Extreme Temperature Conditions Research Articles

Cold resistance of steel beam prestressed by wall drawing

Introduction. The purpose of the article is a generalized analysis of existing methods for determining of structural steel elements behaviour in extreme conditions of subzero temperatures and their use to assess the cold resistance of steel beams prestressed by drawing of a thin wall. Subject of study is structural steel. Object of study is bimetallic steel beam prestressed without rods.Materials and methods. The study is based on the mechanics of deformable solid bodies, studies of the mechanical characteristics of steel and its behaviour at considerable subzero temperatures, taking into account stress concentrators and the probability of brittle cracks in the beam elements.Results. The impact strength analysis of steels C440 and C245 used in the flange plates and wall of prestressed beam was carried out. It is found that during the structure operation in the temperature range from minus 45°C to minus 55°C, cold resistance of the beam elements is ensured. It is proved that actual normal stresses in the extreme fibers of the prestressed beam web section are lower than the allowable stresses during plastic deformation of the wall material and, according to the theory of M. Huber, R. Mises and H. Hencky, the probability of brittle cracks in stress concentrators zone is low. It is found that the absence of stiffeners along the beam wall reduces plastic deformations caused by welding, reduces the number of extra elements in the structure and increases the material’s cold resistance.Conclusions. The high stability of prestressed beam wall enables designing it quite thin and increasing its cold resistance. The stressed state of the structure, reduction of its weight, thinning of wall, absence of welding stress concentrators, and reduction of the number of extra elements in the beam testify to the cold resistance of the material of the beam pre-stressed by wall drawing.

Isolation and characterization of two glycolipopeptids biosurfactants produced by a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OL5 strain isolated from green olive curing water.

Microbial surfactants are natural amphiphilic compoundswith high surface activities and emulsifying properties. Due to their structural diversity, low toxicity, biodegradability, and chemical stability in different conditions, these molecules are potential substitutes for chemical surfactants; their interest has grown significantly over the last decade. The current study focuses on the isolation, identification, and characterization of a lactic acid bacteria that produce two forms of biosurfactants. The OL5 strain was isolated from green olive fermentation and identified using MALDI/TOF and DNAr16S amplification. Emulsification activity and surface tension measurements were used to estimate biosurfactant production. The two biosurfactants derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OL5 presented good emulsification powers in the presence of various oils. They were also shown to have the potential to reduce water surface tension from 69 mN/m to 34 mN/m and 37 mN/m within a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 7 mg/ml and 1.8 mg/ml, respectively, for cell bound and extracellular biosurfactants. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and FT-IR were used to analyze the composition of the two biosurfactants produced. the obtained data revealed that the two biomolecules consist of a mixture of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. We demonstrated that they are two anionic biosurfactants with glycolipopeptide nature which are stable in extreme conditions of temperature, pH and salinity.

Effect of Ambient Temperature on Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Disease in Suburban Rural Villages of a Semi-Arid Region in Northwest China.

This study evaluated the effects of extreme temperatures on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RDs) in a semi-arid region in the Northwest of China. Distributed lag nonlinear model was constructed, and stratified analysis by gender and age was performed. The exposure-response curve between temperature and RD hospital admissions was almost W-shaped. Either extremely cold temperatures or moderately cold temperatures presented a short-term acute harmful effect, and the relative risks were higher among males (1.976, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.773-2.203; 1.242, 95% CI: 1.203-1.282) and the elderly (2.363, 95% CI: 1.724-3.240; 1.267, 95% CI: 1.154-1.390). Both extreme and moderately hot temperatures had higher risks among females (2.040, 95% CI: 1.815-2.292; 1.328, 95% CI: 1.276-1.381). The relationship between air temperature and RD hospital admissions was nonlinear. Vulnerable populations varied according to extreme temperature conditions.

The Impact of Pulp Temperature on the Flotation Performance of Copper-Lead-Zinc Sulphide Ore

Flotation performance can significantly be affected by seasonal variations due to the changes in water temperature and pulp temperature, type and concentration of dissolved ions in process water. Extreme temperature conditions could be the major factor affecting flotation performance and mask the influence of water chemistry. Therefore, the interactive effects of the temperature and water chemistry should be taken into consideration, particularly for mine sites experiencing extreme temperature conditions. In this paper, effects of temperature, sulphate (SO42−), thiosulphate (S2O32−) and calcium (Ca2+) ions on the flotation performance of a Cu-Pb-Zn complex sulfide ore were investigated using a statistical experimental design and modelling approach. The results were evaluated using ANOVA and regression analysis to determine the significant parameters and derive individual regression models for each flotation response using Design Expert software version 6.0.8. Individual regression models were developed for mass pull, water recovery, grade and recovery of the sulfide minerals using the statistically significant main effects and their interactions. The models were used to determine the concentration of the dissolved ions and pulp temperature required to achieve the maximum zinc recovery, maximum zinc grade or the optimum zinc grade and recovery. The results showed that the water chemistry (i.e., the concentrations of Ca2+, SO42− and S2O32−) affected the flotation performance significantly at low temperature (25 °C). At high pulp temperature (60 °C), however, the temperature was the dominant parameter and masked the effects of water chemistry. Details of the statistical experimental design, discussions of the effects of experimental factors and their interactions on flotation performance, and the development of regression models are presented in this paper.

Interfacial defect passivation by multiple-effect molecule for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a lot of attention from researchers as the most promising photovoltaic devices due to their outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low-cost. Although the PSC have reached a PCE over 25%, the interface between the perovskite and hole transport layer (HTL) still is a crucial factor limiting higher PCE and long-term stability. In this work, we choose an organic molecule Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzo amide (BTFZA) to passivate defects at the perovskite/HTL interface. Owing to a strong interaction with uncoordinated Pb2+, the BTFZA effectively passivated the surface defects, remarkably promoted carrier transportation. As a result, the perovskite device based on BTFZA surface modification showed a PCE increase of 16.4% over the control device. Especially, the fill factor (FF) and the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the modified device increased significantly. In addition, the unencapsulated BTFZA-modified device maintains better PCE compared to the control device after aging for over 600 h in ambient air with extreme humidity and temperature conditions. Results suggested that the introduction of BTFZA is an effective way to regulate the surface of perovskite film aiming at highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Probing archaeal cell biology: exploring the use of dyes in the imaging of Sulfolobus cells.

Archaea are key players in many critical ecological processes. In comparison to eukaryotes and bacteria, however, our understanding of both the cell biology and diversity of archaea remains limited. While archaea inhabit a wide range of environmental conditions, many species are extremophiles, surviving in extreme temperature, salt or pH conditions, making their cell biology hard to study. Recently, our understanding of archaeal cell biology has been advanced significantly by the advent of live cell imaging in extremis as well as the development of genetic tools to exogenously express fluorescent proteins in some mesophilic archaeal model systems, e.g., Haloferax volcanii. However, for most archaeal species, especially thermophilic species or emerging model systems without well characterized genetic tools, live cell imaging remains dependent on fluorescent chemical probes to label and track the dynamics of living cells. While a wide range of fluorescent stains and markers that label different components of the cell are available commercially, their use has usually been optimized for use in a small number of eukaryotic cell systems. Here we report the successes and failures of the application of membrane, DNA, S-layer and cytoplasm markers in live cell imaging of archaea, as well as the optimization of fixation and immunolabelling approaches. We have applied these markers to the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, but expect some to work in other archaeal species. Furthermore, those procedures that failed in S. acidocaldarius may still prove useful for imaging archaea that grow at a more neutral pH and/or at a less extreme temperature.

OpenFOAM modeling of beryllium melt motion and splashing from first wall in ITER

Beryllium (Be) is a material which will be used as a plasma facing component in ITER due to its unique properties of high thermal conductivity, low density, and high strength. However, under extreme conditions of high temperature and pressure, Be can melt at the surface of tiles and molten droplets can be ejected into the reactor leading to disruption of fusion plasma. The pressure, mass density, velocity of Be vapor, and variations of temperature at the melt layer interface can influence the splashing of Be melt. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model based on the OpenFOAM toolbox, a free open source CFD software package, was developed to treat the coupled flow of liquid Be metal and its vapor. The vapor-melt interface is modeled using the volume of fluid (VOF) approach implemented in the interCondensatingEvaporatingFoam solver that solves the continuity, momentum, heat conduction, and VOF equations. This CFD model is capable to predict the hydrodynamic effects of Be vapor on the melt layer motion, splashing, non-linear growth of melt waves, and ejection of molten droplets. The modeling accounts for the effects of thermal, viscous, gravitational, and surface tension forces at the vapor-melt interface. In this research, we used the interCondensatingEvaporatingFoam solver to simulate the effects of Be phase change and the development of melt motion with the droplets ejected from the surface. The CFD model accounts for inter-phase change between Be liquid and Be vapor. The evaporation model was validated against the Stefan phase-change problems. The influence of heat and mass transfer across the vapor-melt interface on melt layer stability is also investigated. The results provide an understanding of how the rate of phase change affects the development of melt structures and waves at the vapor-melt interface.

Hazardous Gases-Responsive Photonic Crystals Cryogenic Sensors Based on Antifreezing and Water Retention Hydrogels.

Nowadays, the sensing of hazardous gases is urgent for the consideration of public safety and human health, especially in extreme conditions of low temperatures. In this study, a photonic crystals (PhCs) sensor with water retention and antifreezing properties was developed and applied to visual hazardous gases sensing at low temperature, passively. The sensor was prepared by dip-coating with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal microspheres followed by embedding in k-carrageenan/polyacrylamide-ethylene glycol (k-CA/PAM-EG) hydrogel. The sensor responded to hazardous gases, including ammonia, toluene, xylene, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol, with a change in the reflection wavelength and visible structural color. At room temperature, the reflection wavelength of the sensor blue-shifted 49 nm in ammonia, and the structural color changed from red to yellow. For low temperatures, the sensor showed great water retention and antifreezing properties even at -57 °C due to the double network. The sensor still had a great response to hazardous gases after freezing at -20 °C for 12 h and testing at 0 °C, and the obtained results were similar to those at room temperature. Based on this excellent stability and visual sensing at low temperature, the sensor demonstrates the potential for detection of hazardous vapors in extreme environments.

High yielding cows metabolism peculiarities under climate change conditions with the use of feed additive with protein protected from rumen degradation

The research relevance is determined by the problem of thermal load on the body of dairy cows by increasing the content of protein protected from breakdown in the rumen. The research aims to determine the metabolism and level of delivery of various forms of protein and energy to the body of highly productive cows in the diets of cows in the second half of lactation under conditions of climate change. Research methods include zootechnical (assessment of feed intake, rationing, selection of groups, organisation of the experiment, determination of milk production), biochemical (determination of the content of basic nutrients in feed, milk quality indicators), statistical, and mathematical. The compensation of protein in the diet of high-yielding cows under climate change conditions was carried out using the protein feed additive TEP-mix with protein protected from rumen breakdown. It has been proven that its inclusion in the cow’s diet can increase average daily milk production by 9.1% in the cold season (0-10°C) and by 28.0% in the summer (21-36.4°C). In addition, the fat and protein content in milk increased in cows receiving the high-protein feed additive TEP mix. It was found that the increase in protein nutrition of cows from 23.18% to 33.53% with the use of the feed additive TEP-mix with protein protected from scar breakdown ensures a reduction in the impact of climate change on the metabolism of dairy cows. Thus, it has been proved that the use of specific protein feed sources that regulate the level of non-cutting protein in the diet can be considered a factor in combating heat stress and increasing milk production of dairy cows throughout the physiological cycle of lactation, including in extreme conditions of high temperatures

Assessing the feasibility of assisted migration of corals in the Red Sea

Climate change, and in particular the unprecedented rapid global warming, presents a major threat to corals, with warming rates potentially exceeding the adaptive capacities of most coral species. Assisted gene flow, the human facilitated introduction of temperature resilience alleles from warmer to threatened colder populations via the movement of individuals (assisted migration) or their gametes (selective breeding), has been suggested as a tool to transfer thermal adaptations among populations. Due to its strong latitudinal temperature gradient and extreme temperature conditions, the Red Sea constitutes an ideal location to investigate the potential of this strategy. Here, we relocated Porites lobata colonies from three reefs along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea with different mean sea surface temperature summer maxima (ranging from 30.9 °C in Duba, 32.5 °C in Thuwal, to 33.8 °C in Jazan) to a common garden experiment in the intermediate central location. Five colonies from each location were fragmented and deployed in situ in early summer of 2018 to investigate physiological differences in bleaching, survival, and growth. Results showed significantly higher bleaching in fragments from Duba, followed by 65% mortality. Even though no bleaching was observed in fragments from Jazan, mortality rates of around 20% indicated that other environmental parameters besides temperature might influence coral health and survival. These results suggest that assisted gene flow via translocation alone may be restricted in its success due to a lack of local adaptations to environmental conditions other than temperature. However, strategies like inter-populational breeding may overcome these limitations as they might allow producing offspring with both increased thermal tolerance and local adaptations.

Role of hBN content, humidity, and temperature on the sliding wear behaviour of SiC ceramics

The present investigation demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining a wide range in friction and wear for SiC-hBN composites in sliding conditions: humidity (≤ 20 % RH and ≥ 90 % RH) and temperature (RT and 500 °C) against SiC ball. With an increase in hBN content to 10 vol%, wear rate reduced by an order of magnitude irrespective of humidity at RT and up to 55 % reduction at 500 °C, and coefficient of friction (COF) reduced by 76 % at high-humidity. Friction and wear results corroborate with the transition in material removal mechanism from fracture of SiC grains and pull-out of hBN platelets at ≤ 20 % RH to hydroxylative wear at ≥ 90 % RH and oxidative wear at 500 °C. SiC-10 vol% hBN composites are recommended for wear-resistance applications experiencing extreme conditions of humidity and temperature as well as applications where internal lubrication is the only feasible method for reducing friction.

Emerging trends in upper-limb embedded devices: A qualitative research study

Framework This paper explores how a qualitative systematic literature review (SLR) can contribute to our understanding of the trends in upper-limb wearable devices. These devices are pieces of electronic equipment that can be worn as accessories, such as watches, or embedded in clothing, including gloves and sleeves, and could play an essential role in subjects' quality of life after any occurrence that affects their possibility to perform basic activities autonomously. Moreover, these devices can be used to improve manual performance tasks like surgical or precision tasks, and even more so when performed under extreme ambient temperature conditions. Goals and Methods: A SLR on upper-limb embedded devices was conducted based on scientific documents retrieved from the Scopus database. Two research questions were outlined: "How has this technology been evolving?" and "What is the trend according to the fields of application?". The combination of keywords (upper-limb* AND wearable* AND device*) was used in the title, abstract, and keywords fields. Results: A total of 555 documents were obtained. Descriptive statistical and bibliometric analyses were conducted, identifying trends, knowledge gaps, and the future direction of research. The free software VOSviewer was used to construct data visualization bibliometric maps of the co-authorship and co-citation network. A subset of 26 documents was considered for the critical qualitative synthesis. This step facilitated the visualization and exploration of the interconnectedness among authors and the citation patterns within the literature. Combining the information gathered enables addressing the extent and the emerging trends in upper-limb embedded devices' development according to the field they are applied. Final considerations: With this research, a starting point in developing a proof of concept of a novel device aimed at improving dexterity in challenging environments is established.

Research on safe charging strategy of lithium-ion battery based on three-electrode equivalent circuit model

Under extreme conditions of low temperature or fast charging, the side reaction of lithium (Li) plating can occur on the anode surface of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which may cause causing capacity fade. Alarmingly, in severe cases, dendrites will grow and pierce the separator. As a result, thermal runaway will be induced, which seriously affects the safety performance of LIBs. Along these lines, to avoid Li plating during the charging process, the safe charging strategy was thoroughly investigated in this work based on the implementation of the three-electrode equivalent circuit model (ECM). More specifically, for the three-electrode LIB implanted with a reference electrode (RE), its ECM was improved based on the traditional ECM. The cathode and anode of the LIB were decoupled through the RE, whereas combined with the heat generation, transfer, and aging characteristics, a first-order RC electro-thermal coupled model of three-electrode was established, and the semi-empirical aging model of the LIB was combined to analyse the coupling characteristics between the parameters of each model. According to the acquired experimental data, the key parameters of modelling were identified and the accuracy of the model was verified. In addition, aiming at the contradiction between the fast charging and aging speed, and combined with the NSGA-II optimization algorithm, the self-adaptive multi-stage constant current constant voltage (SMCCCV) charging strategy was also proposed to avoid Li plating on the anode surface. An optimization model was thus established with the charging time and aging loss as the objective functions, resulting in three charging strategies, namely minimum charging time, minimum aging, and balanced charging. From the simulated outcomes, it was demonstrated that the anode potential was strictly maintained above the safety threshold for these three strategies. On top of that, the balanced charging strategy reduced the aging loss by 11.5 %, while the relatively equivalent charging speed compared with the traditional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) strategy was maintained. The proposed safe charging strategy based on multi-objective optimization provides some valuable insights for next-generation fast charging techniques.

Fundamentals of Electrolyte Design for Wide‐Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractLithium metal‐based batteries (LMBs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional energy density and lightweight characteristics. However, the electrochemical performance of LMBs often falls short, particularly in extreme temperature conditions. To address these challenges, the development of electrolytes capable of withstanding wide temperature ranges has emerged as a highly promising strategy for enhancing the operational capabilities of LMB across diverse weather conditions. This comprehensive review aims to explore the degradation mechanisms of wide‐temperature electrolytes, establishing a fundamental understanding of the failure mechanisms that impede LMB performance at harsh temperatures. Essential properties required for wide‐temperature electrolytes are elucidated, and the latest advancements in electrolyte technologies tailored specifically for all‐climate operations are comprehensively discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the unique role of electrolyte solvation structure and interfacial properties across diverse weather conditions. This review offers valuable insights and proposes directions for the practical implementation of wide‐temperature electrolytes for LMBs, contributing significantly to the existing knowledge base while concurrently paving the way for developing robust LMBs capable of withstanding the rigors of diverse temperature environments.

On noise-induced transient bit flips in subthreshold SRAM

We propose a rigorous SPICE simulation framework, compatible with industrial process design kits, to observe transient bit flips in CMOS SRAM due to the intrinsic transistor noise. The parameters of transient noise simulation are selected according to the noise behaviour and bandwidth of the inverter, however under CPU-time constraint. The methodology is illustrated in 28nm FD-SOI technology. We study the combined effects of the random telegraph noise, flicker and thermal noise sources, for the first time to our knowledge. The extracted mean times to failure (MTTF) are compared to those reported in the literature in extreme voltage, temperature and variability conditions. The MTTF spans from below 0.1ms to 108s, following a theoretical trend logMTTF∝VDD2.

High‐performance metallic materials for applications in infrastructure and energy sectors

AbstractHigh performance steels, such as stainless steels, have many desirable characteristics that warrant their use in various sectors, including infrastructure and energy applications. This paper is concerned with two of such applications: (i) the use of stainless steel for large‐scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks, which is a requirement for the future hydrogen energy network, and (ii) the use of stainless steel in steel‐framed buildings to enhance their robustness under extreme loading conditions. The paper begins with a discussion of the technical challenges associated with the material behaviour of stainless steel storage tanks under extreme temperature and pressure conditions. It presents and discusses the results of a pilot experimental programme that investigates the mechanical behaviour of stainless steel 304 L material under cryogenic 20 k hydrogen environment. Next, to demonstrate the benefits of the strategic use of stainless steel in the key connection parts of steel‐framed structures, the paper presents the setup for a new test programme that investigates the behaviour of stainless steel beam‐to‐column connections, using A4‐70 bolts and EN1.4301 plates, under a column removal scenario. The numerical modelling prediction results of the specimens are presented, and comparisons with carbon steel counterparts are made and discussed.

Compatibility of molybdenum with high temperature hydrogen

Arc-cast Molybdenum samples were exposed to a high temperature (2200–2630 K) hydrogen (H2) environment at ∼1 atm to evaluate their chemical compatibility under extreme temperature conditions; this compatibility information is useful to examining the potential application of Mo-matrix cermets for nuclear thermal propulsion applications. Subscale samples were exposed to 1–2 L/min of flowing H2 with hold times of 80 min at temperature (2200–2630 K). The measured mass loss was observed to be slightly lower than that predicted by vapor pressure calculations, which indicates minimal chemical corrosion reactions between Mo and H2 up to temperatures in excess of 90% of the melting temperature of Mo. Grain size dramatically increases across the temperature range. Parallel surface ledges within grains are frequently observed across the sample surface following high temperature hydrogen exposure and in general are related to the orientation of the grain. The observed mass loss is sufficiently low to consider Mo cermets as a candidate fuel for NTP applications.

Exploration of dielectric spectra of variously synthesized epoxy/ZnO nanocomposites

Abstract Polymeric epoxy-based nanocomposites have rapidly developed in high energy density and power industry components. The composite insulation undergoes harsh extreme temperature conditions and a high electric field with varying frequencies. This paper dissects the components of complex permittivity in epoxy/ZnO nano and micro composites that were synthesized using different methods, utilizing dielectric spectroscopy as per ASTM D150. The performance of the composites was studied by analyzing the spectra over a frequency range spanning from 1 mHz to 1 kHz. We presume interfacial polarization arises in the composites due to particle clustering. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of varying filler concentration at 25, 50, 70, and 90 °C. The real permittivity positions the α-steps at 70 and 90 °C. The real and imaginary permittivities remain largely unpretentious by the synthesis method over the entire frequency range.

Development of BiOBr/TiO2 nanotubes electrode for conversion of nitrogen to ammonia in a tandem photoelectrochemical cell under visible light

Ammonia (NH3) is one of the important chemicals for human life. The demand for ammonia is expected to increase every year. Conventionally, the fixation process of N2 to produce NH3 in the industrial sector is carried out through the Haber−Bosch process, which requires extreme temperature and pressure conditions that consume a high amount of energy and emit a considerable amount of CO2. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative technology to produce ammonia using environmentally friendly methods. Many studies have developed the photo-electrochemical conversion of nitrogen to ammonia in the presence of semiconductor materials, but the resulting efficiency is still not as expected. In this research, the development of the tandem system of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell - Photoelectrochemistry (DSSC - PEC) was carried out for the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia. The DSSC cell was prepared using N719/TiO2 nanotubes as photoanode, Pt/FTO as cathode, and electrolyte I-/I3-. The DSSC efficiency produced in this research was 1.49%. PEC cell at the cathode and anode were prepared using BiOBr/TiO2 nanotubes synthesized by the SILAR (Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction) method. The resulting ammonia levels were analyzed using the phenate method. In this study, ammonia levels were obtained at 0.1272 µmol for 6 hours of irradiation with an SCC (Solar to Chemical Conversion) percentage of 0.0021%.

A Bi-Gradient Dielectric Polymer/High-Κ Nanoparticle/Molecular Semiconductor Ternary Composite for High-Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage.

Attaining compact energy storage under extreme temperature conditions is of paramount importance in the development of advanced dielectric materials. The polymer composite approach has proved effective towards this goal, and addressing the correlation between filler distribution and electrical properties is foremost in designing composite dielectrics, especially in multifiller systems. Here, the design of a bi-gradient polymer composite dielectric using an integrated framework based on the phase field model is reported. This framework can predict the charge-inhibiting behavior of composite dielectrics, which is a key factor impacting the high-temperature capacitive performance but unfortunately is ignored in conventional phase field models. It is found that due to the traps provided by the functional organic fillers, more carriers are trapped near the electrodes and weaken the electric field, thus significantly suppressing the breakdown initialization process. An interpenetrating gradient structure is designed rationally and synthesized experimentally, which exhibits concurrent high energy density (5.51 J cm-3 ) and high charge-discharge efficiency (90%) up to 200 °C. This work provides a strategy to predict the high-temperature energy storage performance of polymer composites containing charge-inhibiting components and helps broaden the scope of data-driven materials design based on phase-field modeling.