Facial Height Research Articles

A CBCT Evaluation of the Proximity of Mandibular Molar Roots and Lingual Cortical Bone in Various Vertical Facial Patterns and Factors Related to Root-Cortical Bone Contact

The objective of this study was to assess the proximity of the mandibular molar roots and the lingual cortical bone in patients with various vertical facial patterns and determine factors related to root-cortical bone contact. A total of 145 patients (84 males, 61 females, mean age: 22.0 ± 1.76 years) were assigned to hypodivergent (36 patients), normovergent (80 patients) and hyperdivergent (29 patients) groups based on their facial height ratio. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used to measure the distance between the mandibular molar roots and the lingual cortical bone, and any instances of root-cortical bone contact were identified. The study investigated the correlation between the contact of the mandibular molar roots with the lingual cortical bone and several variables, including sex and cephalometric measurements. The distance between the mandibular molar roots and the lingual cortical bone was significantly shorter in the hyperdivergent group than in the hypodivergent group (p < 0.05). Of the total root-cortical bone contact, 87.6% was observed in the mandibular second molars, and the distal roots of the mandibular second molars had the highest contact rate at 43.1% in the hyperdivergent group (p < 0.05). Among the evaluated variables, only the distance between the distal root apex of the mandibular second molar and the mandibular plane was found to be associated with contact of the mandibular molar roots with the lingual cortical bone. An increase of 1 mm in this distance was associated with a 22% decrease in the likelihood of contact between the mandibular second molar roots and lingual cortical bone (p < 0.001). Given the proximity and high contact ratio between the mandibular molar roots and lingual cortical bone, it is recommended that these structures be evaluated using CBCT before planning molar distalization or intrusion in hyperdivergent patients.

Software Approach to BMI and Obesity Determination using Facial Extraction Techniques

The focus on COVID-19 pandemic has led doctors to reduce consultation and restrict hospital visitations by patients, a decision that has resulted in the increased cases of obesity coupled with restrictions on movement and exercises. Obesity places the health of people in danger, since it is associated with poor mental health, reduce quality of life, increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke and introduces certain types of cancer. The aim of this study therefore is to design and develop a face-to-BMI mobile application that enable people to learn about their Body Mass Index (BMI), get their obesity status, as well as receive doctor recommendations (or counsel) from the comfort of their homes using their mobile devices. The design science research methodology was used in the design and development of the mobile application for obesity assessment. A mobile phone is required to take the face photo of the users after which the algorithm will perform face detection, looking for all possible facial features such as the width-to-upper facial height ratio (WHR), cheek-to-jaw width (WJWR), perimeter of area ratio (PAR), lower face to face height ratio (FW/FH), mean of eyebrow height (MEH) using facial measurements such as the iris, mouth corners, eyebrows, and nostril. The algorithm then performs Active Shape Model (ASM) fitting. The mobile app was tested with five (5) participants and the results have shown significant improvement in obesity detection and ease of use

Effect of Y-groove morphology on welding performance of SiCp/Al composites in powder filled laser welding

Since there is an uneven distribution of reinforcement particles in the welding process of silicon carbide particles/aluminum (SiCp/Al) composites, a detailed study on the influence of Y-groove morphology on welding performance of SiCp/Al composites in powder filled laser welding is essentially required. By optimizing the root face height and V-groove angle, modifying the filling area of the molten pool in the process of powder filled laser welding, and combining with the numerical calculation of the cross-scale molten pool flow field, the inherent law of the molten pool flow field on the influence of the welding quality is revealed in this paper. The macroscopic morphology of the weld is analyzed by a metallographic microscope, and the tensile strength of the joint is measured by a universal tensile testing machine. It is observed that under the action of Marangoni force and virtual mass force, the flow at the bottom of the molten pool is directed from the center of the weld to the periphery. Different Y-groove morphologies change the application point of virtual mass force, and then affect the flow of molten pool. At the same time, the distribution of reinforcement particles is relatively uniform and the weldment is well formed at an optimized root face height of 0.2 mm and V-groove angle as 40°. The mechanical properties of the welded joint are the optimum, reaching 70% of the base material, and the maximum strength value is 266 MPa.

Does Postpartum Hypopituitarism Influence the Craniofacial Pattern? A Case-Control Study with Sheehan’s Syndrome Patients

This study aimed to assess the craniofacial morphologic aspects of Sheehan’s syndrome (SHS) patients.An observational study was performed with 19 women diagnosed with SHS and 19 controls matched by age and sex. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained, and 30 linear and angular measurements were analyzed using the Radiocef Studio 2 software. The mean age of patients was 65.47 ± 10.19 years. The main findings were propositioned maxilla (52.63 %) and mandible (52.63 %) relative to the cranial base, mandibular prognathism in 73.68 %, deep growth pattern in 42.1 %, increased mandibular plane in 36.84 %, and reduction in anterior facial height. The SHS group showed statistically significant differences in SNB (p=0.026), N-Me (p=0.006), soft palate length (p=0.011), and Ena-Me (p<0.001) in comparison with controls. The standard deviation score analysis revealed altered values in relation to total maxillary and mandibular lengths. SHS showed altered craniofacial morphology, characterized by maxillo- mandibular prognathism, brachyfacial type, increased mandibular plane, and reduction in soft palate length. This study reports novel findings in SHS.

Facial and Intraoral Photographic Traits Related to Sleep Apnea in a Clinical Sample with Genetic Ancestry Analysis.

Rationale: Craniofacial and pharyngeal morphology influences risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Quantitative photography provides phenotypic information about these anatomical factors and is feasible in large samples. However, whether associations between morphology and OSA severity differ among populations is unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine this question in a large sample encompassing people from different ancestral backgrounds. Methods: Participants in SAGIC (Sleep Apnea Global Interdisciplinary Consortium) with genotyping data were included (N = 2,393). Associations between photography-based measures and OSA severity were assessed using linear regression, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and genetic ancestry. Subgroups (on the basis of 1000 Genomes reference populations) were identified: European (EUR), East Asian, American, South Asian, and African (AFR). Interaction tests were used to assess if genetically determined ancestry group modified these relationships. Results: Cluster analysis of genetic ancestry proportions identified four ancestrally defined groups: East Asia (48.3%), EUR (33.6%), admixed (11.7%; 46% EUR, 27% Americas, and 22% AFR), and AFR (6.4%). Multiple anatomical traits were associated with more severe OSA independent of ancestry, including larger cervicomental angle (standardized β [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.11 [0.06-0.16]; P < 0.001), mandibular width (standardized β [95% CI] = 0.15 [0.10-0.20]; P < 0.001), and tongue thickness (standardized β [95% CI] = 0.06 [0.02-0.10]; P = 0.001) and smaller airway width (standardized β [95% CI] = -0.08 [-0.15 to -0.002]; P = 0.043). Other traits, including maxillary and mandibular depth angles and lower face height, demonstrated different associations with OSA severity on the basis of ancestrally defined subgroups. Conclusions: We confirm that multiple facial and intraoral photographic measurements are associated with OSA severity independent of ancestral background, whereas others differ in their associations among the ancestrally defined subgroups.

Lateral cephalometric characteristics in individuals with Down Syndrome compared to non-syndromic controls: A meta-analysis

ObjectivesThe aim of the present meta-analysis was to provide a complete synthesis of all studies involving lateral cephalometric measurements in populations with Down Syndrome (DS). MethodsA literature search was carried out using six electronic databases to identify studies comparing cephalometric characteristics between populations with DS and control (healthy) populations. Studies were selected according to the research objectives, and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only the cephalometric measurements included in three or more studies selected were analyzed. The random-effects meta-analysis model was used for data analysis, and all analyses were carried out using RevMan5 software. ResultsFrom an initial 871 articles identified through the literature search, ten cross-sectional studies were finally selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ten cephalometric measurements underwent meta-analysis, five linear and five angular measurements. Concerning the five linear measurements, namely S-N, ANS-PNS, Go-Gn, Ar-Go, and N-ANS, all were significantly smaller in the DS group with the exception of Go-Gn. Of the five angular measurements, only three were statistically different between the DS and control groups. SNB and ANB angles were smaller in individuals with DS, whereas the basilar angle was larger. Subgroup analysis was also carried out based on age, and it was found that the gonial angle was significantly smaller before puberty, in individuals with DS. No differences between groups were found for the SNA angle. ConclusionThere are significant cephalometric differences between individuals with and without DS. Individuals with DS have a shorter anterior cranial base, maxillary length, upper anterior facial height and mandibular height. The ANB and SNB angles were also smaller in those with DS, but the SNA angle showed no differences. These findings may indicate that the Class III malocclusion commonly found in individuals with DS does not seem to be due to mandibular prognathism. Clinical relevanceLateral cephalometric measurements in individuals with DS show significant differences from individuals without DS. Practitioners need to be aware of this and monitor growth from an early age in these children.

Does mandibular advancement with clear aligners have the same skeletal and dentoalveolar effects as traditional functional appliances?

BackgroundThe study aimed to compare the dentoskeletal effects of Vanbeek Activator, Herbst, Twin-Block and Mandibular Advancement with clear aligners in children with skeletal Class II malocclusions.MethodsA sample with sixty-three patients (37 males, 26 females) was included and divided into untreated control group (C, n = 12), Vanbeek Activator group (V, n = 14), Herbst group (H, n = 11), Twin-Block group (TB, n = 12) and MA group (MA, n = 14). Cephalometric analysis and Johnston Pitchfork analysis were performed to quantify the skeletal and dentoalveolar components in molar relationship and overjet correction. Compare the differences of cephalometric data and Johnston-analysis data.ResultsThe treatment changes showed significant differences in SNB, FH-NP, NA-PA, Co-Go, Co-Pog, ANB, lower facial height ratio, U1-PP, U6-PP, L1-MP and U1-L1. All the appliances improved overjet relationships significantly (Vanbeek, Herbst, Twin-Block and MA were 2.77 mm, 5.53 mm, 4.73 mm and 3.66 mm respectively) with significant retraction of maxillary incisors. The lower incisor displacement of group V and MA was negative, while that of group H and TB was positive and there were significant differences. Molar relationships were also improved by 3.45 mm, 6.85 mm, 3.48 mm and 0.92 mm for Vanbeek, Herbst, Twin-Block and MA. Mandible displacement showed a trend of group H > TB > V > MA. The displacement of maxillary molars in group H was greater than that in group C, TB and MA, and that of mandibular ones was greater than that in group C, V and MA, significantly. Herbst, Twin-Block and MA have more significant dentoalveolar effect than Vanbeek, while Vanbeek has more skeletal effect than the others especially in restraining maxillary growth.ConclusionsFour appliances are all effective in mandibular advancement, modification of class II molar relationship and deep overjet, with unavoidable increase in lower facial ratio. Vanbeek Activator has the most skeletal effects. Vanbeek and MA have a good control of mandibular incisors while more compensatory lower incisors proclination in Herbst and Twin-Block. Herbst has greater maxillary molar distalization. MA allows aligning and leveling meanwhile leading the mandible forward.

Overgeneralizing emotions: Facial width-to-height revisited.

Facial width-to height ratio (fWHR), presumed to be shaped by testosterone during puberty, has been linked with aggressive, dominant, and power-seeking behavioral traits in adult males, although the causal mediation is still being disputed. To investigate the role of mere observer attribution bias in the association, we instructed participants to draw, feature-assemble, or photo-edit faces of fictitious males with aggressive-dominant character (compared with peaceloving-submissive), or powerful social status (compared with powerless). Across three studies involving 1,100 modeled faces in total, we observed little evidence for attribution bias with regards to facial width. Only in the photo-edited faces did character condition seem to affect fWHR; this difference, however, relied on displayed state emotions, not on static facial features. Anger, in particular, was expressed by lowered or V-shaped eyebrows, whereby facial height was reduced so that fWHR increased, relative to the comparison condition where the opposite happened. Using Bayesian analyses and equivalence testing, we confirmed that, in the absence of state emotionality, there was no effect of character condition on facial width. Our results add to a number of recent studies stressing the role of emotion overgeneralization in the association of fWHR with personality traits, an attributional bias that may give rise to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Methodologically, we infer that static images may be of limited use for investigations of fWHR because they cannot sufficiently differentiate between transient muscular activation and identity-related bone structures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Comparison of cephalometric changes in Class II growing patients with increased vertical dimension after high-pull and cervical headgear treatment.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cephalometric changes in growing Class II patients with increased vertical dimension treated with cervical or high-pull headgear, by using an untreated control group with similar skeletal characteristics. From the initial sample, 56 patients satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria; 20 patients were treated with cervical headgear (CHG), 15 with high-pull headgear (HHG), and 21 were not treated (CG). Cephalograms were available for each subject at baseline (T1) and after treatment/observation time (T2) for the three groups. A total of 17 measurements were taken on the lateral head films. Group comparison among CHG, HHG and CG was done using ANOVA test. In Class II high-angle growing patients, cervical headgear seems to be preferred in the correction of maxillary protrusion, molar relationship and increased anterior facial height. Extrusion of the upper molar may favour forward repositioning of the mandible and clockwise rotation in Class II patients with increased vertical dimension.

Analysis of Cephalometric Points in Male and Female Mandibles: An Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery.

Gender-affirming facial surgery is a common intervention for transgender patients because of its ability to decrease the frequency of misgendering. Many anatomic targets can be addressed, but the mandible is the primary aspect of the lower third of the face that is manipulated during these procedures. This study's objective is to quantify the differences in cephalometric measurements between male and female mandibles on maxillofacial imaging, with the goal of identifying surgical targets for gender affirmation. A nonrandomized, retrospective, single-institution, case-control study of 387 patients who underwent maxillofacial computed tomography during 2017-2020 was performed. After excluding patients with imaging that did not capture the entire head or had deforming pathology of the face, a total of 113 patients were included. Cephalometric measurements that corresponded to areas reported by patients as sources of dysphoria were selected for analysis. These included mandibular width, ramus height, lateral flare, masseter volume, total face height, and the values of the mandibular angles in degrees. The relationship of masseter volume to the other measurements was also characterized. Significantly greater masseter volume was seen in males compared with females, and a greater masseter thickness was also seen in males. The mandibular angle was more acute in males than females. Aggregate analysis of muscle volume and thickness was positively correlated with ramus height, lateral flare, and mandibular width. Ramus, mental, and total facial height correlated directly with patient height in males but not in females. These data provide a normative baseline for planning lower facial gender-affirming surgery.

Can smile influence the lower anterior vertical facial height on frontal view in an adult Asian female subject? A cross-sectional study

Objectives: Smile is a universal phenomenon, the effect of which is not discovered on the lower anterior facial height (LAFH). The objective of this study was to determine the influence of smile on different LAFH in frontal view as assessed by different panels of raters using visual analog scale (VAS) in a female subject. Material and Methods: The frontal photographs (at rest and on smile) were taken at natural head position of a female subject aged 28 years old after taking informed consent. LAFH of the photographs was modified using a Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, Calif.). Sixty raters equally divided into orthodontic residents, general dentists, and laypersons were given a VAS to make subjective assessments of facial attractiveness of the modified photographs. Comparison of raters’ scores was done using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare the esthetic scores of the subject at rest and with smile. Results: The mean age of the all raters was comparable (early adulthood). All raters preferred normal or slightly shorter LAFH in both postures, that is, at smile and rest. Similarly, all raters disliked long face modifications. On comparing smile and rest photographs at various LAFH, we found less VAS scores for smile. Gender of raters played no role in difference of VAS scores. Conclusion: All the panels of rater found normal LAFH to be the most attractive; however, the panels disliked long face modifications on both smile and at rest. Smile had no positive influence on the VAS scores as assumed so the effect of “Smiloflage” must be investigated further to understand it properly.

Relative importance of two bat species as pollinators of Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (Cactaceae): Evidences from morphometric and pollen load analyses

AbstractNeobuxbaumia tetetzo is a columnar cactus whose flowers are visited by the bat species Choeronycteris mexicana and Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. Although both bat species are considered the pollinators of N. tetetzo, the probability of pollination of each bat species has not been estimated. In this study, we determine the relative importance of C. mexicana and L. yerbabuenae as pollinators of N. tetetzo. The probability of pollination was estimated using two different approaches: (i) morphological correspondence between head (linear traits [total head length, snout length, and face height and width]) and cranial traits (shape traits) of bats and flower traits (linear [internal floral tube length including and excluding the nectary, corolla diameter, stamen length, style length, and corolla tube diameter] and shape traits), and (ii) pollen load analyses to estimate the percentage of occurrence (PO) and the pollination probability index (PPI). Our results showed a lack of a significant correspondence between both head and cranial traits of C. mexicana and the flowers of N. tetetzo, and linear morphological correspondence between total head length of L. yerbabuenae and flower length. Pollen loads of C. mexicana were composed by seven different pollen types, its PO and PPI were 41.87 ± 9.53% and 0.29, respectively. Leptonycteris yerbabuenae pollen loads were composed by three pollen types, with a PO of 78.29 ± 13.67% and a PPI of 0.67. Our results suggest that whereas C. mexicana has a low constancy to the flowers of N. tetetzo, L. yerbabuenae has a higher probability of pollination.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Facial Anthropometric Variations Among Cisgender Females of Different Ethnicities: Implications for Feminizing Facial Gender Affirming Surgery.

Feminizing Facial Gender-Affirming Surgery (FFGAS) is gaining popularity among the diverse population of patients impacted by gender incongruence. However, most studies examining facial femininity are based on Caucasians. Thus, it is unclear if ethnic differences exist in anthropometric measures relevant to FFGAS procedures. This study aims to analyze ethnic anthropometric variations in the cisgender female face to identify differences that are potentially relevant to FFGAS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed following PRISMA guidelines on June 25, 2021. Original studies reporting facial anthropometry in cisgender women were included. Anthropometric measures of interest included mandibular and zygomatic width, facial and forehead height, and nasolabial angle. A meta-analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model for each anthropometric measure. A total of 1246 abstracts were screened, yielding 21 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Facial anthropometric data of 4792 cisgender females of 16 different ethnicities were analyzed. This meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with Caucasian cisgender women, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean cisgender women had a wider mandible (Japanese +20.13mm [SE 4.43, P <0.001, P value adjusted for multiple comparisons (p-adj)=0.002], Chinese +16.22mm [SE 4.39, P =0.002, p-adj=0.013]; and Korean +14.46mm [SE 3.97, P =0.002, p-adj=0.014]). Further, when compared with Caucasian cisgender women, Chinese cisgender women demonstrated a larger zygomatic width, African American cisgender women tended to have smaller nasolabial angles, and Indian and Japanese cisgender women tended to have a smaller and larger facial height, respectively. However, following P value adjustment for multiple comparisons, these differences were not found to be statistically significant. We found that mandibular width tends to be greater for Japanese and Chinese cisgender women relative to Caucasian cisgender women. This data may be useful in counseling patients during preoperative evaluations ahead of mandibular reduction. No other anthropometric features were found to be significantly different among the ethnic groups studied. This portends that current approaches to FFGAS, which emphasize patient-specific needs and maintenance of a harmonious appearance, may require minimal or no adjustment to account for ethnic facial anthropometric differences.

Effect of rapid maxillary expander with posterior bite blocks in hyperdivergent patients with adenoid hypertrophy- A cephalometric study

To analyze the effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) with posterior bite blocks on craniofacial structures in hyperdivergent patients with adenoid hypertrophy and to compare them with control group. 32 patients of adenoid hypertrophy (mean age 11.6 yrs, range 8-12 years) with a transverse discrepancy were selected and divided into two groups in a random way - Group A: (n=16) hyrax RME with posterior bite block group, Group B: (n=16) control group. Group A- Lateral and Posteroanterior cephalograms were recorded pretreatment (T0), postexpansion (T1), and after 9 months retention (T2). Group B- Lateral and Posteroanterior cephalograms were recorded pretreatment (T0), and after 9 months (T2) concurrent with Group A. Cephalometric measurements in sagittal, vertical and transverse dimensions were taken and comparison was made using Paired and Unpaired t-test with p &amp;#60; 0.05 as statistically significant. Group A underwent insignificant increase in SN-MP angle whereas it increased significantly in Group B. The lower facial height and jarabak’s ratio decreased significantly. All transverse parameters increased significantly with maximum increase in intermolar width when compared with Group B. Significant increase in the transverse dimensions of mid face occurs with RME thus increasing the upper airway patency and effective control of the vertical growth pattern, typical of adenoid hypertrophy, was seen in the treatment group when compared with the control group.

Using Artificial Intelligence to Quantify Sexual Dimorphism in Aesthetic Faces: Analysis of 100 Facial Points in 42 Caucasian Celebrities.

Sexual dimorphism has been studied in the faces of average populations and worldwide celebrities; however, a focused analysis of attractive Caucasian faces has not been conducted. The study harnesses the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to efficiently analyze these facial patterns in attractive Caucasian male and female celebrities. Twenty-one male and 21 female Caucasian celebrities were selected based on popular editorial rankings, modeling agencies, and casting directors from 2017 to 2022. Frontal photographs of celebrities aged 23 to 42 without facial animation were selected. One hundred facial landmarks were identified using semi-automatic image analysis software consisting of modified Apple Vision (Cupertino, CA) machine-learning algorithms with additional custom landmarks. Measurements were converted to absolute distances by fixing subjects' white-to-white corneal diameters to the validated average in Caucasians. Attractive females had significantly greater upper and middle facial proportions, more uniformly divided facial thirds, and greater canthal tilt compared with males. Attractive males had significantly greater facial height, bizygomatic and bigonial widths, medial and total brow lengths, and alar width than females. The golden ratio (1.618) was observed in the ratio of facial height to bigonial width in females (1.613), and attractive males closely approximated that ratio (1.566). There were no significant differences in interpupillary distances, eyebrow angles, or horizontal palpebral fissure lengths. No faces in either sex exhibited scleral show. The study is the first to utilize AI in quantifying key sexual dimorphisms among Caucasian celebrity faces. Identifying these contemporary patterns may provide valuable considerations in planning facial aesthetic and gender affirmation surgery.

Reliability of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Cephalometric Analysis. A Pilot Study

Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has spread in orthodontics, in particular within cephalometric analysis, where computerized digital software is able to provide linear-angular measurements upon manual landmark identification. A step forward is constituted by fully automated AI-assisted cephalometric analysis, where the landmarks are automatically detected by software. The aim of the study was to compare the reliability of a fully automated AI-assisted cephalometric analysis with the one obtained by a computerized digital software upon manual landmark identification. Fully automated AI-assisted cephalometric analysis of 13 lateral cephalograms were retrospectively compared to the cephalometric analysis performed twice by a blinded operator with a computerized software. Intra- and inter-operator (fully automated AI-assisted vs. computerized software with manual landmark identification) reliability in cephalometric parameters (maxillary convexity, facial conicity, facial axis angle, posterior and lower facial height) was tested with the Dahlberg equation and Bland–Altman plot. The results revealed no significant difference in intra- and inter-operator measurements. Although not significant, higher errors were observed within intra-operator measurements of posterior facial height and inter-operator measurements of facial axis angle. In conclusion, despite the small sample, the cephalometric measurements of a fully automated AI-assisted cephalometric software were reliable and accurate. Nevertheless, digital technological advances cannot substitute the critical role of the orthodontist toward a correct diagnosis.

Development and Internal Validation of a Prediction Model for Surgical Success of Maxillomandibular Advancement for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Background: Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) has been shown to be the most effective surgical therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Despite high success rates, there are patients who are considered as non-responders to MMA. In order to triage and inform these patients on their expected prognosis of MMA before the surgery, this study aimed to develop, internally validate, and calibrate a prediction model for the presence of surgical success for MMA in patients with OSA. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included patients that had undergone MMA for moderate to severe OSA. Baseline clinical, polysomnographic, cephalometric, and drug-induced sleep endoscopy findings were recorded as potential predictors. Presence or absence of surgical success was recorded as outcome. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to develop the model. Performance and clinical values of the model were analyzed. Results: One hundred patients were included, of which sixty-seven (67%) patients reached surgical success. Anterior lower face height (ALFH) (OR: 0.93 [0.87−1.00], p = 0.05), superior posterior airway space (SPAS) (OR: 0.76 [0.62−0.92], p < 0.05), age (OR: 0.96 [0.91−1.01], p = 0.13), and a central apnea index (CAI) <5 events/hour sleep (OR: 0.16 [0.03−0.91], p < 0.05) were significant independent predictors in the model (significance level set at p = 0.20). The model showed acceptable discrimination with a shrunken area under the curve of 0.74, and acceptable calibration. The added predictive values for ruling in and out of surgical success were 0.21 and 0.32, respectively. Conclusions: Lower age at surgery, CAI < 5 events/hour, lower ALFH, and smaller SPAS were significant predictors for the surgical success of MMA. The discrimination, calibration, and clinical added values of the model were acceptable.

Association of temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis with dentoskeletal morphology in males: A cone-beam computed tomography and cephalometric analysis.

The objective of the study was to assess the differences in dentoskeletal morphology in males with and without temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis (TMJOA). Three hundred seventy-one male participants seeking orthodontic treatment were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Each participant's osseous status was evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and classified into normal (N=104), indeterminate for TMJOA (N=110) and TMJOA (N=157) groups. The dentoskeletal characteristics were evaluated using cephalograms. Stratified analysis was performed based on age and skeletal pattern. Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance were performed to investigate dentoskeletal differences among groups. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. The differences in posterior cranial base length, FMA, MP-OP, anterior facial height, articular angle, ramus height and L1-MP were statistically significant. After stratification by age, the differences in FMA, maxillomandibular angle, posterior facial height, facial height ratio, gonial angle and mandibular body length were statistically significant in adults. No statistical difference except for articular angle was observed in adolescents. After stratification by skeletal pattern, statistical differences were mainly apparent in skeletal Class II adults. Males with TMJOA showed a posteriorly positioned and backward-rotated mandible, especially in skeletal Class II adults. Compared with women, the craniofacial morphology of men is less affected by TMJOA. The association between TMJOA and craniofacial morphology also varied across different age groups and skeletal patterns. Prospective studies are required to clarify the cause-effect relationship between TMJOA and craniofacial morphology in males.

Evaluation of Glenoid Fossa Morphology in Different Facial Growth Patterns: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

Purpose: The aim of current study was to assess the glenoid fossa morphology among different vertical skeletal patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods: The CBCT images of 63 patients with Class I sagittal skeletal pattern were classified into three groups based on posterior facial height (PFH)/ Anterior facial height (AFH) ratio. Each group divided in to normal, horizontal and vertical growth pattern groups. Depth, width and inclination of glenoid fossa were measured and assessed on CBCT images. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc test were used to compare mean values of measured variables among the groups.Results: The width (28.76±0.79) and depth (14.61±0.514) of glenoid fossa were lower in horizontal in comparison to vertical and normal growth patterns (p-value&lt;0.05). Although steepness of glenoid fossa was higher in normal growth pattern (123.8±16.68), no statistically significant differences were seen (p-value: 0.819).Conclusion: The width and depth of glenoid fossa were significantly lower in horizontal growth pattern.

Nutritional Status and Malocclusion Parameters among 5–15-Year-Old School-going Children of Bathinda, Punjab, India

Context: The relationship between children’s oral health and general health has become a research subject of growing interest. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between nutritional status and malocclusion parameters among school-going children of Bathinda, Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study for 18 months was conducted among 500 5–15-year-old school-going children. Oral examination was done to check malocclusion parameters such as crowding, facial height (FH), and anterior and posterior crossbite. Nutritional status assessment was done using body mass index (BMI). The data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and statistically analyzed using the SPSS (IBM Corporation) software. Results: A statistically significant association was found between BMI and malocclusion parameters such as dental crowding and FH. No statistically significant association was found between nutritional status and anterior/posterior crossbite. Conclusion: Further research is needed for in-depth understanding of role of nutritional status on malocclusion indicators during early years of life for timely interventions and prevention.