Facial Height Research Articles

Treatment of Vertical Maxillary Excess in Skeletal Class II Hyperdivergent Face Using Skeletal Anchorage—An IBO Case Report

This case report was presented at the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) examination under category III in September 2022. It describes the case of 13-year-old female with hyperdivergent facial pattern and class II skeletal base, treated using microimplant anchorage. Patient presented with vertical maxillary excess, increased lower facial height, gummy smile, and incompetent lips. All four first premolar extraction treatments were planned with simultaneous retraction and intrusion of maxillary and mandibular dentition. The case was treated using 022 slot MBT prescription appliance. Lip exercises were prescribed to increase the tone of lips, which would aid in attainment of lip seal. Case was completed with class I molars, normal overjet–overbite, and improved smile aesthetics. The patient exhibited competent lips and reduced anterior–posterior gingival show.

Does Upper Incisors Procline following Rapid Maxillary Expansion Facemask Therapy?

Background: The present study is intended to evaluate the changes in upper incisor angulation, skeletal and dental parameters, soft-tissue and airway dimensions following rapid palatal expansion and maxillary protraction. Materials and Methods: Twenty class III subjects (mean age 11.3 years) were given bonded rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and facemask (FM) for 6 months. Pre- and posttreatment cephalogram were compared and dental, skeletal, soft-tissue, and airway changes were quantified. Results: The mean increase in SNA was 1.85° (P < 0.001) while SNB decreased by 1.85° (P < 0.001). Upper and lower face height increased (UFH 1.1 mm, P < 0.05; LFH 2.92 mm, P < 0.001). Upper lip moved forward (E line U/lip 1.27 mm, P < 0.001; S line U/lip 1.3 mm, P < 0.01). 1-SN decreased by 4.35° and 1-NA decreased by 4.50° with P < 0.01. Overjet improved by 3.07 mm (P < 0.001). Conclusion: RME and FM therapy resulted in maxillary forward movement; mandible rotated downward and backward; UFH and LFH increased. The upper lip exhibited forward movement, resulting in a less concave profile. Upper incisor retroclined and there was increase in overjet and no changes in airway dimensions. The upper incisors following RME and FM does not always procline; it is decided by the interaction of four factors – mesial dental movement, rotation of maxillary/occlusal plane, amount of expansion with RME (expansion effect), and reverse twin block if incorporated with FM.

Evaluation of the skeletal and dental effects of a hybrid aesthetic functional appliance (HAF) in skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion: A prospective uncontrolled clinical trial.

The present study investigated the skeletal and dental effect in class II division I growing patients due to mandibular deficiency treated with the hybrid aesthetic functional (HAF) appliance. A sample of 16 growing patients (5 boys and 11 girls; mean age: 9.50 years, standard deviation: 1.15) with class II division I malocclusion were treated using the HAF appliance for an average period of 10±3 months. For each patient, a cephalometric radiograph was taken before and after treatment, and digital analysis was applied using the WebCeph program. The statistical analysis was performed to evaluate dental and skeletal changes associated with the HAF appliance and determine if there were any statistically significant variations in anatomical measurements between the start and completion of the treatment. The data showed a significant increase in SNB angle (P=0.002), leading to a significant decrease in ANB angle (P=0.001). The mandibular length significantly increased (P=0.008), the lower incisors were flared significantly (P=0.028), and the lower molars were extruded significantly (P≤0.001). Also, this study revealed a significant decrease in Wits appraisal (P≤0.001), overjet (P≤0.001), and overbite (P=0.041). Additionally, a significant increase in lower anterior facial height (P≤0.001), total facial height (P=0.001), and posterior facial height (P=0.037) were observed. The HAF appliance showed that it could be used to correct class II division 1 skeletal discrepancy by mandibular advancement. The HAF appliance increased all facial heights significantly.

Evaluation of the External Soft Tissue Changes Following the Correction of Class II Skeletal Malocclusion in the Adolescence Period Using Removable and Fixed Functional Appliances: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In this systematic review, we aimed to assess the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of functional treatment with both removable and fixed appliances to normalize the external soft tissue for skeletal class II adolescent individuals. We performed a broad electronic search to retrieve relevant studies from nine databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that investigated soft tissue changes following functional treatment and evaluated the changes using 2D lateral cephalometric radiographsand 3D-optical surface laser scanning. A total of three RCTs and eight CCTs were included. Ages ranged from 11 to 16 years with the fixed functional appliances, and from eight to 12 years with the removable ones, including 689 skeletal class II patients. Version 2 of Cochran's risk-of-bias (RoB2), and the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBIN-I) were used to assess the risk of bias for the included papers. Of the 11 eligible studies, three studies were included in the meta-analysis to assess the upper and lower lip position in relation to the E-line (Ricketts's aesthetic line) in addition to the nasolabial angle. The meta-analysis showed that the upper lip retracted after functional treatment with Twin-block in relation to E-line (mean difference (MD) = -1.93; 95% CI: -2.37, -1.50; p < 0.00001; χ² = 5.43; p = 0.07; I2 = 63%), while the lower lip position did not change after functional treatment with Twin-block in relation to E-line (MD = 0.03; 95% CI: -0.56, 0.61; p = 0.92; χ² = 1.74; p = 0.42; I2 = 0%). The nasolabial angle increased after Twin-block treatment (MD = 5.75; 95% CI: 4.57, 6.93;p < 0.00001; χ² = 6.77; p = 0.03; I2 = 70%). The mentolabial angle and Z-angle also increased after functional therapy, where the facial convexity angle decreased, regardless of the functional devices used. On the other hand, using the 3D-optical surface laser scanning showed that the upper lip length and the commissural width did not change following therapy, but the lower lip increased in length, as well as the total face height. More high-quality RCTs are required to obtain accurate evidence in this field.

Craniofacial anthropometric measurements of the cohort of Egyptian male school children and their utility in detection of abnormalities

BackgroundAnthropology is a scientific discipline which applies scientific methods to identify and quantitate inter-individual variations in body structure and function. Anthropometry assesses craniofacial dysmorphology in genetic disorders and helps to detect phenotypic differences in diseases with common underlying cause. This study is part of a comprehensive cross-sectional study of craniofacial and oral findings in Egyptian school children. This paper focused on establishing the norms of Egyptian male school children and its utility in determining the differences in facial measurements of a child with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). Thirty craniofacial measurements were taken from 55 healthy Egyptian school children aged 12–14 years with mean age 13±0.64\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$13\\pm 0.64$$\\end{document} and a PWS child aged 13.6 years. The PWS measurements were compared with healthy children of the same age using computed Z-score.ResultsMorphological face height of the PWS child was within the normal range. However, upper face height and nose height were significantly lower with Z-scores of -\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-$$\\end{document} 3.18 and -\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-$$\\end{document} 2.7, respectively; right and left mandibular body length and upper lip height were significantly higher than the mean of healthy children with corresponding Z-scores of 2.95, 2.48, and 2.33.ConclusionsBy establishing the norms of Egyptian male school children and utilizing these data, we can identify the difference in facial measurements among children with abnormalities like PWS. This information can be used during periodic checkups as a simple, non-invasive, and economical method for the detection of these abnormalities.

Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in untreated Indian population

Introduction: Facial growth pattern is an important factor in planning orthodontic treatment properly. Knowledge of arch forms is important for an orthodontist, as it is related to future treatment outcome. Factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity are also important. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the dental arch dimensions in a different facial pattern in regional population, to evaluate correlation in the facial pattern with dental arch width to evaluate the differences in dental arch width between male and female subjects. Materials: The present study was conducted on 120 untreated subjects comprising of 60 males and 60 females aged between 16 to 38 years. The Jarabak’s ratio (posterior facial height/anterior facial height) was measured on cephalograms of each patient. Maxillary and mandibular inter-canine, first inter-premolar, second inter-premolar and first inter-molar widths were measured on study models of each patient. Results: There was no significant correlation between dental arch width and vertical facial pattern in regional population. In males, arch width is greater in canine, premolar and molar region than females. Conclusion: It was concluded that dental arch width is not associated with the vertical facial pattern but it is associated with gender. Thus, using individualized arch wires according to gender is suggested during orthodontic treatment. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S26-S31

Attractive combinations of female gingival displays, buccal corridor sizes, and facial heights according to orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople of different ages and sexes: a psychometric study

IntroductionEsthetics plays a crucial role in orthodontics and many other dental and medical fields. To date, no study has assessed the combined effects of the 3 facial features ‘facial height, gingival display (GD), and buccal corridor size (BC)’ on facial/smile beauty. Therefore, this study was conducted for the first time.MethodsIn this psychometric diagnostic study, beauty of 27 randomized perceptometric images of a female model with variations in facial heights (short, normal, long), gingival displays (0, 2, 4, 6 mm), and buccal corridor sizes (2%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) were evaluated by 108 judges (36 orthodontists, 36 dentists, 36 laypeople) using a 5-scale Likert scale (1 to 5). Combined effects of facial heights, GDs, BCs, judges’ sexes, ages, and jobs, and their 2-way interactions were tested using a mixed-model multiple linear regression and a Bonferroni test. Zones of ideal features were determined for all judges and also for each group using repeated-measures ANOVAs and the Bonferroni test (α=0.05).ResultsJudges’ sex but not their age or expertise might affect their perception of female beauty: men gave higher scores. The normal face was perceived as more beautiful than the long face (the short face being the least attractive). Zero GD was the most attractive followed by 4 mm; 6 mm was the least appealing. BCs of 15% followed by 10% were the most attractive ones, while 25% BC was the worst. The zone of ideal anatomy was: long face + 0mm GD + 15% BC; normal face + 2mm GD + 15% BC; long face + 2mm GD + 15% BC; normal face + 0mm GD + 15% BC.ConclusionsNormal faces, zero GDs, and 15% BCs may be the most appealing. Facial heights affect the perception of beauty towards GDs but not BCs.

Gender-expansive listeners invite us to reconsider voice categorization as a simple matter of pitch and timbre

Past literature has focused on pitch and timbre cues as the main determinants of the voice of an actor (a speaker or a singer). But in real life, judges rely on non-auditory cues such as the actor’s facial features, height, body size and shape. Resisting these visual biases could provide more accurate assessment of a voice but requires a stronger dissociation between auditory attributes and physical appearance, an ability hypothetically acquired by gender-expansive participants. In three online studies, we examine Faching (allocating voices into traditional categories). In study 1, 166 participants (85 cis, 81 gender-expansive) rated 144 audio (A) samples from 18 different actors (3 from each major Fach category, excluding countertenor) along a slider labeled low/dark to high/bright. Participants then guessed the voice types of the same actors in silent videos (V), before rating them in AV combinations. The cis group exhibited 30% more visual bias than the gender-expansive group. To further understand how gender-expansive participants obtain this benefit, we manipulated the fundamental frequency (in study 2) or the vocal tract length (in study 3) by ± 3 semitones from the original stimuli. Preliminary findings suggest that the two groups differ in the face of timbre but not pitch manipulations.

Effects of eruption guidance appliance in the early treatment of Class III malocclusion.

To evaluate the dentoskeletal effects and effectiveness of the eruption guidance appliance in Class III patients in the mixed dentition. The experimental group comprised 22 patients with Class III malocclusion and anterior cross-bite (12 males, 10 females, mean age 7.63 ± 0.96 years) treated with the eruption guidance appliance over a mean period of 1.72 ± 0.48 years. The control group comprised 22 untreated subjects (12 males, 10 females, mean age 7.21 ± 0.60 years) with Class III malocclusion. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained at pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2). Intergroup comparisons were performed with Mann-Whitney and t-tests (P < .05). In the experimental and control groups, the anteroposterior relationship between the maxilla and mandible (ANB angle) remained stable during the treatment period (T1 to T2). The mandibular plane angle decreased in the experimental group and increased in the control group. In the experimental group, the lower anterior face height increase and maxillary molar vertical development were significantly smaller compared to controls. Positive overjet was achieved in 54% of the experimental group. The eruption guidance appliance produced no change in the skeletal anteroposterior relationship. The anterior cross-bite/edge-to-edge relationship was corrected in only about half of the treated subjects.

Comparative Assessment of Various Cephalometric Parameters Used for Determining Vertical Skeletal Dysplasia.

The aim of the study is to assess and correlate the different cephalometric parameters used to determine the vertical jaw relationship. Cephalometric radiographs from 148 patients were assessed and comparison was made using all eight parameters. Statistical analysis was performed using mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance. A correlation was found between different variables using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. In the entire sample, the basal plane angle displayed the most variable distribution, while the R angle displayed the most homogeneous distribution. There was a significant correlation found between the Jarabak ratio, Steiner's mandibular plane angle (SN-GoGn), Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA), R angle, and DR angle. There was a moderate to weak correlation between the Y-axis, basal plane angle, and facial height ratio with other skeletal analyses. Among angular variables DR angle, R angle, SN-GoGn and FMA can be used and among linear variables Jarabak ratio could be used reliably to assess the growth pattern. It suggested that in order to obtain an accurate evaluation of the vertical jaw relationship, a variety of measurements should be combined.

Skeletal stability of inter-molar mandibular distraction osteogenesis in growing patients

IntroductionThe aim of this retrospective study was to firstly assess the stability of surgical advancement using inter-molar mandibular distraction osteogenesis (IMDO) and secondly to assess the impact of the surgical intervention on subsequent mandibular growth in patients with residual growth.MethodsThe sample consisted of 17 (13F and 4M) consecutively treated patients who underwent IMDO and orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric analysis was performed at three time points: T0 prior to distraction; T1 post-distraction immediately prior to surgical removal of the distractors; and T2 following completion of orthodontic treatment when the final lateral cephalogram was taken (0.86–4.37 years after T1). Statistical comparison of lower facial height, mandibular length, growth, condylar position and anterior mandibular rotation was performed.ResultsNo association was found between changes in any of the cephalometric measurements and the length of the follow-up interval. The anterior mandibular segment underwent clockwise rotation during distraction and recovered to near its pre-distraction angulation during remodelling. An increase in the lower facial height of 1.88 ± 2.81mm also occurred during distraction (T0–T1) and was maintained during the follow-up period (T1–T2). Post-distraction (T1–T2) growth of lower facial height (p value 0.872) and mandibular length (p value 0.251) showed no association when compared to an untreated control group and an overall reduction in growth was reported.ConclusionsIMDO was highly stable within a follow-up period of 2.3 ± 0.9 years; however, growth appears to have been inhibited.

Comparison of Twin Block appliance and Herbst appliance in the treatment of Class II malocclusion among children: a meta-analysis

BackgroundOur meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of applying Herbst and Twin Block appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion among children.MethodsDatabases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China VIP Database (VIP), and Wanfang were thoroughly searched from inception to August 9, 2023. The outcomes included skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was used as the effect indicator, and the effect size was expressed with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity of each outcome effect size was tested, and the heterogeneity statistic I2 ≥ 50% was analyzed by the random-effect model, otherwise, the fixed-effect model was conducted. Sensitivity analysis was performed.ResultsA total of 12 studies involving 574 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Herbst appliance had a statistically significant increase in mandibular body length (WMD: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.96, P < 0.001) compared with the Twin Block appliance. More increases in angle and distance of L1 to mandibular plane (MP) were found in the Herbst appliance compared with the Twin Block appliance. Significant and greater improvements in molar relationship (WMD: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.28 to 1.29, P = 0.002), posterior facial height (WMD: -1.23, 95% CI: -2.08 to -0.38, P = 0.005), convexity angle (WMD: -1.89, 95% CI: -3.12 to -0.66, P = 0.003), and Sella-Nasion plane angle (U1 to SN) (WMD: 3.34, 95% CI: 2.25 to 4.43, P < 0.001) were achieved in the Twin Block appliance. Herbst and Twin Block appliances produced similar effects in the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes including Sella-Nasion-point A (SNA), Sella-Nasion-point B, point A-Nasion-point B (ANB), overjet, and overbite.ConclusionAs the findings revealed both Herbst and Twin Block appliances contributed successfully to the correction of Class II malocclusion. Compared with the Twin Block appliance, the Herbst appliance may have more advantages in mandibular bone movement. Twin Block therapy resulted in more improvement in the aesthetics of the face.

Relation Between Masticatory Performance and Skeletal Properties in Patients With Skeletal Class III Malocclusion.

This study aimed to measure masticatory performance (MP) using β-carotene gummy jelly to investigate its relationship with skeletal properties in decompensated patients diagnosed with skeletal class III malocclusion. The study included 78 patients (38 men and 40 women) diagnosed with skeletal class III malocclusion without temporomandibular joint disorder and periodontal disease. MP was measured using a new masticatory measuring device and β-carotene in the gummy jelly. Lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms were obtained, and skeletal properties (Me deviation, ANB, SNB, APDI, Wits, ODI, facial axis, body length, ramus length, SN-GoGn, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, saddle angle, articular angle, and gonial angle) were evaluated. MP differences according to age and sex and the effect of skeletal properties on MP were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The MP of all patients was 3690.55±1428.77mm², MP of the male group was 4043.05±1498.09mm², and MP of the female group was 3355.68±1272.19mm². Among the items investigated, the variable that affected MP was posterior facial height. Posterior facial height showed a positive correlation (P=0.022). There was no significant difference between MP and other skeletal properties (P>0.05). The severity of the hypodivergency in skeletal class III could affect MP. The relationship between facial asymmetry or skeletal relation and MP could not be explained in this study.

Effects of orthopedic treatment (distraction splint) on dentofacial deformities in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) frequently affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which can alter mandibular growth and development and result in dentofacial deformities. To assess the outcomes of orthopedic treatment with distraction splint (DS) in patients with JIA-related dentofacial deformity. The retrospective study involved 30 patients with JIA and unilateral TMJ involvement, another study group of 20 patients with JIA and bilateral TMJ involvement, and a control group of 18 non-JIA orthodontic patients with Class II and III malocclusions. The inclusion criteria were DS treatment and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans before (T0) and 2 years after treatment (T1). Dentofacial morphology and deformity were evaluated based on a validated three-dimensional CBCT-based morphometric analysis. Intergroup differences in outcome measures were compared at T0 and T1, and intragroup changes between T0 and T1 were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Initial evaluations at T0 revealed significant differences between the unilateral and bilateral JIA groups and the control group for three out of eight dentofacial deformity variables: inter-side difference in total posterior mandibular height, mandibular axial angle, and posterior/anterior face height (ratio). At follow-up (T1), significant inter-group differences were only observed in total posterior mandibular height indicating that intergroup differences were less pronounced after splint treatment. Assessing inter-group changes between T0 and T1 showed that all parameters remained constant except posterior/anterior face height ratio, which significantly decreased between T0 and T1. The findings demonstrate the potential of DS treatment for patients with JIA and unilateral or bilateral TMJ involvement to generally support normal dentofacial growth or at least limit further deterioration of dentofacial deformities.

To estimate the maturation of permanent teeth in different facial patterns in Rajasthan population: A comparative retrospective study

The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the maturation stages of permanent teeth in different facial patterns in Rajasthan population. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and orthopantomogram of 90 subjects (30 horizontal, 30 vertical and 30 average growth patterns with subgroup of male and female in horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern), with 8 – 16 years of age, were selected from the patients records who had reported to the Department of Orthodontics &amp; Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur. Lateral Cephalograms were traced manually and orthopantomogram were used to get the overall dental maturity score by adding the value of left eight mandibular teeth. Student’s t test was used to compare the maturation of chronological age and dental age in horizontal, vertical and average growth patterns and Pearson’s correlation test was used to found correlation between the group. The results suggest a difference in dental age and chronological age in subject with vertical growth patterns. Vertical female growers showed early dental age maturation compared to chronological age. There was insignificant difference present in dental age and chronological age in horizontal growth patterns and average growth patterns. Insignificant intergroup difference was found in dental age between horizontal vs vertical, horizontal vs average and vertical vs average growth patterns. Subjects with vertical female growth patterns shows early dental age maturation than chronological age. Sn-Go-Gn, lower anterior facial height and Jara back’s ratio are highly significant in determining growth patterns. There also exists strong correlation between dental age and chronological age in horizontal, vertical and average growth patterns in male and female subgroup.

An evaluation and comparison of smile characteristics of female adults in high angle, medium angle and low angle skeletal types – An observational study

To evaluate and compare the smile characteristics of female adults in high angle, medium angle and low angle skeletal types. Frontal photograph at posed smile of 45 adult females were taken with the help of Canon 1500D camera. These photographs were standardized and uploaded on to the Medit Link software. Various smile characteristics like upper lip length, upper lip thickness, lower facial height, lower lip thickness, lower lip length, chin height, incisor display, buccal corridors, gingival display and smile width were measured. Descriptive statistics were carried out for the data and ANOVA test was done for comparison among the types. P-value more than 0.05 was taken to be significant. It was seen significant for gingival display and chin height in high angle types. The mean for gingival display was 2.26 mm in high angle types (P=0.000531). The mean for chin height was 34.84 mm in high angle types (P=0.016198). Smile width also showed significant results in low angles types. The mean for smile width was 63.88 mm in low angle types. The significant differences were seen to be in gingival display and chin height in high mandibular females, showing longer chin and more gingival display. In low mandibular angle females, it was seen that they have a broader smile. No significant angle wise differences were seen in other parameters.

Effects of clear aligners on the vertical position of the molar teeth and the vertical and sagittal relationships of the face: a preliminary retrospective before-after clinical trial

IntroductionDespite the popularity of clear aligners, their predictability has not been assessed adequately. Moreover, no study has investigated their effects on numerous dentomaxillary variables. Therefore, this study was conducted for the first time, assessing several new or controversial items. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of clear aligners on the vertical position of the molar teeth and the vertical and sagittal relationships of the face.MethodsThis preliminary retrospective before-after non-randomized clinical trial was performed on 168 observations of 84 patients (33.60±9.28 years, 54 females) treated with 0.75mm Invisalign appliances. Pretreatment and posttreatment values were measured for: mandibular plane angle, occlusal plane angle, Y-Axis, ANB, facial angle, lower anterior facial height, overbite, and the distances of the molars from the palate and mandibular plane were measured. The alterations in parameters caused by treatment (delta values) were calculated for each measurement. Effects of treatment and some parameters on delta values were analyzed statistically (α=0.05).ResultsMean±SD of ΔMP-FH, ΔOP-FH, ΔY-Axis, ΔLAFH, ΔNPog-FH, ΔANB, ΔOverbite, ΔSNB, Δ6-PP, Δ7-PP, Δ6-MP, and Δ7-MP were respectively 0.11±1.61, 0.80±1.56, 0.15±1.18, 0.07±0.91, -0.22±1.25, 0.03±0.62, 0.04±1.15, -0.06±1.14, -0.36±0.94, -0.32±1.14, 0.19±0.96, 0.18±1.10. Only the alterations in OP-FH, 6-PP, and 7-PP were significant (P≤0.011). Age, sex, treatment duration, or pretreatment mandibular plane angle were not correlated with any delta values. However, the pretreatment occlusal plane angle was negatively correlated with ΔOP-FH and ΔY-Axis. Crowding was correlated negatively with ΔOP-FH and ΔY-Axis and positively with ΔNPog-FH. Overjet was negatively correlated with ΔANB and ΔOverbite (P≤0.035).ConclusionsInvisalign intruded first/second maxillary molars and increased the occlusal plane angle. Age, sex, and treatment duration were not correlated with post-treatment anatomic alterations.

Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Case Report

Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the aberrant development of ectodermal structures, presenting complex dental, dermatological, and psychological challenges. This case report focuses on a 7-year-old male with ED, delving into his prenatal, natal, and postnatal history, medical and dental records, clinical examination findings, and the subsequent treatment plan. The patient exhibited classical ED features, including missing teeth, dry and fragile skin, prominent lips, cranial abnormalities, reduced facial height, and an enlarged tongue. A multidisciplinary team approach was pivotal in addressing the intricate dental complications associated with ED. Preventive measures such as meticulous oral hygiene, periodic high-fluoride applications, and resin-modified glass ionomer fissure sealants were administered. Prosthodontic interventions were designed to restore function and aesthetics, including upper partial denture and lower overdenture. This case underscores the significance of early and comprehensive dental intervention in ED patients, emphasizing the vital roles played by pediatrics, orthodontics, prosthodontics, surgery, and periodontics in achieving favorable outcomes. Furthermore, it highlights the psychosocial challenges faced by ED individuals, emphasizing the need for holistic care and support.

Penggunaan Gigi Tiruan pada Lansia dengan Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A person who has reached the elderly stage will have an experienced degenerative process that causes several disorders. Changes in the masticatory function due to the loss of the remaining teeth can cause a transformation not only in the mastication system but also in the upper airway system of respiration. This is due to orofacial deformation, tongue retraction while in the resting position, occlusal vertical dimension changes, and a decrease in facial height. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep breathing disorder with 17 % prevalence rate in adults and increases up to 49% in the elderly stage. A complete denture can be a rehabilitative treatment option for the elderly OSA patient. Wearing dentures during sleep is against the principles of dentistry because it can cause the tongue to be positioned posteriorly. However, people, mostly women, still wears denture while sleeping. This might further increase the obstruction of upper airway system.

An evaluation of cephalometric predictors of anterior open bite; An assessment of dental and skeletal parameters in an orthodontic population.

Anterior open bite (AOB) malocclusion is one of the highly challenging malocclusions. Cephalometric radiographs have been used for the diagnosis of occlusal anomalies in the vertical and anteroposterior directions. This study aims to compare skeletal and dental features in open and non-open bite subjects to identify factors that help predict and categorize open bites in a Nigerian population. Pretreatment cephalometric radiographs of 82 patients were recruited into this study. This study comprised 41 AOB patients and 41 (Class 1 malocclusion) patients (control group). The radiographs were obtained from the orthodontic unit, Department of Child Dental Health of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba Lagos. Cephalometric tracing and analysis of the obtained radiographs were used to identify and compare the skeletal and dental differences between the two groups. The mean age of the participants was 20.47 ± 8.05 years. The patients consisted of 26 (31.7%) males and 56 (68.3%) females. There was a significant difference in the open bite depth indicator (ODI) of the open bite (P value < 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in the vertical skeletal parameters - lower facial height (LFH), total facial height (TFH), posterior facial height (PFH), Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), mandibular-maxillary angle (MMA), and gonial angle in the AOB group compared to the control group. The vertical height of the dentoalveolar segments measured was all significantly increased in the open bite group compared to the control group. The results suggest that the skeletal and dental vertical parameters, including ODI of the open bite subjects, varied compared with the non-open bite subjects in the Nigerian population studied and could be used to predict AOB tendency.