Eyeball Research Articles

The growth and shape of the eyeball and crystalline lens in utero documented by fetal MR imaging

PurposeTo study the growth model, shape, and developmental relationship of lens and eyeball, we used two-dimensional Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging to investigate gestationally age-related changes in the selected ocular parameters in vivo. Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the MR images from 126 fetuses ranging from 21 to 39 weeks' gestation. Ocular parameters on MR imaging of transverse plane were measured including lens diameter (LD), anteroposterior lens diameter (APLD), lens surface area (LS), globe diameter (GD), anteroposterior globe diameter (APGD), globe surface area (GS). The growth model of each biometric against gestational age (GA), aspect ratio of lens and globe (LD/APLD and GD/APGD), and growing relationship between the ratio of lens and globe surface area (LS/GS) were studied by statistical analysis. ResultsThe growth model of most biometry for gestational age is logarithmic, except for the diameter of the ocular globe (GD and APGD) showing a quadratic growth pattern. Our study showed that the lens was consistently larger in the transverse than the anteroposterior diameters during 21–39 weeks(P < 0.001). Besides, the ratio of surface area (LS/GS) was not significantly changing with GA(P = 0.4908), while the increase of LS was significantly accorded with that of GS(P < 0.001). ConclusionThe lens shape throughout fetal life may take part in the process, shape changing from vertical ellipsoid, spherical to transversal ellipsoid, based on the logarithmically increased ratio of lens transverse and anteroposterior diameters. In the meanwhile, the aspect ratio of eyeball in late fetal life may imply a gradually spherical shape during gestation. Nomogram data from this study may provide appropriate information about morphological changes in the fetal lens and the synchronous relationship between lens and eyeball.

Microbial contamination of eye make up product: Herbal Mascara a concern

Eyes are one of the most important features when it comes to beauty. Various cosmetics are used to enhance their level of attractiveness like mascaras, eyeliners, eye shadow among many more. Out of these above products mascara is the one which amplifies the eyelashes to look thick and long thus providing people with glamorous look to the eyes. But these cosmetic products must be safe to use by the consumers. In our study different brands of 15 mascara samples were randomly purchased from various cosmetic shops from suburbs of Delhi and examined microbiologically as per Indian Standard on cosmetics. Quantitativeresults of total microbial count ranged from 102 to 108cfu g-1, whereas, in case of Yeast and Mould it was from 60 to 107cfu g-1. Presence of microbial contamination in all examined mascara samples was found to be very high as compared to fungal count. Total microbial count, yeast &amp; mould count exceeded the expected standard by considerable margin. Out of the 15 samples Pseudomona-saeruginosa was found in 6 samples whereas Staphylococcus aureus was found in 4 samples. However, none of the mascara samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli. The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus was found to be 40%, 47% and 27% respectively. Staphylococcus aureus is an organism associated with common infections caused due to any damage to the eye balls. Whereas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common agent in eye infections like conjunctivitis, keratitis and opthalmitis. Contamination in mascara may be a result of poor hygiene, contaminated raw materials or the susceptibility of the ingredients present in the cosmetic eye preparations.

Microbial contamination of eye make up product: Herbal Mascara a concern

Eyes are one of the most importantfeatures when it comes to beauty. Variouscosmetics are used to enhance their level ofattractiveness like mascaras, eyeliners, eyeshadow among many more. Out of theseabove products mascara is the one whichamplifies the eyelashes to look thick andlong thus providing people with glamorous look to the eyes. But these cosmetic products must be safe to use by the consumers. In our study different brands of 15 mascara samples were randomly purchased from various cosmetic shops from suburbs of Delhi and examined microbiologically as per Indian Standard on cosmetics. Quantitativeresults of total microbial count ranged from 102 to 108 cfu g-1, whereas, in case of Yeast and Mould it was from 60 to 107 cfu g-1. Presence of microbial contamination in all examined mascara samples was found to be very highas compared to fungal count. Total microbialcount, yeast &amp; mould count exceeded theexpected standard by considerable margin.Out of the 15 samples Pseudomonasaeruginosa was found in 6 samples whereasStaphylococcus aureus was found in 4samples. However, none of the mascarasamples were contaminated with Escherichiacoli. The presence of Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Candida albicans andaureus was found to be 40%,47% and 27% respectively. Staphylococcusaureus is an organism associated withcommon infections caused due to anydamage to the eye balls. Whereas,Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the mostcommon agent in eye infections likeconjunctivitis, keratitis and opthalmitis. Contamination in mascara may be a result ofpoor hygiene, contaminated raw materials orthe susceptibility of the ingredients present inthe cosmetic eye preparations.

The link between anterior scleral thickness, corneal biomechanical response and ocular parameters

AbstractPurpose: to assess anterior scleral thickness (AST) across diverse scleral meridians and to evaluate the relationship with corneal biomechanical response and several ocular parameters.Methods: This prospective non‐randomized study comprised 50 eyes of 50 patients (mean age, 29.02 ± 9.48 years). Anterior scleral thickness was measured meridionally at three scleral locations (1‐, 2‐, and 3‐mm posterior to the scleral spur) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography. A multivariate model was created to associate AST with several ocular parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce linearly the dimensionality of seven biomechanical input metrics to two significant components, C1 and C2. Two multivariate analyses were performed to associate C1 and C2 with AST and ocular parameters.Results: AST was thickest in the inferior (581 ± 52 μm) and thinnest in the superior meridian (441 ± 42 μm) when compared to all meridians (p &lt; 0.001), and similar in the nasal (529 ± 53 μm) and temporal (511 ± 59 μm) meridians (p &gt; 0.05). The sclera exhibited the thinnest point 2 mm posterior to the scleral spur (p &lt; 0.001). The AST was significantly linked with axial length, central corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure (p &lt; 0.001). The PCA showed that C1 accounts for 53.84% whereas C2 for the 16.51% of the total variance in the original variables. The C1 model was significantly associated with AST along all meridians (p &lt; 0.001). The partial correlation was moderate in the nasal (r = −0.36, p &lt; 0.001) and inferior (r = −0.26, p = 0.004) meridians whereas weak in the temporal (r = −0.14, p = 0.05) and superior (r = −0.15, p = 0.05) meridians.Conclusions: The relationship between the new biomechanical component and the AST provides the first evidence of the association of AST with the corneal response parameters which should be considered in corneal response interpretation. Tissue thickness varied significantly among meridians supporting the asymmetrical expansion of the ocular globe. The AST was associated with several ocular parameters.

Development of injectable thermoresponsive Cs‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel for intrascleral drug delivery of sunitinib malate for the posterior segment ocular disease, age‐related macular degeneration

AbstractBackground: Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a potentially blinding posterior segment disease; inflammatory responses and subretinal drusen formation lead to leaky blood vessels. The current treatment method involves intravitreal injections of anti‐VEGF agents, which is highly invasive and requires frequent injections administered by trained personnel. Periocular injections such as trans−/intra‐scleral injections would provide a minimally‐invasive treatment option. The sclera is the outermost protective layer occupying 5/6th of the ocular globe. Owing to its avascular nature and self‐healing ability, sclera could be the potential space for the delivery of depot forming long‐acting formulations. This project focuses on the development of chitosan grafted poly(n‐isopropylacrylamide) (Cs‐g‐PNIPAAm) gel for the sustained intrascleral delivery of small molecular weight, multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sunitinib malate.Methods: Cs‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel was prepared using free radical polymerization with varying concentrations of chitosan (varying with 10%, 30%, 50% weight percentages) with respect to PNIPAAm. The hydrogels were characterized for rheology, LCST measurements, swelling studies, degradation, syringeability, drug release and permeation using Franz diffusion studies. Biocompatibility study of hydrogel was performed with ARPE‐19 cells, ocular irritation using HET‐CAM test, Further, choroidal angiogenesis was tested on CAM assay and rat choroidal exoplants.Results: Chitosan grafting was found to have effect on rheological properties of hydrogel and hence on syringeability of formulations. However, chitosan grafting did not significantly affect the LCST of hydrogels, all the formulations exhibited LCST of 32 ± 0.5°C. 20 ul of 30% Cs‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel was able to release approximately 10 ug/day sunitinib concentration in‐vitro for 28 days. It was observed that the drug release from the hydrogel was controlled by both the diffusion and erosion mechanism. Further, the ex‐vivo permeation studies on porcine sclera showed that up to 40% sustained release of sunitinib was obtained from hydrogel compared to sunitinib solution (2 mg/ml). The optimized formulation (F8) was found to be biocompatible on ARPE‐19 cells and no ocular irritation was observed on HET‐CAM (Hen's egg test‐ Choriallantoic membrane) assay. Further, the anti‐angiogenic efficacy was conformed using CAM assay and rat‐choroidal angiogenesis assay. Wherein F8 hydrogel was found to prevent formation of new blood capillaries compared to control medium.Conclusions: The F8 hydrogel was found to be injectable using ultra‐thin walled 27G needles. OCT micrographs shows that the F8 hydrogel is able to form depot on‐intrascleral injections. Further, dual control over the drug release i.e. temperature controlled gelation and ionic conjugation of sunitinib with amine group of chitosan gives better control over drug release. Hence, Cs‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel would be a minimally invasive sustained release drug delivery alternative to intravitreal injections for the management of AMD.

Ocular Prosthesis: What you need to know and the current challenges in Nigeria

Ocular prosthesis (OP) is the replacement of natural eye by an artificial material following eye removal. OP is also called artificial eye; it gives no vision but improve the quality of life in an anophthalmic patient. OP is mainly used following ocular destructive surgery (evisceration, enucleation and exenteration.). Evisceration is the removal of intraocular content leaving scleral and optic nerve, while enucleation is the removal of the whole eye ball including the optic nerve. Exenteration is the removal of the whole eye including: optic nerve, eye adnexial and part of orbital bone. There are various challenges facing the usage of OP in Nigeria. There is a need to create awareness on the importance of ocular prosthesis, its use, types and production as well as the need to set up school of Ocularistry in Nigeria.

Neonatal eyelid penetration from insertion of a fetal scalp electrode: a case report

BackgroundA fetal scalp electrode (FSE), first described by Edward Hon in 1967, is an intrapartum monitoring device embedded directly into the fetal scalp for an accurate measure of fetal heart rate. Though use of an FSE is generally safe, complications can occur from misplacement, including ophthalmic injury.Case presentationPatient was a 28-year-old G6P5006 who presented for induction of labor at 39 weeks due to asymptomatic bilateral pulmonary embolism. Concerning findings on external fetal monitoring led to placement of a fetal scalp electrode for close monitoring. Upon delivery, the neonate was noted to have the FSE embedded in the left upper eyelid. Ophthalmology was consulted and could not rule out ocular injury on external examination at the bedside. Examination under anesthesia in the operating room demonstrated no penetration of the ocular globe, and the eyelid laceration was sutured. The laceration was well-healing at one-week follow-up with no further complications.ConclusionFacial or brow presentation during delivery is rare but may increase the risk for misplacement of an FSE. Ultrasound verification of vertex position is warranted immediately prior to placing an FSE for patients at higher risk of facial or brow presentation. Periorbital edema of neonates may protect against damage to deeper structures. However, Ophthalmology should be consulted to rule out ocular injury if the FSE is placed in the periocular region.

3D Modeling and static analysis of telescopic shock absorber unit

In this paper, we present the 3D modelling and structural analysis of a telescopic shock absorber unit that have been considered. A telescopic shock absorber unit from railway wheels was used in this study. The 3D model of a telescopic shock absorber unit consists of a cylinder, Belleville disc, eye ball, flange models that were created with the help of CATIA V5 software, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is also carried out to find the Equivalent Von-Misses stresses and deformations to reduce the bouncing, stability, and improve the performance of a shock absorber unit.

Development and characterization of injectable depot forming thermoresponsive hydrogel for the sustained intrascleral delivery of Sunitinib

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a potentially blinding posterior segment disease; inflammatory responses and subretinal drusen formation lead to leaky blood vessels. The current treatment method involves intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents, which is highly invasive and requires frequent injections administered by trained personnel. Periocular injections such as trans-/intra-scleral injections would provide a minimally invasive treatment option. The sclera is the outermost protective layer occupying 5/6th of the ocular globe. Owing to its avascular nature and self-healing ability, sclera could be the potential space for the delivery of depot forming long-acting formulations. This project focuses on the development of chitosan grafted poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) (Cs-g-PNIPAAm) gel for the sustained intrascleral delivery of small molecular weight, multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sunitinib malate.

MRI-based quantification of posterior ocular globe flattening during 60 days of strict 6° head-down tilt bed rest with and without daily centrifugation.

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is associated with acquired optic disc edema, hyperopia, and posterior globe flattening in some astronauts during long-duration spaceflight possibly due to the headward fluid redistribution in microgravity. The goal of this study was to assess whether strict head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest as a spaceflight analog would produce globe flattening and whether centrifugation could prevent these changes. Twenty-four healthy subjects separated into three groups underwent 60 days of strict 6° HDT bed rest: one control group with no countermeasure (n = 8) and two countermeasure groups exposed to 30 min daily of short-arm centrifugation as a means of artificial gravity (AG), either intermittent (iAG, n = 8) or continuous (cAG, n = 8). Magnetic resonance images (MRI) were collected at baseline, HDT-day 14, HDT-day 52, and 3 days after bed rest. An automated method was applied to quantify posterior globe volume displacement compared with baseline scans. On average, subjects showed an increasing degree of globe volume displacement with bed rest duration (means ± SE: 1.41 ± 1.01 mm3 on HDT14 and 4.04 ± 1.19 mm3 on HDT52) that persisted post-bed rest (5.51 ± 1.26 mm3). Application of 30 min daily AG did not have a significant impact on globe volume displacement (P = 0.42 for cAG and P = 0.93 for iAG compared with control). These results indicate that strict 6° HDT bed rest produced displacement of the posterior globe with a trend of increasing displacement with longer duration that was not prevented by daily 30 min exposure to AG.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest is commonly used as a spaceflight analog for investigating spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Posterior ocular globe flattening has been identified in astronauts with SANS but until now has not been investigated during HDT bed rest. In this study, posterior ocular globe volume displacement was quantified before, during, and after HDT bed rest and countermeasures were tested for their potential to reduce the degree of globe flattening.

Globe penetration during loco-regional anesthesia: prevalence and review of cases.

To describe prevalence and different clinical signs and management of cases with penetrating eye injuries during loco-regional anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. A retrospective review of clinical records was carried out, identifying cases of globe penetration secondary to peribulbar anesthesia injection during 5y activity in Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer. A total of 17 460 needle-based ocular anesthesia procedures were performed in our centre and 4 cases of globe penetration were recorded with an estimated prevalence of 0.024%. Globe penetrations were always detected in the first 24h after surgery. Vitreous haemorrhage was found in all the cases. Two eyes presented retinal detachment and two eyes choroidal detachment (CD). The initial surgical approach was performed within the first 48h. Silicone oil was used as tamponade in three eyes and the fourth case remained only with air. Detachments were solved successfully in all the cases. Functional results varied among cases, depending on ocular remarkable antecedent and globe penetration with or without retinal or CD. Prevalence of globe penetration during loco-regional anesthesia is low in our centre. Physicians should consider the possibility of globe penetration in eyes with postoperative atypical appearance after loco-regional anesthesia. Immediate B-scan ultrasonography is recommended in suspicious cases with a dense vitreous haemorrhage. An early vitrectomy surgery in conjunction with laser or cryotherapy at the penetration sites is essential for good anatomical and functional results.

Eye ball deviation patterns in traumatic cataract among children in Uttar Pradesh of India

Paediatric cataract is an important cause of treatable childhood blindness, provided it is recognized and managed early. Timely diagnosis, management, and visual rehabilitation of a child with a paediatric cataract are crucial determinants of a favourable prognosis. This particular topic, study of pattern of deviation of eye ball after traumatic cataract in children was selected because of the difference between the firm literature of Keith Lyle and the clinical observations. This study includes analysis of 25 patients. The key findings of this study were: Maximum incidence of traumatic cataract was seen in 6-10 years of age group, that too more commonly in boys and it was 2.5 times more than that of girls. lncidence of perforating injuries leading to cataract was 1.5 times more common than blunt trauma. In paediatrics cataract, the Diminution of vision in cases of traumatic cataract is usually at the level of mature or hypermature cataract. 40% of cases showed deviation in the range of 11-20° (irrespective to divergence or convergence). There was higher incidence of Exotropia than esotropia. Originally eye was divergent as per evolution of binocular vision in primates &amp; our study also came out with a conclusion that when there is no force or compulsion of binocular Vision, most of the eyes tended to be Divergent in children after traumatic cataract.

Intraorbital Colobomatous Cyst with Microphthalmia in a Child Presented with Orbital Mass

A colobomatous cyst is an extremely uncommon form of congenital abnormality that is frequently linked with a microophthalmic globe. It is caused by a problem with the closure of the optic vesicle as well as invagination.. Here we are presenting a case of orbital cyst associated with microophthalmos in an infant presented with small eye ball and orbital lesion, child was evaluated clinically and radiologically by USG and MRI. To the best of our knowledge very few cases have been reported in previous literature

Pole to Pole Surgery in Ocular Trauma: Standardizing Surgical Steps.

This commentary describes steps in ocular reconstruction surgery following ocular globe injuries in both the anterior and posterior segment causing corneal opacity and aphakia. The authors propose to reorder the sequence of surgical manoeuvres during pars plana vitrectomy combined with keratoplasty and aphakia treatment without capsular support and highlight the advantages in the choice of the intraocular lens to implant. A mental outline of all surgical manoeuvres, being aware of the complications that can arise during surgery and knowing the long-term benefits of making more careful choices, can make this surgery more effective and safer.

Delayed reorganisation of F-actin cytoskeleton and reversible chromatin condensation in scleral fibroblasts under simulated pathological strain

Mechanical loading regulates the functional capabilities of the ocular system, particularly in the sclera (‘white of the eye’) – the principal load-bearing tissue of the ocular globe. Resident fibroblasts of the scleral eye wall are continuously subjected to fluctuating mechanical strains arising from eye movements, cerebrospinal fluid pressure and, most influentially, intra-ocular pressure (IOP). Whilst fibroblasts are hypothesised to actively participate in scleral biomechanics, to date limited information has been reported on how the macroscopic stresses and strains are transmitted via their cytoskeletal networks. In this study, the effect of applying either a ‘physiological load’ (simulating healthy IOP) or a ‘pathological load’ (simulating an elevated glaucomatous IOP) to bovine scleral fibroblasts, as a model of human glaucoma, was conducted to characterise cytoskeletal organisation, chromatin condensation and cell dimensions using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Quantification of cell parameters and cytoskeletal element anisotropy were subsequently performed using FibrilTool, and chromatin condensation parameter assessment through a bespoke MATLAB script. The novel findings suggest that physiological load-induced F-actin rearrangement is transient, whereas pathological load, recapitulating in vivo glaucomatous IOP levels, had a reversible and inhibitory influence on remodelling of the cytoskeletal architecture and, further, induction of chromatin condensation. Ultimately, this could compromise cell behaviour. These findings could provide valuable insight into the mechanism(s) used by scleral fibroblasts to mechanically adapt to support biomechanical tissue integrity, and how it could be potentially modified for therapeutic avenues targeting mechanically mediated ocular pathologies such as glaucoma.

Multimodal analgesia as a component treatment of complications in a child after penetrating orbital injury

Introduction. Every year, about 2,000 children turn to ophthalmologists with eye damage of varying degrees of severity. The main causes of eye damage in children: active games with sticks, accidental contusions, injuries with sharp objects, unfortunate falls, fights, burns with chemical substances. Penetrating injuries occupy a special place a mong other eye injuries for two reasons. First of all, in the case of penetrating injuries, very delicate inner membranes and structures of the eye maybe damaged, which leads to serious complications. These cond point is the dangerof such formidable complications of the wound process as end ophthalmitis, sympathetic inflammation, etc.&#x0D; Background. We present a case of treatment of a penetrating wound of the orbitin a child who was treated in the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, CNE “Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital of Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Council”.&#x0D; Results. A 9-year-old child was admitted to the ophthalmology department for treatment with complaints of pronounceds well in gand hyperemia of the eye lids, exophthalmos on the right, massive purulent discharge from the right eye, reduced movements of the right eye ball, hyperthermia. On the same day, she was operated on for phlegmon of the right orbit against the background of a penetrating wound of the right orbit of unknown etiology. Detoxification, multimodal, antibacterial, antiaggregant, immunoreplacement therapy was started. On the 10th day, the child was transferred to the ophthalmology department for further treatment, from where the child was discharged homein a satisfactory condition on the 27th day of the hospital stay.&#x0D; Conclusions. The child's recovery was achieved thanks to timely hospitalization, targeted antibacterial therapy, the use of multimodal anesthesia, immunoreplacement therapy, the use of nonspecific detoxification methods, and adequate rehydration therapy.

Analysis on the effect of eye globe diameters on the biomechanics of posterior ocular tissues during horizontal adduction

Abstract In this work, an attempt has been made to analyze the influence of pathological changes in eye globe dimensions towards the mechanical responses of optic nerve head tissues during eye adductions. For this study, a 3D baseline model geometry of posterior ocular tissues has been constructed. The eye globe diameters of the model are modified to mimic the changes in ocular globe morphology in control, glaucoma, myopia and glaucoma with myopia conditions. Adductions are simulated for each modified model as the rotation of the globe from 1o to 10o in steps of 1o. von Mises strain in lamina cribrosa (LC) and posterior displacement of LC are estimated. Results show that strains developed in LC and its posterior displacement are higher in diseased eyes compared to healthy eyes. It appears that eyes with higher axial length and globe anisotropy are more susceptible to optic nerve head damage. This study might be extended to assess the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Pars plana vitrectomy and therapeutic keratoplasty in endophthalmitis and infectious keratitis.

To describe the anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with infectious keratitis (IK) and secondary endophthalmitis who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) assisted by temporary keratoprosthesis (TKP). An observational retrospective case series was performed. Data were collected from January 2013 to July 2020. Patients over 18 years old with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of IK, and clinical, ultrasonographic, and or microbiological diagnosis of endophthalmitis were included. Anatomical success was defined as infection resolution with preservation of the ocular globe integrity. No change or improvement of best-corrected visual acuity (VA) at the last follow-up was considered as a functional success. A total of 32 eyes of 32 patients were analyzed. The anatomic success was obtained in 87.5% eyes in which the infection was eradicated. The 63% patients maintained or improved their best-corrected VA, 37.5% ended up with hand motion VA. Our results suggest that PPV assisted by TKP followed by PKP can be a good approach for treating patients with endophthalmitis secondary to IK while allowing further visual improvement after an optical PK. Further prospective studies need to be done to evaluate final visual rehabilitation of these patients.

Management of Posttraumatic Enophthalmos Including Complex Secondary Deficits.

Posttraumatic enophthalmos (PE) arises when the ocular globe is displaced posteriorly and inferiorly in the orbital cavity due to a mismatch in orbital volume and orbital content. This most commonly happens after orbital fractures. The resulting disruptions to aesthetic form and ocular functions often necessitate surgical correction for reconstruction and restoration. The purpose of surgical management of PE is to reconstruct orbital shape and volume as well as to restore any herniated orbital content. This can be particularly challenging in cases involving large defects that require complex orbital reconstruction. Recent advancements in computer-aided surgery have introduced innovative and important tools to assist surgeons with these difficult cases. The ability to create customized, patient-specific implants can facilitate reconstruction involving complicated anatomy. Additionally, intraoperative imaging and intraoperative navigation can serve as useful guides for surgeons to more accurately place implants, especially in cases with limited visualization, in order to achieve optimal outcomes.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL LOSS IN EYES DUE TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

Purpose To evaluate the structural and functional loss in eye due to road trafc accidents (RTA), and secondarily to study the pattern of ocular injuries and demographic prole of ocular injuries due to RTA. This is a prospective,Methods observational, hospital based study, conducted on 50 patients with ocular injuries following RTA. A detailed demographic data and details of the injury was obtained. Information regarding time, location, type and mechanism of eye injury and use of protective eye wear was recorded.Complete ophthalmic examination was done and B scan, CT orbit and other investigations were done wherever required. Of these 50 patients were followed up at 1stweek, 3rd week, 2 months and 6 months. Maximum cases were seen in age group 21- 30 years (33%), moreResult in males (82%) and two wheelers and adnexal injury was more common. At the end of 6 months, there were 14% (n=07) cases with residual functional loss. These were associated with severe impairment in visual acuity (nger count, perception of light, loss of light perception). Conclusion Evaluation of ocular trauma cases quantitatively would help in measuring precisely the improvement and deterioration in each case and helps to know the progress of the case and effect of treatment. So far in assessment of damage, only eye ball is considered whereas in this method damage to ocular adnexa is also calculated. In future, more studies should be conducted to check the utility of this concept.