Facial Type Research Articles

Evaluation of Facial Soft-Tissue Morphology among Different Vertical Skeletal Profile

The objective of this study was to compare facial groups classified according to their vertical skeletal characteristics (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent) and to their respective soft tissue morphological features, particularly those relating to the lips and chin. 90 Lateral cephalometric x-rays were collected from the Orthodontic clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University and divided into 3 equal groups based on mandibular plane angle, hypodivergent facial type (SN/MP <27°), normodivergent facial type (SN/MP between 27° and 37°), hyperdivergent facial type (SN/MP >37°). The mean upper and lower lips thickness was maximum among hypodivergent group (8.95 mm and 9.35 mm, respectively). The mean upper lip height was maximum among hyperdivergent group (11.3 mm), while lower lip height was maximum among hypodivergent group (25.32 mm). The mean procumbency of upper (PUL) and lower lips (PLL) was maximum among hypodivergent (2.08 mm and 0.87 mm, respectively). However, the mean chin thickness was maximum among hyperdivergent group (7.84 mm). Statistically significant difference among the three groups were observed only in Hypo vs Normo-divergent groups in ULT. Concerning PUL and PLL, there was a statistically significant differences between the different groups in Hypo vs Normodivergent and Hypo vs Hyperdivergent groups. It was concluded that the thickness of upper and lower lip, height of lower lip, and procumbency of both lips showed to be greater in hypodivergent facial patterns.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANGULATION OF MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR IMPACTIONS WITH FACIAL SKELETAL TYPES AND CEPHALOMETRIC LANDMARKS

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of impacted mandibular third molar with skeletal facial types and different anatomical and cephalometric landmarks. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rehman College of Dentistry and Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan from October to December 2020. Panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs of 800 patients (aged 22-35 years) were retrieved from the records. Third molar impaction was classified by Winter’s classification using IC Measure software. The skeletal facial type was determined by measuring Point A Nasion Point B angle using Viewbox software. An association of third molar impaction with skeletal facial types, cephalometric and anatomical variables was evaluated. RESULTS: The most common mandibular tooth impactions type was Mesioangular impaction (81.3%) and skeletal facial type was skeletal class-I (47.5%). Comparative analysis among different impaction types using One-way ANOVA showed that although these impaction types did not differ significantly in terms of skeletal facies (p=0.07), significant difference in terms of age (p=0.028), Maxillary Mandibular Plane Angle (MMPA) (p=0.007), depth (p=0.000), ramus relation (p=0.000) and inferior dental nerve (ID) canal (p=0.001) were observed. ID canal was found to be positively but weakly correlated (r=0.2) with impaction types. Contrariwise, depth and ramus relation showed moderately negative correlation (r=-0.40 and r=-0.30, respectively) with impacted tooth angulations. CONCLUSION: Although it is difficult to predict the impaction type in patient based on their skeletal facies, associations between other anatomical and cephalometric variables were observed which may help in predicting the degree of difficulty that may be encountered during the surgical procedures.

Facial types and morphology

Information on an individual’s facial morphology can have several important clinical and forensic applications. Such information can help to improve or reduce the need for extensive surgical interventions for craniofacial anomalies and trauma. This study scrutinized different facial types and morphology among the indigenes of Ika ethnic group in Nigeria, by means of facial height, facial breath and facial index. The study adopted a cross sectional study design, and was conducted with 384 subjects from Agbor community in Delta State, Nigeria. Data was collected with the aid of a digital sliding caliper, data collection sheet, and pencil. All required measurements were taken with each subject seated on a chair in a relaxed mood and with the head in the anatomical position. Majority of the subjects 125 (32.6%) were in the 21-25years age set. The predominant facial type observed is the hyperleptoproscopic sort as seen in 148 (38.5%). Chi-square test of association between gender and facial type disclosed a significant relationship (p=0.001). Chi-square test of association between age and facial type divulged a remarkable correlation (p=0.015). This study confirmed that majority of the Ika populace have the hyperleptoproscopic facial type.

Morphological and topographic evaluation of the mandibular canal and its relationship with the facial profile, skeletal class, and sex.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology and topography of the mandibular canal in patients with different facial profiles, skeletal classes, and sexes. Cone-beam computed tomography volumes of 103 patients were classified according to facial profile and skeletal class. Two examiners classified the mandibular canal into a linear, spoon-shaped, elliptical arc, or turning curvature and measured four related linear distances. The most frequent mandibular canal curvature was identified and multi-way ANOVA with Tukey's test compared the linear measurements between facial types, skeletal class, and sexes (α = 0.05). Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the reproducibility of qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. The examiners showed excellent reproducibility. The four curvatures of the mandibular canal were found, but the spoon-shaped and elliptical arch were the most frequent. No significant differences were observed for most of the linear measurements between the different facial profiles, skeletal classes, and sexes (p > 0.05). Spoon-shaped and elliptical arch are the most frequent curvatures of the mandibular canal; furthermore, its morphology and topography seem to be little influenced by the facial profile, skeletal class, and sex.

An eye region-specific cross-dimension covariation enhancement effect in facial featural and configural information change detection

<p id=C2>Recent studies on face processing have shown our sensitivity to changes in facial configural and featural information. However, to our knowledge, the integration of the two types of facial information is poorly understood. To this end, this study explored the integration of facial information cross configural and featural dimensions within specific facial regions (i.e., eyes and mouth). <break/>The theoretical hypothesis includes (1) If participants can integrate facial information in both facial configural and featural dimensions, they should be more sensitive to changes in dual-dimension information as opposed to those in a single-dimension, that is a <italic>cross-dimension covariation enhancement effect</italic>; (2) The “cross-dimension covariation enhancement effect” should be face region-selective: It is expected to be stronger in the eyes region than the mouth region; (3) Face inversion should impair the “cross-dimension covariation enhancement effect”. To test these predictions, we designed two 3 (facial information type: configural change, featural change, both change) × 2 (face orientation: upright, inversion) experiments for eye region and mouth region information change respectively. Participants sensitivity to information change was measured in a 2-face discrimination task. <break/>Results revealed that (1) participants were more sensitive to “dual” change in eye region as compared to changes in either single configural or featural information; (2) this effect is both orientation-specific (i.e., no effect was found in eye region when faces were inverted) and region-specific (i.e., no effect was found in mouth region regardless of face orientation), suggesting that this effect cannot be simply explained by the extra facial information changes in the “dual” condition; (3) When single facial information was altered, face inversion reduced the detection of facial information changes in the mouth region, but not those changes in the eyes region. <break/>In sum, our findings showed that face cross-dimension (i.e., configural and featural) information integration occurred in the eye region of upright faces, but not in the mouth region or inverted faces. The face orientation-specificity and facial region-specificity suggested that the integration happens at facial-region level, possibly involving face holistic processing. The traditional face holistic processing hypothesis emphasized integrating facial information across whole face region. The current findings suggest that face region might act as a key component in the framework of holistic face processing theory. Finally, by revisiting the “perceptual field” hypothesis, the “expertise area” hypothesis, and the “region-selective holistic processing” hypothesis, we discussed an eye region-centered, hierarchical, multi-dimensional information integration hypothesis.

True vertical changes in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion after nonsurgical orthodontic treatment—a retrospective study comparing different vertical facial patterns

Background/purposeRotating mandible backward downward is one of the treatment options in non-surgical skeletal class III malocclusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the true vertical changes after camouflage orthodontic treatment of adult patients with skeletal class III malocclusion categorized by vertical facial type. Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included 27 adult patients (age >18 years) with skeletal class III malocclusion (ANB<1°) who underwent nonsurgical orthodontic treatment at Taipei Veterans General Hospital. The patients were divided into the low-angle (SN-MP<28°), high-angle (SN-MP>36°), and normal-angle (28°≤ SN-MP ≤ 36°) groups according to the original vertical facial pattern. Pretreatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) lateral cephalograms were superimposed and treatment changes were evaluated. ResultsIn all cases, proper overjet and occlusion were achieved after treatment, and the lower anterior facial height increased with the backward rotation of the mandibular plane. Increase in vertical dimension was the most obvious in the high-angle group, while it was the least obvious in the low-angle group. Extrusion of both the maxillary and mandibular incisors was observed in the high-angle group; however, intrusion of the maxillary and mandibular incisors and decreased overbite were observed in the low-angle group. ConclusionCamouflage orthodontic treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion improves the facial profile by increasing the vertical dimension and clockwise rotation of the mandible. According to our results, patients with a high mandibular plane angle showed better response to vertical dimension increment treatment mechanics than those with low and normal mandibular plane angles.

Craniofacial growth and morphology among intersecting clinical categories.

Differential patterns of craniofacial growth are important sources of variation that can result in skeletal malocclusion. Understanding the timing of growth milestones and morphological change associated with adult skeletal malocclusions is critical for developing individualized orthodontic growth modification strategies. To identify patterns in the timing and geometry of growth, we used Bayesian modeling of cephalometrics and geometric morphometric analyses with a dense, longitudinal sample consisting of 15,407 cephalograms from 1,913 individuals between 2 and 31 years of age. Individuals were classified into vertical facial types (hyper-, normo-, hypo-divergent) and anteroposterior (A-P) skeletal classes (Class I, Class II, Class III) based on adult mandibular plane angle and ANB angle, respectively. These classifications yielded eight facial type-skeletal class categories with sufficient sample sizes to be included in the study. Four linear cephalometrics representing facial heights and maxillary and mandibular lengths were fit to standard double logistic models generating type-class category-specific estimates for age, size, and rate of growth at growth milestones. Mean landmark configurations were compared among type-class categories at four time points between 6 and 20 years of age. Overall, morphology and growth patterns were more similar within vertical facial types than within A-P classes and variation among A-P classes typically nested within variation among vertical types. Further, type-class-associated variation in the rate and magnitude of growth in specific regions identified here may serve as targets for clinical treatment of complex vertical and A-P skeletal malocclusion and provide a clearer picture of the development of variation in craniofacial form.

Morphological and transcriptional evaluation of multiple facial cutaneous hyperpigmented spots.

BackgroundMorphological characteristics of major facial hyperpigmented spots have been well documented. However, detailed alterations of respective transcriptional profile for each spot and in‐depth comparisons across multiple spot types have not been reported.ObjectivesTo comprehensively assess and compare multiple facial hyperpigmented spot types at the morphological and molecular levels by utilising transcriptional expression profiling with correlation to quantified histological features.MethodsMultiple types of facial spot biopsies were collected from Chinese women and compared to additional biopsies taken from adjacent healthy skin. The types of spots included Solar Lentigos with both elongated dermal‐epidermal junction (DEJ) (SL[E]) and flat DEJ (SL[F]), Seborrhoeic Keratosis (SK), Melasma, Freckles, Post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation of resolving acne (PIH[A]) and other stimuli (PIH[O]). Combined histomorphometry, immunohistology, and transcriptome analysis for suprabasal‐epidermis, basal‐epidermis, and dermal compartments dissected by Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) were conducted and compared across different spot types.ResultsEach spot type was confirmed to have the unique histological pathology already documented elsewhere. Most of the spot types except Melasma and PIH (A) revealed similar melanocyte density to adjacent skin. All spots exhibited increased melanin synthesis, melanosome transportation, as well as enhanced melanocyte dendricity, however, each spot revealed a distinct transcriptome regulation pattern in pigmentation pathways. Upregulation of pigmentation genes was also observed in the dermis of SL(F), SL(E), SK and PIH(O), associated with significant modulation of DEJ related genes in basal‐epidermis and/or dermal compartments, suggesting potential melanocyte infiltration into the dermis due to impaired DEJ quality. Beyond upregulated pigmentation, for most spots, gene expression in the suprabasal‐epidermis regulating keratinisation was significantly upregulated in conjunction with thickened stratum corneum. Furthermore, downregulation of tight junction related genes represented by claudin‐1 was observed in majority of spot types, suggesting compromised barrier function could be a similarity across spots. Additionally, Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) was upregulated in all types of spots, indicating involvement of cell senescence as a common theme.ConclusionThis comprehensive and comparative study based on the histological and transcriptional analysis of three skin compartments provided unique insights into specific causations as well as differences and similarities across multiple hyperpigmented spot types.

Evaluation of Optimal Sites for the Insertion of Orthodontic Mini Implants at Mandibular Symphysis Region through Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

This study aims to evaluate the overall bone thickness (OBT) and cortical bone thickness (CBT) of mandibular symphysis and to determine the optimal sites for the insertion of orthodontic mini implants. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 32 patients were included in this study. The sample was further categorized into three facial types: low-, average-, and high-angle. OBT and CBT were measured at the mandibular symphysis region. All measurements were performed at six different heights from the cementoenamel junction [CEJ] and at seven different angles to the occlusal plane. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical comparison and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results revealed that neither OBT nor CBT was influenced by age or sex, except for the observation that CBT was significantly greater in adults than in adolescents. OBT and CBT were significantly greater in low-angle cases than in average- and high-angle cases. Both OBT and CBT were significantly influenced by insertion locations, heights and angles, and their interactions. CBT and OBT were greatest at the location between two lower central incisors, and became greater with increases in insertion height and angle. Both recommended and optimal insertion sites were mapped. The mandibular symphysis region was suitable for the placement of orthodontic mini implants. The optimal insertion site was 6–10 mm apical to the CEJ between two lower central incisors, with an insertion angle being 0–60 degrees to the occlusal plane.

Facial indices and morphology: A study among Bono and Ewe adult population in the Bono region, Ghana

Facial parameters are of utmost importance in identification and racial morphological classification. Facial indices serve as identification tools when used alongside hand print patterns for forensic and biometric purposes such as health insurance, voters’ identity card, driver's license and passports among others. There is paucity of information on facial types and their distribution patterns with respect to ethnicity, age and sex in Ghana. Therefore, the aim of this study was to generate baseline data on facial dimensions among the Bonos and Ewes living in the Bono Region of Ghana. A total of 291 healthy individuals (152 Bonos and 139 Ewes), aged 18–60 years were recruited for the study. The results of the present study showed that male facial parameters were numerically higher than those of the female participants. The predominant facialtype was hyperleptoprosopic (98.96%) and the least was leptoprosopic (1.03%). There were more Bono participants (51.89%) that were hyperleptoprosopic compared to the Ewes (47.07%). Also, among the hyperleptoprosopic participants, there were more males (55.32%) than females (43.29%). Very few males (0.003%) and females (0.006%) were leptoprosopic.The Bono participants recorded significantly greater morphological facial height and facial breadth than the Ewes. The results of the present study affirm population variation in facial anthropometry and reinforce the need to establish specific facial standards for each tribe of the Ghanaian population. This study has provided data for facial morphology for biometric and forensic purposes as well as facial reconstruction in Ghana.

The combination of sucrose dilaurate and sucrose laurate suppresses HMGB1: an enhancer of melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer to keratinocytes.

Hyperpigmented spots are common issues in all ethnicities, involving multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as UVB exposure, hormone balance, inflammatory status and ageing. To determine (i) melanocyte dendricity in multiple facial spot types, (ii) impact of High Mobility Group Box1 (HMGB1), and the combination of sucrose dilaurate and sucrose laurate (SDL) on melanogenesis and melanocyte dendricity, and (iii) SDL effect on facial spots in a human use test. Facial spot and adjacent non-spot skin biopsies were collected from Chinese women (age 20-70). Histological assessment of melanocyte dendricity was performed for 3 spot types (solar lentigo, melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation) by immunofluorescent staining for c-kit/MITF. Keratinocyte, melanocyte and melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture models were used to assess HMGB1 release by UVB radiation, the effects of HMGB1 and SDL on melanin production, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer. The effect of an SDL-containing moisturizer on appearance of facial hyperpigmented spots was assessed against a vehicle control in an 8-week human use test. Melanocytes in spot areas are more dendritic than melanocytes in adjacent non-spot skin across three investigated spot types. In cell culture models, a moderate UVB-radiation exposure caused release of HMGB1 from keratinocytes. HMGB1 did not alter melanin production in melanocytes, but enhanced melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer. SDL reduced HMGB1 release from keratinocytes, inhibited melanin production, reversibly suppressed melanocyte dendricity and reduced melanosome transfer. In the human use test, SDL-containing moisturizer reduced appearance of spots versus vehicle. Increased melanocyte dendricity was observed in multiple types of facial spots. Addition of HMGB1 protein increased melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer in cell cultures, implicating potential involvement in spot formation. SDL suppressed melanin production, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer invitro and reduced appearance of spots in the use test, suggesting SDL is an effective solution to address hyperpigmented spot concerns.

Learning Arabic language in China: Investigation on instrumental and integrative motivations of Chinese Arabic learners

There is an increasing demand in recent years for the study of the Arabic language by foreign learners as a second language, especially Chinese students. There are wide ranges of necessity to Arabic languages, such as commercial, industrial, economic, cultural, political, media, and other fields. Many foreign learners are learning this language to increase demands in all areas of life and use it in non-Arabic-speaking countries. China is one of those earliest countries that took this advantage and offered this program for an academic major. It’s almost 37 universities and institutes where the Arabic language is taught in China. The request for learning this language has increased because of the urgent need for exchange programs with Arab-speaking countries. As result, international experts believe motivations are an important factor in teaching Arabic to non-speakers that can be influential reasons for the foreign learners to practice, argue, push and motivate them to benefit more and overcome the difficulties of the Arabic language. This study examines two facial types of motivations, instrumental and integrative motivations. In this study, all participants are Chinese students currently studying in China. The number of participants was 125 students from both genders, including 4 academic directors of the Arabic language department in five public Chinese Universities. The findings show that Chinese students learning Arabic as a Second Language (ASL) are highly instrumental than integrative to studying Arabic. A lack of experience of the Arabic language in their classrooms and society guides their attitude. The findings also revealed that there is a relationship between the language structure and a classroom environment that decreases their motivation and achievements of learning Arabic.

Evaluation of palatal dimensions in different facial patterns by using digital dental casts.

To analyze the variations of hard palate volume in adults with normal occlusion and different facial types and patterns, by using a three-dimensional analysis on digital casts. The dental casts of 70 Caucasian adults (28 men, 42 women), mean age of 16.4 years (SD 1.3 years), were scanned by using a tridimensional scanner (Delcam PowerSHAPE™, 2010, Birmingham, UK). Close points were selected in the gingival and cervical regions on the lingual surface of the maxillary teeth, to analyze palatal morphology. The facial patterns and types, and the measurements (width, length, height, volume) of the space on the hard palate were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age as the covariate, and sex as the independent variable. The significance level of 5% (p < 0.05) was adopted. This study showed that the measurements of the width and length were similar among the mesofacial, dolichofacial and brachyfacial facial types, although the height and volume of the space on the hard palate were slightly smaller in dolichofacial individuals, and both Pattern I and Pattern II individuals showed no significant changes for the four measurements. The mean values among facial patterns were: Pattern I - width 38.31±2.59 mm; length 37.44±2.42 mm; height 17.03±2.42 mm and volume 10.52±1.72 mm3; Pattern II - width 37.48±2.44 mm; length 37.48±2.44 mm; height 16.79±2.42 mm and volume 10.41±1.65 mm3 (p>0.05 for all variables). There were no significant differences for the facial patterns and facial types of the individuals compared in the analyzed sample.

Comparison of mandibular buccal shelf bone characteristics between two facial types using cone beam computed tomography.

Mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) offers good quality and quantity of bone for orthodontic bone screw (OBS) insertion. Despite several reports of treated patients, there are numerous variables in selecting the exact placement site for OBS placement in the MBS. There are also anatomical variations in this area which must be considered. This study aims to measure and compare the MBS bone characteristics for OBS placement using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) between two different facial types. Eighty CBCT samples were collected (40 samples of group A horizontal growers and 40 of group B vertical growers). Each CBCT image was reconstructed and oriented with CS 3D CBCT software. The cortical bone thickness, the slope of the MBS, and buccolingual inclination of mandibular second molar were measured and analysed. Cortical bone thickness among horizontal growers was 5.23 ± 0.58 mm and among vertical growers was 4.85 ± 0.37 mm. The slope of MBS among horizontal growers was 60.83 ± 6.15 degrees and among vertical growers was 66.75 ± 6.27 degrees. In both the parameters there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups for the buccolingual inclination of 2nd molar. Increased cortical bone thickness and the flatter slope of MBS at the 2nd molar region allows for easier placement of OBS in horizontal growers than in vertical growers.

The patterns of facial fractures in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using ordinal regression: a retrospective study of five years.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traumatic brain injury (TBI) will mainly contribute to disability and death by 2020. Facial fractures associated with TBI are a significant public health concern worldwide. The main etiological factors are road traffic accidents, violence, and falls. Neurological injury associated with facial fractures has been reported to be as high as 76%. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated facial fracture patterns in patients with a traumatic brain injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and evaluated their associations in our study. Ordinal regression was used to examine the facial fracture patterns in patients with traumatic brain injuries. The confounding variables were controlled using ordinal regression analysis, and probabilities of p < 0.1 were considered significant associations. The results found that zygomatic arch fracture -1.141 (95% CI, -2.487 to 0.204, p-value = 0.096), Le Fort II fracture -1.080 (95% CI, -2.138 to -0.022, p-value = 0.045), maxillary bone fracture 2.924 (95% CI, 1.784 to 4.063, p-value .001), nasal bone fracture 4.047 (95% CI, 1.243 to 6.851, p-value = 0.005), and mandibular bone fracture 1.501 (95% CI, 0.711 to 2.291, p-value .001) were the most common facial fracture types associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study provides valuable data for creating prevention plans and gives a chance to discover the epidemiology, prevalence, and connection between TBI and facial fracture.

Analysis of Facial Types of Ores of the Lisakovskoye Deposit

Analysis of Facial Types of Ores of the Lisakovskoye Deposit

Клінічно-сонографічний аналіз біометричних показників товщини щоки та жирового тіла щоки у пацієнтів з різним типом обличчя

The purpose of the study was to conduct a scientific and practical analysis of clinical sonographic results of examination of patients with different face types in the process of planning the reconstruction of facial soft tissues with the involvement of buccal fat pad. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 28 patients of different age groups (from 20 to 45 years old) with defects and deformities of the tissues of the dental system. Instrumental sonographic analysis of the thickness of the buccal fat body was performed using an ultrasound scanner GE Logiq E (USA), transducer frequency 7.5-12 MHz. The types of buccal fat pad of correct (oval) or irregular (“hourglass”) shapes were determined, as well as its localization in relation to the median axial location of the crown of the first upper molars and the average value of the buccal fat pad thickness with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Results and discussion. The results of a clinical study of the average value of the thickness of the cheek of patients with mesofacial type of face allowed to establish that on the left its value is 8.94±0.89 mm, on the right side – 9.05±0.82 mm. In patients with brachyfacial type of face on the left the value of the thickness of the cheek is 12.33±1.63 mm, and on the right side – 12.44±1.54 mm. In patients with dolichofacial type of face on the left, the index of the thickness of the cheek reaches the value of 7.53±0.61 mm, on the right side – 8.58±1.093 mm. Statistical significance was determined in comparison with data from the group of patients with mesofacial facial type. The obtained statistical results show mediocre values of buccal fat pad thickness in patients with mesofacial type of face, which are 1.117 times larger than in dolichofacials and 0.73 times smaller than in brachyfacials, which should be taken into account when conducting sonographic studies. Differences in the quantitative values of buccal fat pad thickness, which are established by clinical and sonographic studies conducted in patients with different types of faces is recommended to take into account when choosing surgical approaches during surgical closure of tissue defects of the alveolar processes of the jaws with autologous buccal fat pad. Conclusion. Buccal fat pad has morphological advantages associated with its saturation with cell complexes that have significant degree of vascularization, pliable texture, plasticity and direct participation in the implementation of the basic functions of the maxillofacial area

Determination of normative cephalometric parameters according to the Downs method for Ukrainian young men and young women with different face types

Orthodontics is a rapidly evolving branch of dentistry in both theoretical and practical areas. Modern instrumental research methods used in it organically coexist with the already classical ones, perfectly complementing each other. It is such a classic method that is actively used in the practice of orthodontics is cephalometric analysis, which nevertheless requires updates over time and the emergence of new scientific data. The aim of the study was to establish the limits of percentile range and features of cephalometric parameters according to the Downs method in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion depending on the type of face. 49 young men and 76 young women with orthognathic occlusion underwent a cephalometric study using the Downs method in OnyxCeph³™ software, 3DPro version, Image Instruments GmbH, Germany (license № URSQ-1799). The division into facial types was performed using the Garson index. The licensed statistical package "Statistica 6.0" using non-parametric assessment methods analyzed the second (characteristics of the jaws by the method of Downs) and the third (indicators by the method of Downs that characterize the position of the teeth) groups of indicators. Studies have shown that most of the reliable or tendencies of differences in cephalometric parameters by the method of Downs in both young men and young women (more pronounced) with orthognathic occlusion, between different types of faces belong to the second group of indicators (dental characteristics of which surgical methods you can change the length, width, angles and positions of the upper and lower jaws). Manifestations of sexual dimorphism of cephalometric parameters by the method of Downs between young men and young women with appropriate facial types are insignificant and also, in almost all cases, belong to the second group of indicators. The established limits of percentile scope and features of cephalometric parameters according to the Downs method in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion depending on the type of face will improve the existing methods of treatment of dental patients.

DETERMINATION OF NORMATIVE CEPHALOMETRIC PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO THE STEINER METHOD FOR UKRAINIAN YOUNG MEN AND YOUNG WOMEN WITH DIFFERENT FACE TYPES

In Ukrainian young men (n=49) or young women (n=76) with orthognathic occlusion with different face types, numerous reliable and tendencies of differences of cephalometric parameters by the Stainer method were established. Among the indicators belonging to the second group (indicators of the upper and lower jaws according to the Steiner method), significant differences were found only between young women with a very wide face and other types of faces. Among the indicators belonging to the third group (indicators by the Steiner method that characterize the position of each individual tooth relative to each other, cranial structures and soft tissue profile of the face), more pronounced differences are also found between young women with very wide faces and other facial types; among young men – with representatives with a wide face compared to the middle and narrow face types. Among the cephalometric parameters belonging to the second group of indicators, the expressed manifestations of sexual dimorphism of cephalometric parameters are established only for linear indicators; among the parameters belonging to the third group of indicators, the manifestations of sexual dimorphism are established for both linear and angular indicators.

Do different sexes, skeletal and breathing patterns influence the maxillary sinuses volume? A retrospective study

• There is a correlation between the morphometry of the maxillary sinuses and sexes. • There is no correlation between the morphometry of the maxillary sinuses and the skeletal malocclusions and facial types. • There is no correlation between the morphometry of the maxillary sinuses and the breathing pattern. • CBCT is the choice of imaging exam to evaluate maxillary sinuses with three-dimensional view. To assess the influence of sex, skeletal malocclusion, facial type, and breathing pattern on the volume of the maxillary sinuses. Images of cone beam computed tomography of 212 individuals (104 males and 108 females) were classified in relation to skeletal malocclusion (class I, II, or III), facial type (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, or dolichocephalic), and breathing pattern (nasal or oral breathing). The volume of the maxillary sinuses of each individual was achieved through segmentation by using the ITK-SNAP software. The images were evaluated by two radiologists, independently, in a quiet and low-light room, using a monitor with high resolution. Data were subjected to multi-way analysis of variance, considering a significance level of 5% ( α = 0.05). The intra- and interevaluator agreement values varied from 0.97 to 0.99, and from 0.96 to 0.99, respectively. The volume of the maxillary sinuses was significantly greater in males than in females (p < 0.0001). Skeletal malocclusion, facial type and breathing pattern did not influence the maxillary sinuses volume (p > 0.05). The volume of the maxillary sinuses may be a useful tool to differentiate sexes. Skeletal malocclusion, facial type, and breathing pattern do not influence the maxillary sinuses volume.