Russian Facilities Research Articles

Analysis of Immunization and Immunization Coverage in Children’s Outpatient Clinics of Any Type (Public or Private): Cross-Sectional Study

Background. Worldwide private health care system plays significant role in promoting immunization programs for the children population. The role of private medical facilities in Russia in combating children vaccination issues has not been previously studied.Objective. The aim of the study is to study immunization and immunization coverage in children population according to the national immunization schedule (NIS) in outpatient clinics of different forms of property.Methods. The study of medical documentation of children in private (n = 1) and public (n = 2) facilities in Moscow and Moscow region was performed. Immunization (complete vaccination course in those who should be vaccinated by age) and immunization coverage (at least one dose of vaccine by those who have to be vaccinated) were estimated against the NIS schemes according to the data from preventive vaccination cards (form 063/y) and from preventive vaccination lists (form 112/y).Results. The study includes 313 cards of children from private outpatient clinic and 305 — from public outpatient clinic. Immunization and immunization coverage of children against tuberculosis were similar in these facilities: 293 (94%) and 294 (96%) (p = 0.114), respectively, as well as immunization coverage against hepatitis B — in 282 (90%) and 269 (88%) (p = 0.448). Rates of immunization and immunization coverage against the remaining NIS infections were higher in the private clinic. Maximum differences were noted in immunization (178 (57%) in private and 19 (6%) in public facilities; p < 0.001) and immunization coverage (238 (76%) and 52 (17%), respectively; p < 0.001) against pneumococcal disease. Immunization coverage of children for epidemic indications was also higher in private clinic: the largest differences were in immunization against hemophilic and meningococcal infections.Conclusion. Children followed up in private outpatient clinic have higher immunization and immunization coverage rates against most of the NIS infections.

Architecture and planning of multilevel sports complexes

Purpose: The aim of this work is to identify the main historical stages of multi-storey sports complex formation and structure. Design: The article presents the main stages of the formation and development of sports facilities in Russia and abroad with the characterization for each stage. The prerequisites and need are determined for the emergence and distribution of multi-level sports complexes in the largest cities. Based on the statistical data, training spaces can be organized in the structure of multi-level sports complexes; recommendations are given to the complex structure. The structure of the multilevel complex as multifunctional center is described with a wide range of possibilities in the training process. Practical implications : Identification of the main functional elements of multilevel sports complexes. Originality/value : Identification of the main historical stages preceding the formation of a new type of sports facilities.

Антропометрические параметры новорожденных детей персонала радиационно опасного производства как показатели мониторинга последствий родительского облучения

Abstract: Physical development of offspring can be an important criterion applied to assess effects produced by parental exposure. The cohort that includes workers employed at Mayak Production Association (PA), the first nuclear fuel cycle production facility in Russia, is a valuable information source for analyzing consequences of occupational exposure. Our objective was to analyze somatometric parameters of newborn children of Mayak PA workers who were occupationally exposed to pre-conception external gamma-radiation. We retrospectively analyzed anthropometric measurements of 13,880 newborn children, all born in 1949–1973; 9321 children were conceived by parents who were long-term occupationally exposed to radiation at Mayak PA. The analysis covered the core anthropometric elements including height, weight, head circumference, and chest circumference. Development proportionality was estimated by using Quetelet, Vervek – Vorontsov’s, and Erismann indexes. We estimated a correlation between anthropometric measurements and accumulated parental pre-conception external gamma radiation dose and calculated relative risk coefficients and odds ratio with 95 % confidence interval. We established that parents were exposed to a wide range of external gamma radiation doses, up to 4075.6 mGy to the ovaries and 5653.1 mGy to the testicles. There was a weak correlation between newborns’ height and weight and parental exposure. We also detected a trend for a decrease in newborns’ body mass with increasing accumulated pre-conception dose of external gamma radiation to the ovaries and, conversely, for an increase in it with a growing dose to the testicles. We revealed a statistically significant increase in height and weight among children conceived and born by Mayak PA workers, namely, a greater share of children with high body mass at birth. Analysis of children’s somatotypes confirmed excessive values of proportionality indexes that showed height and weight measurements among children of exposed parents. Additional analysis of firstborns and children with proper duration of gestation produced the same results. Risk assessment indicated there was significant prevalence of children with high body mass among offspring of exposed people. We also assessed physical development of Mayak PA workers’ newborns taking into account the latest data on long-term occupational exposure; this assessment is vital for epidemiological monitoring over health of children born by personnel employed at radiation-hazardous production facilities.

Anthropometric measurements in newborn children of personnel employed at radiation-hazardous production as indicators used in monitoring over consequences of parental exposure to radiation Primary tabs View(active tab) Edit

Physical development of offspring can be an important criterion applied to assess effects produced by parental exposure. The cohort that includes workers employed at Mayak Production Association (PA), the first nuclear fuel cycle production facility in Russia, is a valuable information source for analyzing consequences of occupational exposure. Our objective was to analyze somatometric parameters of newborn children of Mayak PA workers who were occupationally exposed to pre-conception external gamma-radiation. We retrospectively analyzed anthropometric measurements of 13,880 newborn children, all born in 1949–1973; 9321 children were conceived by parents who were long-term occupationally exposed to radiation at Mayak PA. The analysis covered the core anthropometric elements including height, weight, head circumference, and chest circumference. Development proportionality was estimated by using Quetelet, Vervek – Vorontsov’s, and Erismann indexes. We estimated a correlation between anthropometric measurements and accumulated parental pre-conception external gamma radiation dose and calculated relative risk coefficients and odds ratio with 95 % confidence interval. We established that parents were exposed to a wide range of external gamma radiation doses, up to 4075.6 mGy to the ovaries and 5653.1 mGy to the testicles. There was a weak correlation between newborns’ height and weight and parental exposure. We also detected a trend for a decrease in newborns’ body mass with increasing accumulated pre-conception dose of external gamma radiation to the ovaries and, conversely, for an increase in it with a growing dose to the testicles. We revealed a statistically significant increase in height and weight among children conceived and born by Mayak PA workers, namely, a greater share of children with high body mass at birth. Analysis of children’s somatotypes confirmed excessive values of proportionality indexes that showed height and weight measurements among children of exposed parents. Additional analysis of firstborns and children with proper duration of gestation produced the same results. Risk assessment indicated there was significant prevalence of children with high body mass among offspring of exposed people. We also assessed physical development of Mayak PA workers’ newborns taking into account the latest data on long-term occupational exposure; this assessment is vital for epidemiological monitoring over health of children born by personnel employed at radiation-hazardous production facilities.

Prevalence of alcohol use disorders in primary health-care facilities in Russia in 2019.

AimsTo estimate prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and alcohol dependence (AD) for Russia in 2019, based on clients in primary health‐care facilities.DesignCross‐sectional assessment of AUD and AD. Prevalence estimates were cross‐validated using a treatment multiplier methodology.SettingA total of 21 primary health‐care facilities, including dispanserization units (population health preventive care settings).ParticipantsA total of 2022 participants (986 women and 1036 men) 18 years of age and older.MeasurementsComposite International Diagnostic Interview.FindingsThe prevalence of AD and AUD was 7.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.9–8.1%] and 12.2% (95% CI = 10.8–13.6%), respectively. Marked sex differences were observed for the prevalence of AD (women: 2.8%; 95% CI = 1.7–3.8%; men: 12.2%; 95% CI = 10.3–14.1%) and AUD (women: 6.1%; 95% CI = 4.6–7.7%; men: 19.5%; 95% CI = 17.2–21.8%). Age patterns of AD and AUD prevalence were sex‐specific. Among women, the prevalence of AUD and AD was highest in the youngest age group and decreased with age. Among men, the prevalence of AUD and AD was highest among men aged 45–59 years. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the prevalence of AD as estimated using a treatment multiplier (6.5%; 95% CI = 5.0–8.9%) was similar to the estimates of the main analysis.ConclusionsEven though alcohol use has declined since 2003 in Russia, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependence remains high at approximately 12 and 7%, respectively.

Modern Trends in the Architectural and Planning Organization of Rehabilitation Centers for People with Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System

The purpose of the article is to reveal modern directions of architectural and planning organization of rehabilitation centers for people with locomotor apparatus pathology. The research is based on the study of world experience in the design and construction of rehabilitation centers in order to identify the functional composition of the premises and the planning organization. The attention is focused on the demand for the mentioned objects. The conclusion about the necessity of complex approach with attention to landscape organization and socialization is made which will increase comfort and quality of medical services. The results of the study have been tested in an experimental project of the rehabilitation center in Samara. As a result of the study the necessity of building such facilities in Russia is emphasized. The experience of foreign countries needs adaptation to Russian conditions.

Prospects and priorities for the reconstruction and development of lithium mining production on the basis of domestic raw materials

The prospects of lithium as a component of new energy are considered. Provides data on the resources of lithium mineral raw materials. Variants of the reconstruction of lithium production facilities in Russia from domestic raw materials are evaluated in order to solve the problem of import substitution. Attention is focused on the choice of objects of priority industrial development and the need to create modern technologies for processing lithium raw materials. It is shown that the restored Zabaikalsk mining and processing plant can be a reliable source of lithium when using new technological solutions for extracting lithium and associated useful components from primary ores and waste of spodumene ores.

О ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ СОСТОЯНИИ ПУНКТОВ ВОДОУЧЕТА НА ОТКРЫТОЙ ОРОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ СЕТИ

Purpose: to draw attention to the technical condition of water metering stations at the open irrigation network of reclamation systems and propose to use a “fixed channel” type hydrometric structure as a measuring instrument. Discussion. As the analysis of the information received from the regional departments of land reclamation and agricultural water supply showed, in recent years there has been a significant decrease in the number and level of technical condition of water metering stations in our country. According to the monitoring data of 2018 on the hydroreclamation systems of state operating organizations, 48 % of water metering stations were recognized as operational (were in good or satisfactory condition), 52 % were in non-operative state and required reconstruction or repair. Only 9 % of water accounting stations were equipped with water meters and special technological equipment, and 39 % of water metering stations did not even have such a simple measuring instrument as a hydrometric gauge. At present, due to the shortage of material resources, it is not necessary to expect a radical restructuring in equipping water metering stations with water accounting devices, and therefore, it may be right to choose cheaper and more accessible means and methods of measurement for open canals of reclamation systems. Conclusions. The main problem currently faced by water users and water consumers in the open network of reclamation systems is the lack of funds necessary for reconstruction or construction new water metering stations and equipping them with modern devices. It is also important that there is no normative documentation that helps in the construction and operation of water metering facilities. The experience of using gauging facilities in Russia and Central Asia has shown that the most common means of measuring water flow in the open channel canal (without flow compression) are “fixed channel” structures, as the most reliable and time-tested.

Measures to support Russian tourism in the conditions of the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic

The tourism industry, including the hospitality industry, which were the first to suffer from the new coronavirus pandemic, found themselves in an unprecedented situation: complete cessation of some businesses due to border closures and self-isolation. For some countries tourism makes up one of the largest shares of GDP and is a key industry, for others, tourism and activities associated with international travel significantly accelerate the pace of economic development. Industry actors need to understand what incentive tools are available now and in the aftermath of the pandemic in order to develop a systematic approach to managing the effects of the pandemic. The purpose of the article is to study and structure incentive measures for the tourism industry in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following methods of scientific knowledge has been used: abstraction, analysis, induction, synthesis. The article substantiates the relevance of the study. Some indicators of the functioning of domestic tourism during a pandemic are considered in comparison with previous periods, in particular, price indices for various types of paid services to the population, the development of collective accommodation facilities in Russia. At the same time, there is a decline in all indicators during the pandemic, which is due to forced quarantine restrictions and the closure of borders in most countries of the world. The most popular measures of state support proposed by the government for the tourism sector are the following: support in obtaining financing, tax incentives, subsidizing operating expenses, subsidies for SMEs (minimum wages), deferral of non-tax payments, consulting and educational support, deferrals and incentives for rent payments, provision of grants and subsidies on a competition, etc. The proposed measures to support tourism in the current environment are new personnel training, assistance in developing a strategy, business development, attracting tourists, assistance in the transition to online, facilitation of activities (tax, financial, regulatory exemptions).

Sand production and building of borehole storage facilities in Russia’s Far North

The environmental problems that arise in the course of gas–condensate and oil field development in the conditions of the Russian Far North are discussed. It is urgent to boost theoretical advancement in the area of design as well as structural and process decision-making when justifying parameters for building underground storage facilities for liquid and solid waste of drilling. Building of borehole storage facilities belongs in the class of physicochemical geotechnologies, which supposes that a part of natural rock mass is removed via a borehole drilled from ground surface (borehole hydraulic technology). The main processes involved in the building are thermal destruction of permafrost sandy and clay rocks and the lift of sand and return water from bottomhole to ground surface. The lifting parameters should ensure removal of sand and water from boreholes at the preset flow rate and at the controlled water–air interface position in compliance with the underground storage facility building program. It is found that the average washout capacity in permafrost sandy rocks during construction of an underground storage facility is linearly dependent on the product of average reduced rate of thermal destruction and average temperature of water in borehole, which proves the accepted washout design procedure. In the zone of a future underground storage facility in permafrost sandy rocks, it is typical that rock properties are highly variable both along and across sand strata. The air-lift parameters depend on the air-lift capacity and on the density of fluid to be lifted. The stable air-lift of sandy slurry is possible when the slurry density is not higher than 1.4 g/cm3, which conforms to the water content round 54 %.

Potentials for biological treatment of odorous gaseous emissions from poultry farming facility in Russia

One of many environmental problems of poultry farming enterprises is the emission and spread of unpleasant smell over long distances. The odours significantly reduce the living standards of the population near the poultry farm. Odour occurrence in poultry houses is caused mainly by decomposition of bird waste such as faeces, urine, feathers mixed with bedding material and dust. The percentage of ammonia was the highest (95 %), methane and dust were significantly lower (3 % and 2 %, respectively). In the paper, we described a biological air filtration unit bioscrubber and estimated its economic efficiency.

Architecture and planning of sports centers of football academies in the largest cities

Purpose: The article describes the principles of territorial placement of children's and youth football academies in the largest cities.Design/methodology/approach: The architectural and planning organization of football academies, which are the most important component of the professional training of football players in football clubs. The principles of the academy formation as a multifunctional center with a full immersion of students in the educational process. The relevance and need for the appearance of such football academies in the largest cities of Russia.Research findings: The inclusion of football academies in the largest cities is identified, the main types of training are determined, based on the analysis of such facilities in Russia, Europe and South America.Practical implications: The youth football academies can be arranged on the city periphery.

Predicting Grid Facility Accidents

Open-source statistics on accidents at transmission and generation facilities in Russia for 2014-2018 has been analyzed to identify key accident causes. This analysis established a correlation between accident rates and staff-involving incident rates. The authors were thus able to predictively model accidents, including those at Russian transmission and generation facilities. Accident forecasting is based on trend/cycle models that account for yearly load maxima and minima.

Looking in the rear‐view mirror—A 35 year retrospective on the Russian automotive industry

AbstractDrawing on foundational arguments from the literature on emerging market institutional strategies, and employing a realist historical analysis, we present a retrospective on the Russian automotive industry. We begin by tracing the origins of the sector and synthesizing salient post World War II developments. We then recount the subsequent expansionary decade of the 1960s, followed by the stagnation of the late 1980s, culminating in the eventual collapse of socialism and the breakup of the USSR. Attracted by both the rapid growth in the local market, and the preferential tax rates that accompanied investments, we then document the swift expansion of production facilities in Russia by major global manufacturers in the 2000s. We show how eventually an ensuing sharp halt in local market growth, and an accompanying rise in spare production capacity, saw most manufacturers pursue institutional strategies aimed at obtaining new tax concessions and leveraging intraindustry cooperation, rather than divesting their recently established production facilities. Overall, our retrospective, in particular, calls attention to how global manufacturers were not only to acquire able and rejuvenate existing production facilities or install new greenfield ones, but also to exercise their agency in shaping the broader policy framework and in fashioning new sectoral institutions designed to buttress and sustain the industry.

Quality of construction materials as an indicator of the design of railway transport facilities in Russia

The purpose of the research is to assess the global quality of project design documentation for capital construction at the preliminary stage of investment projects in the context of the properties and qualities of applied construction materials. The problem of the assessment of the quality of construction and finishing materials in the subdivisions of Russian Railways, the largest Russian company, raises fundamental issues of regulatory and methodological support during the choice of engineering solutions and reasonability grounds of investments in the construction and reconstruction of transport infrastructure facilities. According to the formal indicators for the assessment of the properties of materials in the company, the authors used a method based on a separate analysis of the regulatory and methodological support of the construction preparation process. The main quality criterion was adopted in the form of deviations in documentation by the internal examination service of the company projects due to the unreliability in the determination of the physical properties of material resources. The main tool to influence the design process is the formalization of requirements for accounting construction materials, especially innovative ones, in project design documentation. These requirements are reflected in the proposed methodology for the generation of documentation at the early stages of investment project. A retrospective analysis of the verification results of infrastructure projects in the company showed that after the introduction of uniform requirements for the applied materials and the introduction of the basic provisions of materials science in the methodological documents, a positive trend has occurred during internal verification. The decrease in the number of incorrectly determined values of the need for construction materials indicate that cost certification has become more explicit and accessible to developers. It is proved that the tool for the management of the quality of construction materials by specifying the structure of documents justifying the main design decisions is the most effective. The idea is confirmed that the greatest responsibility for the efficiency of the applied material resources falls on the early stages of project development. The efforts made by the Company in this direction lead to positive changes.

CONDITIONS AND TRENDS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT RUSSIAN ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE HOTEL SECTOR

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of our time – environmentally responsible production and consumption in the hospitality industry. The modern hotel business is faced with such issues as resource conservation, reducing the negative impact of chemical products, rational waste disposal, and the use of biodegradable materials in daily activities. The article discusses the main areas of work on the introduction of environmentally friendly innovative technologies in the hotel business. The experience of introducing "green" technologies in accommodation facilities in developed countries demonstrates the promise of the principle of environmental and social responsibility of the hotel sector and there is the growing demand for eco-friendly hotel services. The question of how environmental innovations can be incorporated into the realities of the Russian hotel business is analyzed. In the course of writing this article, the programs for environmental certification of accommodation facilities, which are currently operating in Russia, were considered. Comparative characteristics of the main programs are presented, as well as the latest changes introduced by the Economic Union. Comparative characteristics of the Green key and Leaf of Life programs are analyzed. It was revealed that at the moment the development of eco-hotels is often associated with ecotourism (the main means of accommodation is glamping)). The features and conditions of ecolabels types I, II and III are considered. Examples and comparative characteristics of types are given. The classification of environmentally friendly accommodation facilities in Russia is revealed in accordance with the considered eco-labeling. It was found that the demand for eco-hotels in large cities is still growing quite steadily. In the future, it will determine the competitive advantages of city hotels of various levels. Certified hotels meet high environmental standards, are distinguished by a responsible approach to business and make an active contribution to environmental protection. Considering that the problem of responsible use of natural resources and environmental friendliness is becoming more and more popular, the prospects for the development of a truly eco-friendly hotel business are being considered.

Distributed Energy in Russia: State-of-the-Art and Prospects

This paper dwells upon the state-of-the-art of the electric power industry in Russia and how its patterns will affect the transition and the approaches to further development of distributed energy (DE). The article lists the reasons why consumers are dissatisfied with the centralized electricity delivery system that hinders the country’s socioeconomic development. A comprehensive solution to the problem becomes imperative in light of the worsening availability and affordability of electric power infrastructures coupled with the need to improve the continuity of electricity delivery. DE can develop in two ways: creating industrial MiniGrids or local smart energy systems (LSES). Industrial MiniGrids benefit their owners locally but make the centralized electricity delivery system less efficient. Balanced utility LSES’s based on mini-CHPs of up to 25 MW in electrical capacity have system-wide benefits. Importantly, they must be connected to the distribution grids of grid operators that deliver electricity to individuals, small and medium-sized businesses. This helps even out the load schedule in Russia’s UES; however, it does not address flexibility concerns nor the lack of maneuvering capacity. LSES’s help reduce the crosssubsidizing of industrial and commercial consumers whilst facilitating the integrated implementation of demand response technology. The paper further outlines why implementing utility LSES’s as DE facilities in Russia’s UES and as actors in the retail electricity market is a viable solution. Russia’s situation favors the energy transition; yet more consistent steps are required if the process is to be controllable, manageable, and predictable.

РАЗВИТИЕ ТАМОЖЕННО-ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ В ЦЕЛЯХ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ИМПОРТА ПЛАСТИКОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ

The article examines the role of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation in ensuring national and economic security during foreign economic operations. Approaches to ensuring economic security in the area of plastic waste have been systematized. The article focuses on quantitative and spatial analysis of the import of plastic waste into the Russian Federation. Risks of a participant in foreign economic activity have been identified. Countries have been identified as the largest importers of goods from the plastic group to Russia. It was established that the promising direction is the creation of modern customs infrastructure in the regions of Russia, optimization of logistics flows and accounting for the layout of all plastic waste processing facilities in Russia

Looking In The Rear-View Mirror: A Thirty-Five Year Retrospective On The Russian Automotive Industry

Drawing on foundational arguments from the literature on emerging market institutional strategies, and employing a realist historical analysis, we present a retrospective on the Russian automotive industry. We begin by tracing the origins of the sector and synthesizing salient post World War II developments. We then recount the subsequent expansionary decade of the 1960s, followed by the stagnation of the late 1980s, culminating in the eventual collapse of socialism and the breakup of the USSR. Attracted by both the rapid growth in the local market, and the preferential tax rates that accompanied investments, we then document the swift expansion of production facilities in Russia by major global manufacturers in the 2000s. We show how eventually an ensuing sharp halt in local market growth, and an accompanying rise in spare production capacity, saw most manufacturers pursue institutional strategies aimed at obtaining new tax concessions and leveraging intra-industry cooperation, rather than divesting their recently established production facilities. Overall, our retrospective, in particular, calls attention to how global manufacturers were able not only to acquire and rejuvenate existing production facilities or install new greenfield ones, but also to exercise their agency in shaping the broader policy framework and in fashioning new sectoral institutions designed to buttress and sustain the industry.

Comparison of methods for calculating biological wastewater treatment

Due to the increase in the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds into water bodies in many countries, the problem of eutrophication has become the most relevant in the field of biological treatment technologies. To solve this problem, many technological schemes for purification from biogenic elements have been developed, based on different methods. The concept of biological purification, the composition and process of nutrition of heterotrophic microorganisms, as well as the course of the process of methanogenesis are analyzed. The analysis of the methods of the two countries, Russia and Germany. Most of the facilities in Russia are designed in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03.85, while Germany offers a different biological treatment method developed by the German Water Association DWA A131.