Eye Movement Experiment Research Articles

Data Analysis from Two-choice Decision Tasks in Visual Information Processing

Data analysis are important tasks in research. The present study focuses on the analysis of data sets from human eye movement experiments. The results of the experiments were analyzed according to two criteria – gender and age of the participants. The participants were divided into 3 groups, respectively group 1: between 20 and 35 years, group 2: between 36 and 55 years and group 3: between 56 and 85 years. The results showed that 75% of the two-choice decision tasks were solved correctly. This trend was maintained among the participants from group 1 – respectively 75.4%. The participants from group 2 gave more correct answers – respectively 82.2%, but the participants from group 3 gave fewer correct answers – respectively 70.2%. The average value of the response time indicator (of all participants) was 1455 ms. The response time of the participants from groups 1 and 2 was shorter than the average (respectively with 483 ms and 235 ms). The response time of the participants from group 3 was longer than the average (respectively with 626 ms).

Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension

AbstractWe report two offline and two eye-movement experiments examining non-native (L2) sentence processing during and after reanalysis of temporarily ambiguous sentences like “While Mary dressed the baby laughed happily”. Such sentences cause reanalysis at the main clause verb (“laughed”), as the temporarily ambiguous noun phrase (“the baby”) may initially be misanalysed as the direct object of the subordinate clause verb (“dressed”). The offline experiments revealed that L2ers have difficulty reanalysing temporarily ambiguous sentences with a greater persistence of the initially assigned misinterpretation than native (L1) speakers. In the eye-movement experiments, we found that L2ers complete reanalysis similarly to L1ers but fail to fully erase the memory trace of the initially assigned interpretation. Our results suggested that the source of L2 reanalysis difficulty is a failure to erase the initially assigned misinterpretation from memory rather than a failure to conduct syntactic reanalysis.

Research on User Experience Based on Competition Websites

The design of the website interface has an impact on the user experience in all aspects. A set of relatively perfect interactive interface is often in line with the needs, cognition and behavior of the target user to form a good experience. In order for users to have a good experience in their use, subjective evaluation and usability evaluation methods are usually used to test and tune after the interface is designed. This analysis method has its limitations. For example, it cannot reveal the thinking process and psychological activities of the user and the interface in the interaction process for the designer, and provide the tester with the time and space information of the user’s search and processing process. This paper adopts more cutting-edge research methods. First, we analyze the usability of three websites of the same type and different structure, such as evaluating the effectiveness by task completion rate and error rate, and evaluating efficiency by operating time and operating path. Secondly, conduct eye movement experiments on users, further assist and re-verify the usability evaluation method, and analyze its dynamic interaction characteristics, and conduct a comprehensive user experience research on competition websites from qualitative and quantitative perspectives.

Prior context influences lexical competition when segmenting Chinese overlapping ambiguous strings

• Prior context affects the competition stage of word processing when reading Chinese. • Plausibility has an early effect on word segmentation. • The left-side word of an OAS is more likely to be segmented as a word. We report three eye-movement experiments that investigated the effect of prior sentence context on the processing of overlapping ambiguous strings (OASs) during Chinese reading. An OAS is a Chinese character string (ABC) in which the middle character can form a distinct word with both the character on its left (word AB) and on its right (word BC). In three experiments, we manipulated the extent to which the right-side word (BC) was plausible as an immediate continuation following the prior context; the left-side word AB was always plausible given the prior context, and the sentence continued in a manner that was compatible with word AB. Compared with a less plausible word BC, first-pass reading times on the OAS were longer with a more plausible word BC. The results suggest that in reading of Chinese strings with ambiguous word boundaries, plausibility influences an early stage of competition between words, rather than only a later checking process that occurs after the initial segmentation.

Cognitive Style Differences in Attention Distribution Regarding Calligraphic Perception.

PurposeCalligraphy is the most unique form of artistic expression in Chinese culture. However, most studies that used calligraphy as a research object only explored its artistic value from an artistic perspective. Thus, we know little about the information processing and influencing factors of calligraphic perception. Thus, we aimed to determine whether there are differences in attention distribution due to cognitive style in the process of calligraphic perception.MethodsThe calligraphy of Lan Ting Ji Xu, which is known as the first running script in the history of Chinese calligraphy, was selected as the experimental material. The study used eye movement experiments to explore the differences in cognitive styles of attention distribution when perceiving calligraphy, through the analysis of eye movement data of participants.ResultsThe results showed that field-independent participants had more fixation duration, number of fixations, and saccade angle when they perceived calligraphic works than those who were field-dependent. In other words, field-independent individuals spend more attention resources in the perceptual process. In addition, through data analysis, it was found that fixation duration, number of fixations, and saccade angle in the middle position of calligraphy are larger than the data on both sides of the calligraphy. In other words, when individuals perceive calligraphy, the content in the middle position can attract more attention resources than those on both sides.ConclusionWe found that individuals with different cognitive styles have differences in attention distribution in the process of perceiving calligraphy.

Home Interactive Elderly Care Two-Way Video Healthcare System Design.

This paper explores and analyses the interactive home geriatric two-way video health care system, investigates and analyses the daily lives and behaviours of the elderly in their homes through research interviews, obtains the main needs of the elderly population in their lives, as well as their cognitive and behavioural characteristics, and proposes four service function modules for the elderly in their homes; then, combining service design and interaction design theory, we propose the following four service modules for the elderly in their homes. Given the design methods and processes of the intelligent service system for the elderly at home as well as the interface interaction design principles on the three levels of vision, interaction, and reflection, the intelligent service system platform for the elderly at home was constructed, the interaction design of the mobile device terminal software of the service system platform practiced in the form of APP, and the eye-movement experiment method and fuzzy hierarchical analysis were applied to the design of the intelligent service system for the elderly at home from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The thesis study provides a new way of thinking to design and provide intelligent service system products for the elderly living at home, which is an important contribution to society's care for the elderly and their quality of life. The key features of the human skeleton are extracted from the model of abnormal leaning and falling behaviour of the elderly, and the SVM machine learning method is used to classify and identify the data, which enables the identification of the abnormal behaviour of the elderly at home with an accuracy of 97%.

The emotional design of product color: An eye movement and event‐related potentials study

AbstractIt is the key to accurately obtain participants' emotional responses to product color for the product color emotional design. However, traditional research rarely studies participant's internal emotion cognition and changing mechanism. In this article, a color emotional design method based on eye movements and event‐related potentials is proposed. Participative behavior experiment, eye movement, and event‐related potentials were carried out. Participants evaluated the electric iron pictures with different color layout and color number to obtain participants' participative feelings before eye movement and ERPs experiment. The results showed that three‐color samples were more popular than two‐color samples, and the participants' emotions were more positive when the color blocks were evenly distributed. The larger the pupil diameter in the eye movement data, the more positive the participants felt. Participants responded quickly to positive and negative stimuli when shown the two‐color samples, and the average amplitude of the early components P1 and N2 exhibited significant changes. For the three‐color samples, the average amplitude changes of positive and neutral states of participants mainly occurred in N2 and P3 components. However, there were no significant changes in the negative state. The combination of participative and objective methods is expected to offer an important basis for the research of color emotional design method based on color layout and color number, and to provide reliable indicators for the future analysis of physiological data and product color evaluation models.

Research on Cognitive Effects of Narrative Rhetoric in Print Advertisement Based on Eye Movement

This article uses eye movement experiments to study the cognitive effects of consumer groups on different narrative-quality advertisements. The experiment selects typical advertising cases, takes college students as subjects, and uses computers to track and analyze eye movement data. The experimental results show that the quality of narrative rhetoric directly affects the number of attention, duration, and pupil diameter of the subjects, and the subjects’ browsing time and memory of advertisements are positively related to the quality of narrative rhetoric of advertisements. Among them, in the Low-involvement/Thinking product advertisements, consumers' eye movement data for advertisements with better narrative quality is relatively more significant.

Analysis of interface usability evaluation using digital measurement tools

Based on the articles on interface usability collected by CNKI and Web of Science (WOS), the current research status, trends, and recommendations on interface usability were analyzed in terms of the number of articles published, literature sources, institutions, authors, and keywords by combining the CNKI and WOS bibliometric analysis tools and CiteSpace information visualization software. Using digital technology methods such as bibliometric analysis, data visualisation and knowledge mapping analysis, the following conclusions were drawn. Research on interface usability mainly focuses on usability testing and interface optimization. At present, the research methods of interface usability are relatively mature, and the evaluation direction of interface usability tends to combine the eye movement experiments, the subjective and objective evaluation of users. The use of digital tools to study the current situation, hotspots and trends in interface usability can provide advice and assistance in the design of relevant interfaces.

The Fusion of Eye Movement and Piezoelectric Sensing Technology Assists Ceramic Art Process Optimization and Mechanical Characterization

Ceramic product shape evaluation is an important part of product development, an important method to optimize product shape design, and is of great significance to reasonably locate users’ consumption psychology and promote the development of ceramic product industry. In this paper, we propose an eye‐tracking‐based evaluation method for ceramic products from the user’s point of view, in view of the fact that there are few studies on ceramic product shape evaluation, and it is mainly led by designers and enterprise leaders subjectively, with low user participation and lack of objective evaluation means and objective data support. In this paper, through the implementation of eye‐movement experiments, we obtain and analyze the eye‐movement data related to the semantic perception evaluation of product modeling and the overall evaluation of modeling, establish the mapping relationship between user evaluation and eye‐movement data, and provide objective data support for modeling evaluation. This paper provides an objective data support for the styling evaluation. This paper provides new ideas for the ceramic product modeling evaluation method, which helps to promote the development of ceramic product industry, improve the brand recognition of enterprises, and help the marketing personnel to make reasonable marketing planning plans. For the semantic perceptual evaluation of ceramic product styling based on eye‐tracking, the effectiveness of product styling design concept communication is evaluated. Ceramic products are constantly changing and developing, with new shapes appearing and old shapes being eliminated. Continual innovation and development of ceramics based on inherited traditions can give them a new look and color under the existing modeling style. Compared with other categories, although ceramic modeling has relatively abstract formal characteristics, but it is the extension of the modeling, still has obvious morphological characteristics, and the impact on people’s aesthetic mood.

Using Eye Movements to Study the Reading of Subtitles in Video

ABSTRACT This article reports the first eye-movement experiment to examine how the presence versus absence of concurrent video content and presentation speed affect the reading of subtitles. Results indicated that participants adapted their visual routines to examine video content while simultaneously prioritizing the reading of subtitles, especially when the latter was displayed only briefly. Although decisions about when and where to move the eyes largely remained under local (cognitive) control, this control was also modulated by global task demands, suggesting an integration of local and global eye-movement control. The theoretical and pedagogical implications of these findings are discussed, and we also briefly describe a new theoretical framework for understanding all forms of multimodal reading, including the reading of subtitles in video.

Do effects of visual contrast and font difficulty on readers' eye movements interact with effects of word frequency or predictability?

The time a reader's eyes spend on a word is influenced by visual (e.g., contrast) as well as lexical (e.g., word frequency) and contextual (e.g., predictability) factors. Well-known visual word recognition models predict that visual and higher-level manipulations may have interactive effects on early eye movement measures, because of cascaded processing between levels. Previous eye movement studies provide conflicting evidence as to whether they do, possibly because of inconsistent manipulations or limited statistical power. In the present study, 2 highly powered experiments used sentences in which a target word's frequency and predictability were factorially manipulated. Experiment 1 also manipulated visual contrast, and Experiment 2 also manipulated font difficulty. Robust main effects of all manipulations were evident in both experiments. In Experiment 1, interactions between the effect of contrast and the effects of frequency and predictability were numerically small and statistically unreliable in both early (word skipping, first fixation duration) and later (gaze duration, go-past time) measures. In Experiment 2, frequency and predictability did demonstrate convincing interactions with font difficulty, but only in the later measures, possibly implicating a checking mechanism. We conclude that although the predicted interactions in early eye movement measures may exist, they are sufficiently weak that they are difficult to detect even in large eye movement experiments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Spatial cueing effect is not what we thought- An eye movement experiment

Spatial cueing effect is not what we thought- An eye movement experiment

MF-CFI: A fused evaluation index for camouflage patterns based on human visual perception

The evaluation index of camouflage patterns is important in the field of military application. It is the goal that researchers have always pursued to make the computable evaluation indicators more in line with the human visual mechanism. In order to make the evaluation method more computationally intelligent, a Multi-Feature Camouflage Fused Index (MF-CFI) is proposed based on the comparison of grayscale, color and texture features between the target and the background. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed index, eye movement experiments are conducted to compare the proposed index with existing indexes including Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI), Camouflage Similarity Index (CSI) and Structural Similarity (SSIM). Twenty-four different simulated targets are designed in a grassland background, 28 observers participate in the experiment and record the eye movement data during the observation process. The results show that the highest Pearson correlation coefficient is observed between MF-CFI and the eye movement data, both in the designed digital camouflage patterns and large-spot camouflage patterns. Since MF-CFI is more in line with the detection law of camouflage targets in human visual perception, the proposed index can be used for the comparison and parameter optimization of camouflage design algorithms.

Word's Contextual Predictability and Its Character Frequency Effects in Chinese Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements.

The present study sought to establish how a word’s contextual predictability impacts the early stages of word processing when reading Chinese. Two eye-movement experiments were conducted in which the predictability of the target two-character word was manipulated; the frequency of the target’s initial character was manipulated in Experiment 1, as was the target’s end character frequency in Experiment 2. No reliable interaction effect of predictability with initial character frequency was observed in Experiment 1. Reliable interactions of word predictability with end character frequency were observed in Experiment 2. The end character frequency effects, in which the words with high-frequency end characters were fixated for a shorter time and re-fixated less often, were only observed when reading unpredictable words. Reliable interactions were also observed with incoming saccade length, as high-frequency end character words elicited longer saccades to themselves than low-frequency end character words when reading predictable words. The effects of pervasive predictability on measures of fixation time, probability, and saccade length were noted in both experiments. Our findings suggest that a word’s contextual predictability facilitates the processing of its constituent characters.

Similarity between referents constrains the processing of contrastive focus during reading.

Contrastive focus implies a contrast between two elements. However, it is unclear whether and how any interplay between such a contrast and similarity between potentially contrasting elements might affect focus processing. Accordingly, we report an eye movement experiment investigating this issue. The experiment used a background story to introduce eight characters whose social identities were manipulated to be similar or dissimilar. Participants first read this background story, then a series of two-sentence discourses while their eye movements were recorded. Each discourse referred to two characters from the passage who had either similar or dissimilar identities, with one (the target character) either focused using the Chinese particle zhiyou (meaning only) or unfocused. The results showed a typical focus facilitation effect, such that target character names were processed more quickly when focused than unfocused. We also observed a main effect of the similarity/dissimilarly of characters and, crucially, an interaction between this variable and focus. This interaction was due to slower processing of a post-target region when the target character was focused and the two characters had similar rather than dissimilar identities, but no such effect when the target character was unfocused. The findings suggest that establishing a contrast between referents is effortful during reading when these have similar rather than dissimilar social identities and so are more difficult to differentiate. The distinctiveness of referents in a discourse context may therefore constrain the establishment of contrastive focus during reading. We discuss these findings in relation to current theories of focus interpretation.

Numerical control press design based on quantitative evaluation of appearance area features

The appearance characteristics of numerical control presses were quantitatively evaluated using eye-tracking technology, and a numerical control press design method was proposed to provide guidance for the design of such mechanical products. By investigating and analyzing the appearance of numerical control presses locally and abroad, the modeling characteristics of these products are summarized. The interest areas of the press are divided using the hot zone map data of the eye movement experiment, and people’s knowledge of each area of the press is quantitatively analyzed. Data generated by multiple eye movement experiments are combined with a subjective questionnaire to identify the mechanics of the press. The front and work areas are the main features of the press design. Based on the experiment result, the press design is conducted based on color and modeling elements. We used the Jiangsu CPTEK numerical control press as the actual case. We also re-matched the color, optimized the details, and developed an improved design scheme, thus verifying the proposed design method.

Flexible parafoveal encoding of character order supports word predictability effects in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements.

Several eye-movement studies have revealed flexibility in the parafoveal processing of character-order information in Chinese reading. In particular, studies show that processing a two-character word in a sentence benefits more from parafoveal preview of a nonword created by transposing rather than replacing its two characters. One issue that has not been investigated is whether the contextual predictability of the target word influences this processing of character order information. However, such a finding would provide novel evidence for an early influence of context on lexical processing in Chinese reading. Accordingly, we investigated this issue in an eye-movement experiment using the boundary paradigm and sentences containing two-character target words with high or low contextual predictability. Prior to the reader's gaze crossing an invisible boundary, each target word was shown normally (i.e. a valid preview) or with its two characters either transposed or replaced by unrelated characters to create invalid nonword previews. These invalid previews reverted to the target word once the reader's gaze crossed the invisible boundary. The results showed larger preview benefits (i.e. a decrease in fixation times) for target words following transposed-character than substituted-character previews, revealing a transposed-character effect similar to that in previous research. In addition, a word predictability effect (shorter fixation times for words with high than low predictability) was observed following both valid and transposed-character previews, but not substituted-character previews. The findings therefore reveal that context can influence an early stage of lexical processing in Chinese reading during which character order is processed flexibly.

Alternating-color words facilitate reading and eye movements among second-language learners of Chinese

AbstractThe present study investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) in a Chinese sentence would facilitate the reading of second-language (L2) learners. Thirty-three Korean students were recruited in the eye-movement experiment. Relative to a baseline (i.e., mono-colors) condition, incorrect word segmentation produced closer fixation location toward the beginning of words, longer fixation duration, higher refixation rate, and slower reading speed. In contrast, word segmentation with alternating colors produced further fixation location toward the center of words, shorter fixation duration, lower refixation rate, and faster reading speed. These results indicate that L2 readers are capable of making use of word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, which can result in a facilitation of reading efficiency.

Undersweep fixations during reading in adults and children

Return sweeps take a reader’s fixation from the end of one line to the start of the next. Return sweeps frequently undershoot their target and are followed by a corrective saccade toward the left margin. The pauses prior to corrective saccades are typically considered to be uninvolved in linguistic processing. However, recent findings indicate that these undersweep fixations influence skilled adult readers’ subsequent reading pass across the line and provide preview of line-initial words. The current research examined these effects in children. First, a children’s reading corpus analysis revealed that words receiving an undersweep fixation were more likely skipped and received shorter gaze durations during a subsequent pass. Second, a novel eye movement experiment that directly compared adults’ and children’s eye movements indicated that, during an undersweep fixation, readers very briefly allocate their attention to the fixated word—as indicated by inhibition of return effects during a subsequent pass—prior to deploying attention toward the line-initial word. We argue that prior to the redeployment of attention, readers extract information at the point of fixation that facilitates later encoding and saccade targeting. Given similar patterns of results for adults and children, we conclude that the mechanisms controlling for oculomotor coordination and attention necessary for reading across line boundaries are established from a very early point in reading development.