Extralinguistic Aspects Research Articles

Traduzir para ensinar a variação linguística nas formas de tratamento da língua espanhola, por que não?

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2016v36n2p66Falada oficialmente por mais de 20 países, a língua espanhola possui grande diversidade linguística, fato desafiador a quem pretende ensiná-la ou aprendê-la, quiçá traduzi-la a outra língua. Da mesma forma, o português brasileiro apresenta diferentes variedades linguísticas, o que é perceptível ao observar, por exemplo, os diferentes falares nordestinos ou sulistas. Essa diversidade linguística reflete-se nas formas de tratamento para 2ª pessoa em ambas as línguas. Desse modo, ao ter que traduzir as formas de tratamento da língua espanhola (tú, vos, usted, vosotros e ustedes) para o português, ou os pronomes da língua portuguesa (tu, você, senhor, vós e vocês) para o espanhol, caberá ao tradutor considerar aspectos extralinguísticos, para decidir o pronome de tratamento adequado ao público e aos objetivos de sua tradução. Nesse contexto, este artigo busca realizar um diálogo entre os Estudos da Tradução, Ensino de Língua Espanhola e Sociolinguística Variacionista, visando destacar a potencialidade de aproximação destas áreas para elaboração de propostas didáticas sobre a variação linguística nas formas de tratamento do espanhol e do português.

Communicative Ethics and the Claims of Transcendental Phenomenology: Exploring the Foundations of Intersubjectivity

The Communicative ethics theories developed by Jurgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel supports models of deliberative democracy that are broadly influential in many fields. A central claim of these theories is that the foundations of knowledge can be deduced from a transcendental analysis of the intersubjective exchange that occurs in logico-linguistic pragmatic discourse. For that reason, they have each been critical of the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and his followers (especially Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty), who look for foundations of knowledge in the pre- and extra-linguistic aspects of lived experiences. For Habermas and Apel, the phenomenological project is solipsistic. Nonetheless, Dan Zahavi’s interpretation of Husserl’s theory of transcendental intersubjectivity suggests that Husserlian phenomenology and communicative ethics are similar in that they agree that knowledge and meaning emerge in intersubjectivity (i.e., in interactions among individuals). They differ, however, in their claims about how intersubjectivity occurs. Zahavi shows how Husserl anticipated and defended against the claims of Habermas and Apel. For phenomenology, the lived experience of one person by another is a precondition to language and objective knowledge. This essay draws from several works in which Zahavi develops his reading of Husserl. It describes the epidemiological commitments of communicative ethics and Husserl’s defense of the phenomenological approach. This is a significant argument that holds implications for revising theories of deliberative democracy.

Approche sémantico-pragmatique des emplois de sed chez Plaute

The aim of this article is to identify how many functions there are of the conjunction sed in the works of Plautus and to evaluate them. In order to accomplish this, the article begins by taking into consideration the linguistic context, which is important for the interpretation of adversative and argumentative usages of sed as they link with the verbal system. It also examines extra-linguistic data. The analysis makes possible the interpretation of the usages of sed, both in terms of how it links with the verbal system, and also with the non-verbal and the extra-linguistic aspects of the speech situation.

Demonstrative pronouns in the Spanish spoken in Lima and Buenos Aires: an extra linguistic aspects analysis

Neste estudo analisamos os demonstrativos do espanhol de Lima e de Buenos Aires no corpus do projeto NURC, considerando dados de informantes masculinos em diálogos dirigidos distribuídos em três gerações. Os resultados revelam padrões distintos entre essas duas variedades no que se refere aos tipos de uso (fórico, truncado e fático), sendo especialmente relevantes a maior frequência de fáticos em Buenos Aires (35%) frente a Lima (8,9%), a maior prevalência de ese como fórico em Buenos Aires (81,3%) frente a Lima (60,2%) e a distribuição em tempo aparente como padrão de mudança em progresso de uso fático em Lima.

THE TERMS IN THE LANGUAGE OF FICTION: THEORETICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND LINGVODIDACTIC ASPECTS

The article deals with theoretical analysis of terminological apparatus’s features of functioning in contemporary linguistics. Author reveals basic parameters of system in linguistic terminology, taking into account the variety of micro- and macrosystems. The rich experience has accumulated at the present stage of development of linguistics by describing metalanguages of various sciences, including new sections of linguistics. However, researchers still did not pay enough attention to such aspects of terminosistems as its usual specific, pragmatic and lingvodidactic in the coexistence of various scientific metadialekts. Modern linguistic terminosistem characterized by a number of specific features, which appears in its semantic relationships and functioning in different subsystems of the modern Russian language. In recent decades, the terms, including linguistic, meta-language units and concepts, are increasingly incorporated into the fabric of a fiction text, characteristic of the language, style and mentality as the characters and the author of the text, where the use of these units represents the linguistic identity of the author as a secondary representation of the meta-language linguistics. At the same time, taking into account the emergence of new terms obvious need to respect the balance of linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects in structuring the domain of linguistics. These problems determined the relevance of the study its goals and objectives, which are due to insufficient development is secured by modern linguistics problems systematic and integrative linguistic terminology, the need to sustainable integrated study of the functioning of linguistic terms in the language of science and fiction.

Gênero notícia: movimentos discursivizados nos limites entre informação e opinião

This paper presents, upon the consideration of extra linguistic and linguistic aspects, the analysis of discursive movements applied to the informative function and, above all, to the defense of an institutional axiological position arising from the news. Bakhtin Circle's propositions (1994, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008) gathered in the proposal of the Dialogic Speech Analysis (BRAIT, 2006) support the discussion. The analysis of linguistic aspects is illustrated by categories of the normative grammar and highlights the description of linguistic forms from which the institution marks its axiological position, disclosing its opinion. We have analyzed a corpus composed by 30 texts, with several extracts being used as examples, and from which two have been analyzed in full.

Using Traditional / ICT Tools While Teaching Translation to Opera Singers

Translation is a type of activity seldom proposed by modern teaching materials which emphasize communicative methods. Yet the needs of opera singers studying Italian as a foreign language differ completely from those of students’ studying Italian for other purposes and must indeed include translation. The process of teaching how to translate opera is influenced by several factors; both linguistic and extralinguistic aspects, such as the quality of used scores or musical texts, specific vocabulary, poetic word order, as well as the specific curriculum and the accessibility of didactic tools, influence the process. The aim of this paper is to summarize the research which has been conducted by the author with the aim of finding out the advantages and disadvantages of using traditional and ICT tools for musical text translation. Comparing both types of tools, examples of their use are given. In accordance with the hypothesis, some of the tools are found to be completely unsuitable for such specific translations. Although it is not obvious at first, the results of this research suggest that in order to become an autonomous user of any kind of tool it is essential to learn how to use it without regard to the type of tool. These results are of significance for teachers and students alike. Finally, the paper suggests that further research into tools used for musical text translation is needed.

Towards a Discourse Grammar in Language Teaching

Language is often simply defined as a means of communication. However, communication is a highly complex and intricate process that involves an adequate mastery of a number of linguistic and non-linguistic components. Knowing a language that can effectively be used for successful communication includes, among other things, attaining a functional knowledge of the various language systems including the syntactic system, or the grammar of the language in the narrow sense of the term. The scope of traditional grammar has been confined to sentence structure. That is probably why this approach to grammar has been referred to as sentence-based grammar. However, teaching this form of grammar contributes to the development of learners’ grammatical competence rather than to their communicative ability. This paper argues for integrating discourse grammar in language teaching, and provides evidence to support the role that discourse grammar plays in developing foreign language learners’ communicative competence. Specifically, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: (1) What does it mean to know a language? (2) What are the differences between sentence-based grammar and discourse grammar? (3) Why do foreign language teachers, curriculum designers and textbook writers accord more prominence to sentence-based grammar than to discourse grammar in teaching foreign languages? (4) What extra linguistic aspects does discourse grammar offer to language teaching that sentence-based grammar does not? In other words, what are the justifications for incorporating discourse grammar in foreign language teaching?.

La expresión del tiempo en las variedades hispanoamericanas del español

A pesar de su unidad, el español como lengua multinacional y multicultural ofrece una gran cantidad de diferencias en todos los planos lingüísticos, ante todo en el léxico y la fonética, que reflejan más intensamente que otros niveles de la lengua los rasgos característicos de cada una de las variedades hispanoamericanas. Sin embargo, en la diferenciación diatópica, así como la diastrática, no es posible omitir los fenómenos morfosintácticos que se proyectan, por ejemplo, en el sistema de los tiempos verbales o paradigmas pronominales, relacionados con el sistema de tratamiento, en los que se ofrece una serie de peculiaridades. La variación de la lengua española causa una marcada distinción policéntrica en la que influyen numerosos aspectos de índole geolingüística, sociolingüística, extralingüística, etc.En la contribución se analizan los distintos enfoques de la problemática de la categoría de tiempo en las variedades hispanoamericanas, que representan las cuestiones más importantes desde el punto de vista de la norma pluricéntrica y el uso de variedades geolingüísticas, tomándose en cuenta tanto el nivel diacrónico como el sincrónico.

Extralinguistic Aspects of the English Concept Stiff Upper Lip

The article concerns one of the basic Anglo-Saxon linguocultural concepts Stiff Upper Lip, which is an integral part of English national character. The analysis of such factors as geographic, historic, cultural and physiological ones gives a chance to delve into the essence of the concept and explain its importance for English culture.

Duración absoluta de las vocales del español urbano y rural de la provincia de Ñuble

The present work compares the absolute length of three groups of speakers of Spanish of the Nuble province (Chile): urban upper middle class, urban lower class and rural lower class. The acoustic data shows a relationship between social status and vowels length. The closer to the urban centre and the higher the social class of the speakers the shorter their vowels and vice versa. The facts that can explain this phenomenon are related to more or less articulatory tension. However, it is also related to extra linguistic aspects such as the conception of time of the subjects, as well as the degree of familiarity with the communicative situation of the sample recording process.

Introductory Remarks on the Stratification of Borrowings through the Work of Mary Serjeantson

This paper examines the area of borrowings, the definition of borrowing as a process, the broader debate on the conditions of borrowing, reasons for borrowing describing both linguistic and extralinguistic aspects, the stratification of borrowings with its subclasses and consequent terminology. All of these issues are debated on the basis of the work of Mary Serjeantson.

Synopsis articles in the planning of a trilingual dictionary: Yilumbu– French–English

A distinction is often drawn between single articles and synopsis articles. A single article is the so-called default article. It does not deviate from the traditional microstructural approach of the dictionary because it presents the minimum data for each lemma sign treated, while a synopsis article gives additional data for each treated lemma. The classical conception of the synopsis article originates with Bergenholtz, Tarp and Wiegand (1999). In their view, synopsis articles which were devised for language for special purposes (LSP) dictionaries have to make provision for the treatment of lemma signs functioning as superordinate terms (general lemmata or topics) as well as their hyponyms. The aim of this article is to present a new lexicographic approach to the study of synopsis articles against the background of a planned trilingual dictionary. It will be shown that synopsis articles have a more general use than its restricted application in LSP dictionaries. In fact, the focus will not be on the treatment of technical or scientific vocabulary but rather on cultural terms. This article also raises among other things, questions about the purpose of the planned dictionary, its target users, different types of microstructures as well as different data categories to be included in synopsis articles. Keywords: synopsis article, single article, different types of microstructures, lemma sign, linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects, lsp dictionaries, target group, data categories, culture-bound lexical items, specialfield terms

A method for investigating coreference in translations and originals

Coreference is one essential strategy of coherence and cohesion as it establishes connectivity in texts. This connection is evoked by linguistic devices on the text surface but has to be interpreted mentally as a relation between extralinguistic referents. Since translators are concerned with the reception of connectivity in source texts and the production of the same kind of connectivity in target texts coreference is an important process taking place in translation. The present paper deals with the elaboration of a method for investigating nominal coreference in originals and translations. In order to build parameters for the empirical analysis of coreference in English and German corpora we provide an overview over various mechanisms affecting the creation of coreference relations in source and target texts. We take account of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects as interdependent and interacting factors potentially causing shifts in coreference. The model we establish on the basis of these considerations allows us to investigate nominal coreferring expressions as well as analyse the relation of reference identity created between these expressions. Hence, our model facilitates exhaustive research on a very fine-grained scale. It allows us to capture differences on the lexicogrammatical as well as on a semantic and conceptual level and, thus, paves the way for interpretation on a more conceptual level.

“Yf ye wyll bergayne wullen cloth or othir marchandise...”

This paper is based on a corpus of textbook dialogues which were used to teach the basics of English and French in early modern times. I aim to show the relevance of this genre for historical pragmatics. For this purpose, I refer to extra-linguistic aspects such as function, content and target group of these written dialogues which claim to represent spoken language, and I explain why these aspects are likely to indicate a high degree of pragmatic authenticity. My paper also aims to analyse the verbal interaction represented in the model dialogues. I will focus on sales talk, a discourse type which is a typical element of the phrasebooks and a relevant feature of communication at a time when commercial activities had an increasing social impact. The analysis of the main components reveals that the dialogues are highly standardised but not totally fixed; they offer their users a (restricted) inventory of linguistic devices to negotiate successfully. However, a discourse analytical approach is not sufficient to explain the interaction between buyer and seller. I therefore propose that the pragmatic concept of “face work” is the determining force in the process of bargaining. Furthermore, the analysis of the textbook dialogues illustrates the value of combining very different approaches and levels of analysis.

Code-Switching or Borrowing? English Elements in the Dutch of Dutch-American Immigrants

Abstract Scholarly publications about Dutch immigrant speech are practically non-existent -- excepting the work of Clyne (1967, 1972, 1985, 1987). This applies particularly to Dutch speakers who immigrated in the 19th and the early 20th Century. A 75-hour corpus of language data from Dutch immigrants to the United States is currently being investigated systematically at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences' Institute for Dialectology. The general purpose of the project is to gain more insight in the nature of Dutch language and dialect maintenance or loss and of English influence on the language of these Dutch immigrants. This paper will focus specifically on English lexical elements in the speech of the first-generation immigrants (appr. 12,000 English elements in the Dutch of 97 speakers). First a diagnostic set of characteristics for code-switching, borrowing and nonce borrowing will be presented, based in part on discussions in the recent literature on other-language lexical elements in speech in contact situations and in part on a thorough review of the Dutch-American data. These characteristics do not only concern the formal linguistic level, but also the discourse, processing and extralin-guistic levels. They form the basis of a systematic classification of the various types of English elements found in the data. Next, a number of problem cases will be discussed -- with examples -- which defy easy classification in one of the three categories of other-language elements. Finally, an attempt will be made to formulate a more generalized model for the analysis of other-language lexical elements, consisting of a diagnostic and an analytic layer. The diagnostic layer assigns an element to one of the three categories of other-language elements. The analytic layer is specifically concerned with the analysis of code-switching, comprising not only a categorization of formal linguistic phenomena, but also a categorization of functional sociolinguistic factors determining the use of switched elements. Given the variety of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects which apparently determine the use of switched elements, it seems unlikely that one single set of constraints could be refined enough to fully account for linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects of code-switching. Therefore, a case will be made for the establishment of more than one set of constraining factors on the use of switched elements. Instead of limiting constraints on code-switching to the formal linguistic -- in particular the syntactic -- level, separate constraining factors for the discourse, processing, functional, and motivational level might be formulated, in order to gain full insight in the process of code-switching.

Linguistic and Extralinguistic Aspects of Simultaneous Interpretation

Journal Article Linguistic and Extralinguistic Aspects of Simultaneous Interpretation Get access NANCY SCHWEDA-NICHOLSON NANCY SCHWEDA-NICHOLSON University of Delaware Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Applied Linguistics, Volume 8, Issue 2, Summer 1987, Pages 194–205, https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/8.2.194 Published: 01 July 1987 Article history Received: 01 April 1986 Published: 01 July 1987

A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin

Taiwan Mandarin (TM) is the variety which is learned and used, primarily as a second language, by the people of Taiwan, 80% of whom speak Taiwanese (Tw), a variety of Minnan, as a native language. Taking Peking Mandarin (PM) as the designated standard, this paper identifies those PM features which (a) are not common in TM, e.g. zero markers for future action, lack of contrast between simple past and perfect, the use of verbs or adjectives instead of auxiliary verbs in short answers; and (b) those that are shared by Tw and PM, e.g. the use of an inclusive lpl. pronoun and the discontinuous A-not-A question forms. In addition to the common phenomena of transference of features from a first language (Tw) to a second language (TM), and the adopting of features that are simple and regular-and therefore easy to process-there is a third important difference between TM and PM. TM displays an obvious drift toward those characteristics which are common to the southern Chinese dialects (Verb-Object languages), and away from those features of Altaic (Object-Verb languages) which are characteristic of PM. The structural and extralinguistic aspects of this trend are examined. On the basis of recent linguistic changes in TM and Tw, it is claimed that a significant correlation exists between sociolinguistic conditions and the way in which TM has changed. This correlation may be useful in reconstructing the sociolinguistic situation under which Altaic features were brought into PM and other northern Chinese dialects.*