of various geometric shapes in case of quasi-explosive destruction of the tank. Methods. Statistical data analysis methods on actual quasi-explosive tank failures at production facilities in Russia and abroad have been used, including a full-scale experiment on the destruction of VST-700 with water, as well as observations, comparisons, descriptions, and generalizations. Findings. It is shown that the definition of the term quasi-explosive tank failure requires additions and clarifications based on statistical data analysis on the destruction of vertical steel tanks. The mechanism for opening the wall of a vertical steel tank has been clarified, which leads to the occurrence of a breakthrough wave, and its characteristics has been given. The application limitations of the existing method for estimating the proportion of overflowing liquid only through the enclosures in the form of vertical protective walls have been justified. Research application field. The results of the study can be used for developing the tenets of the method for determining fire risk design values at production facilities when considering a scenario related to a liquid spill in case of quasi-explosive destruction of a vertical steel tank. Conclusions. Based on the analysis results of the tenets of the method under consideration, the necessity to continue studies aimed at assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through enclosures of various geometrical shapes during tank destruction, the value of which is needed for quantitative assessment of fire risks at production facilities, has been justified.

РИСКИ МОНОПОЛИЗАЦИИ РЫНКА СТРАХОВАНИЯ ОПАСНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В РОССИИ

The article considers the main trends in the development of the compulsory insurance market for hazardous production facilities in Russia. An analysis of the reduction in the number of participants in the insurance market was carried out, the reasons for the voluntary surrender of a license for this by insurers were identified. The main changes that are planned in 2023 due to changes in legislation on mandatory insurance of hazardous production facilities are analyzed. The main possibilities of policyholders in connection with changes in insurance amounts and payment limits are considered. Assumptions are made about the prospects for the development of this insurance market in connection with legislative changes. Separately, the stability of the indicators of insurance fees, the number of contracts concluded and the amount of insurance payments for this type of insurance as one of the reasons for monopolization in this area are considered.

Strategic analysis of information accessibility of tourist facilities in Russia

The article presents a number of results of the research analysing information accessibility of tourist attractions in Russia. As part of the study, the authors have analysed touristic websites in federal districts that belong to popular Russian destinations. The analysis has showed that there is not any information resource fully adapted to all categories of tourists, in particular tourists with disabilities. The identified problems can form a basis for the development of recommendations for securing information accessibility of websites by tourists with disabilities, with the purpose to provide them with information about different facilities of tourism industry and touristic products/services and the ways to access them.

Impact of the brine discharge on the bottom ecosystem of the Sambia Peninsula coast (South-Eastern Baltic Sea)

The first underground gas storage facility in Russia, built in rock salt deposits, was developed in the coastal zone of the Kaliningrad Region. Since 2018, seawater for erosion of rock salt is taken from the Baltic Sea, and after appropriate treatment, brine is discharged back to the sea. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of the brine discharge on the bottom ecosystem of the coastal shallow area. A comprehensive study was carried out on the possible path of salt brine propagation, including a bathymetric survey, CTD sounding of the water, sampling of bottom sediments and zoobenthos, determination of heavy metals in sediments. The main pathways for the spread of brine along the bottom were determined, and the additional supply of salt to the coastal zone naturally led to local changes in the existing bottom ecosystem of the coastal shallow water, including changed in the structure of zoobenthos.

САХАРНЫЙ ДИАБЕТ У ДЕТЕЙ: К СТОЛЕТИЮ ВВЕДЕНИЯ В КЛИНИЧЕСКУЮ ПРАКТИКУ ИНСУЛИНА

The article provides the historical data on insulin discovery, the first insulin medications from animal pancreas, the development of pediatric endocrinology as a science, the establishment of pediatric endocrinological facilities in Russia. The following information is given in the article as well: epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in different countries; modern views on T1D etiopathogenesis; possibilities of glycemia control; insulin medications of various duration and insulin therapy technologies. The brief information is given about the molecular, genetic and clinical characteristics of various MODY subtypes. The molecular and genetic analysis allows identifying the specific diagnosis and choosing the personalized therapy, establishing the prognosis for the disease and medical and genetic consulting of households.