Extract Of Psidium Guajava Research Articles

Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) Using Aqueous Extract of <i>Psidium guajava</i> on Clinical Bacteria Isolates

The eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles using an aqueous plant extract as a capping and stabilizing agent has garnered substantial attention, particularly in pharmaceuticals and drug delivery applications. This study focused on utilizing copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) as a precursor to synthesize copper nanoparticles at both pH 4-5 and pH 8, with Psidium guajava (leaves and fruits) extract playing a crucial role. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified four major functional groups at distinct peaks, confirming their responsibility for capping and stabilizing the synthesized P.g-CuNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed spherical shapes with an average particle size range of 20-30 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of pure copper (Cu) at 54.15%. The antimicrobial study demonstrated that P.g-CuNPs synthesized at pH 4-5 exhibited complete growth inhibition of all tested bacterial strains at varying concentrations. Furthermore, serially diluted P.g-CuNPs (pH 5) inhibited Salmonella spp, E. coli, and Streptococcus spp at 100 μg/mL, while P.g-CuNPs (pH 8) only inhibited E. coli at the same concentration. Notably, acid-based synthesized P.g-CuNPs exhibited higher efficacy in the antimicrobial study compared to their alkaline-based counterparts. This study suggests the potential biomedical applications of P.g-CuNPs, including therapeutic drugs for microbial infectious diseases, integration into textile coatings, and nanocapsulation for food storage to extend shelf life.

Insights in the removal of micropollutants using Fe0+Au0@BN heterojunction: A synergistic in the photo-Fenton-like system

Recently, contamination of aquatic habitats by antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and cancer-causing compounds, n-(n-propyl) thiourea, has caused serious concerns. The primary objective of the current investigation is to obtain an efficient method of removing these contaminants from waterbodies using the novel bimetallic heterojunction nanocatalyst supported by bentonite clay. A greener route using Psidium guajava extract reduces the precursor ions, viz., iron and gold, to Fe0 and Au0 in synthesizing composite material (Fe0+Au0@BN). The catalyst (Fe0+Au0@BN) shows a band gap energy of 1.85 eV. Nevertheless, using nanocomposite material under visible light irradiations, the photo-Fenton-like process efficiently degrades the n-(n-propyl) thiourea and tetracycline. The method enables achievement of a high degradation efficacy for both the micro-pollutants and allows very high mineralization of these pollutants, and the multiple parameters, such as pH, catalyst dosage, and H2O2 concentration, optimize the degradation process. Repeated usage of the nanocomposite material with no significant change in efficiency showed the high stability and reusability of the nanocatalyst. Furthermore, the material showed high suitability in natural water samples to decontaminate water contaminated with these two contaminants: n-(n-propyl) thiourea and tetracycline.

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Antifungal Patch of Extract of Psidium Guajava Leaves

Skin infections caused by fungi are a common problem worldwide, and the search for effective and safe antifungal treatments is ongoing. This research paper aims to prepare and evaluate an antifungal patch using Psidium guajava leaves. The study includes an introduction to the problem, the methodology employed, observations of the antifungal activity against various fungi related to skin infections, the results obtained, and a conclusion. The use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potential natural antifungal agent may provide a promising alternative for the treatment of skin infections. The cheapest polymer suitable for making an antifungal patch would be polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA is a water-soluble polymer that can be easily processed into films or patches. It is biocompatible, non-toxic, and has good adhesive properties. PVA can also be used as a carrier for antifungal drugs, allowing for controlled release of the medication. Additionally, PVA is relatively inexpensive compared to other polymers, making it a cost-effective choice for manufacturing antifungal patches.

Exploring Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Activity and Synergistic Effects With Doxycycline Against Bacterial Species.

Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to assess the antibiofilm potential of methanol and ethanol extracts from nine selected medicinal plants, as well as their synergistic effects with doxycycline against Bacillus strains. Standard procedures were employed to determine the phytochemical composition, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents of the extracts. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, while biofilm formation was assessed via the microtiter plate method. Antibiofilm activity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. Combination studies were conducted using the checkerboard microdilution method. All extracts contained phenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, and anthraquinones. The methanolic extract of Psidium guajava exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (90.48 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g), while the ethanolic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed the highest flavonoid content (6.48 ± 0.33 mg QE/g). Ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Psidium guajava and methanolic extract of Syzygium jambos demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus anthracis 34F2 Sterne strains, with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL. Biofilm formation in Bacillus strains was notably enhanced in the presence of glucose. The methanolic extract of O. subscorpioides exhibited the highest biofilm imbibition (85%), while Picralima nitida methanolic extract showed the most effective biofilm eradication (79%). The combination of Solanum torvum ethanol extract with doxycycline displayed synergistic effects against biofilm formation inhibition and eradication in all tested Bacillus strains. Taken together, Solanum torvum ethanol extract shows promise for developing new combination antibacterial therapies.

Synthesis of copper nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. and its antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal activities

Synthesis of copper nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. and its antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal activities

Colorimetric sensing of uric acid based on sawdust-deposited silver nanoparticles via an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach

Uric acid is directly linked to gout, arthritis, neurological, cardiovascular, and kidney-related disorders. It is a byproduct obtained from the breakdown of purines and a significant indicator of hyperuricemia observed in both urine and blood. In the absence of any enzyme, it's quite difficult to develop a novel, cost-effective, and clinical method for uric acid detection. Herein, we report a very simple, low-cost, and non-enzymatic method for the selective identification and quantification of uric acid using green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The desired Ag NPs were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using Erythrina suberosa sawdust as a deagglomeration agent and Psidium guajava extract as a reductant. The synthesis of the sensing platform, i.e., sawdust-deposited Ag NPs, was confirmed through different techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, EDX, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sawdust can offer a good, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective strategy to overcome the problem of agglomeration in nanoparticles. The enzyme mimic, with the help of H2O2, oxidizes the colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to oxidized TMB with a blue-green color. The addition of uric acid reduces the oxidized TMB to a colorless product, resulting in a colorimetric change. For quality improvement, different reaction parameters, including pH, time, TMB, and NPs concentration, were optimized. Our proposed sensor responds in linear ranges of 0.04–0.360 μM, with a limit of quantification of 0.01 μM and a limit of detection of 0.004 μM. The suggested enzyme mimic detected uric acid in blood samples, with particular specificity in the presence of competitive analytes.

Anti-Arthritis, Antioxidant and Anti - Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Guava Leaves on Rats Exposed to High Fat Diet and Freud Adjuvant

Guava leaves (Psidium guajava) have been used traditionally for years to treat common ailments such as Diabetes, diarrhoea, and hypertension. This study was designed to determine the anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of guava leaf (Psidium guajava) on rats fed with a high-fat diet and induced arthritis using complete Freud Adjuvant. Seventy-two male and female albino rats were used in this study, the rats were grouped into 12 with 6 rats in each group, rats were fed a high-fat diet to cause hyperlipidaemia and induced rheumatoid arthritis by injecting 0.1ml of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant into their right hind paw. Group 1 was fed with normal feed and water, group 2 was made of healthy rats, fed with normal feed, water, and guava leaf extract, group 3 was fed with a high-fat diet and induced arthritis with complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) and water, group 4 received dexamethasone (6.75 mg.kg-1 orally), and groups 5 to 12 received the extract at oral doses of 250 and 750 mg/kg, respectively for a period of 28days. ELISA technique was used to analyse the inflammatory markers, antioxidants; SOD, and MDA, while the lipid profile was on a spectrophotometer. The inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein were significantly reduced in test subjects at p<0.05, HDL and SOD had no statically significant difference, while MDA was markedly reduced at p<0.05. This study demonstrates that Psidium guajava extract has significant anti-arthritic and lipid-lowering effects. Psidium guajava leaves can be developed into an alternative anti-arthritis and lipid-lowering treatment.

Molecular Detection of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases (Saps) From Dental Isolates of Candida albicans and Targeting With Psidium guajava Biocompounds: An In Vitro and In Silico Analysis.

Introduction Candida albicans(C. albicans) is an opportunistic yeast-like fungus and is considered a functional biome of the oral and gut microbiomes. Thesapgene and its types play a vital role in the pathogenesis of C. albicans. The emergence of resistance traits is a major problem, and targeting the same with alternative medicines has sparked renewed interest in recent years. Objectives This study is thus aimed at detecting the frequency of sap gene types in the clinical isolates of C. albicans and evaluating the antifungal effect of the crude methanolic extract of Psidium guajava (P. guajava). Further in silico assessments will assess the inhibitory effect of six compounds of P. guajava against the Sap protein. Materials and methods C. albicans was characterized phenotypically in 20 patients with root caries, and the sap gene was detected by PCR. The crude methanolic extract was prepared, and its antifungal efficacy was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. Auto-docking was performed to assess the best compound based on the docking and overall interactions. Results Six isolates were identified as C. albicans and sap genetypes 1-3 were detected in the four strains. P. guajava methanolic extracts showed a promising antifungal effect at varying concentrations. In silico analysis showed myricetin possessing the maximum number of hydrogen bonds and high docking energy with one violation. Conclusion The study concludes that P. guajava has a promising inhibitory effect againstC. albicans with myricetin as the best compound to target the sapgene of C. albicans. However, further experimental studies are to be considered for its effectiveness in treating the infections caused by C. albicans.

Tanning Wastewater Sterilization in the Dark and Sunlight Using Psidium guajava Leaf-Derived Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics.

Employing Psidium guajava (P. guajava) extract from leaves, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), likewise referred to as cupric oxide and renowned for their sustainable and harmless biogenesis, have the possibility of being useful for the purification of pollutants as well as for medicinal purposes. The current study examined the generated CuO NPs and their physical qualities by using ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy. The distinctive peak at 265 nm of the CuO NP production was originally seen. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation was conducted to identify the crystalline arrangement of the produced CuO NPs, and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy examination was performed to validate the functional compounds of the CuO NPs. Additionally, the synthesized nanoparticles' catalytic activities (wastewater treatment) were analyzed in dark and sunlight modes. The catalytic properties of CuO NPs in total darkness resulted in 64.21% discoloration, whereas exposure to sunshine increased the nanomaterials' catalyst performance to 92.31%. By lowering Cr(VI), Ni, Pb, Co, and Cd in sewage by proportions of 91.4, 80.8, 68.26, 73.25, and 72.4% accordingly, the CuO NP demonstrated its effectiveness as a nanosorbent. Total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological demand for oxygen (BOD), and conductance were all successfully reduced by nanotreatment of tanning effluents, with proportion reductions of 93.24, 88.62, 94.21, 87.5, and 98.3%, correspondingly.

In Vitro and in Vivo Assays of Selected Plant Extracts Against Fruit Rot Fungi

Post-harvest losses of crops in Malaysia is estimated at around 20%. Fungal infection is one of the primary causes of post-harvest loss in fruits. The common use of synthetic fungicide to combat fruit rot fungi poses negative impacts on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of selected plant species as a safer alternative for post-harvest treatment. Ethanolic leaf extracts of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus were tested against Fusarium oxysporum from tomato rot, Fusarium proliferatum from banana rot, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from mango rot. In vitro analysis was conducted using poisoned food bioassay and the percentage inhibitions of Fusarium oxysporum growth were 93.50% by Piper sarmentosumextract, 46.68% by Psidium guajavaextract, and 40.48% by Cymbopogon citratus extract. A test on a different fungus, Fusarium proliferatum, showed that Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratusextracts displayed percentage inhibitions of 88.78%, 36.66%, and 22.44%, respectively. In vitro test on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed that Piper sarmentosum extract inhibited the fungal growth by 96.23%, while Cymbopogon citratus and Psidium guajava extract inhibited the fungal growth by 52.62% and 52.22%, respectively. The mechanism of action of these extracts appeared to be fungistatic. Piper sarmentosum was selected for further analysis by in vivo assay as it displayed the most significant anti-fungal action. The study was conducted using Piper sarmentosumleaf extract of various concentrations (25, 50, 50, and 100 mg/mL). The leaf extract displayed dose-dependent activity, with the highest reduction in disease severity observed at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The findings showed the potential use of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract as anti-fungal agent for post-harvest treatment to minimize fruit loss. Piper sarmentosum leaf extract showed comparable inhibitory action to commercial fungicide carbendazim.

Psidium guajava L.: Chemical composition and protective effects of a leaf extract against ethanol-induced cardiotoxicity

It has been previously reported that a leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. (GV.E) can impart numerous health benefits that were attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ethanol (EtOH, alcohol) misuse is a global health burden, with profound effects on the younger population. The toxic effects of EtOH, that are largely attributed to oxidative stress, target a variety of organs including the heart. The current study tested the protective effects of two different doses of GV.E (1 and 2 g/kg/d) on EtOH-induced cardiac injury in 8-10 (post-pubertal) weeks-old male rats. The plant metabolites of the extract were profiled using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS, and fifty-one metabolites, mostly polyphenols, were tentatively identified. Importantly, the EtOH-induced increase in heart weight and heart coefficient (heart/body weight ratio) were mitigated by the GV.E at both tested doses. Additionally, the EtOH-induced increase in the selective heart injury marker; creatine kinase-m b, and the non-selective tissue injury marker, lactate dehydrogenase, were attenuated by the GV.E (1 g/kg/d). The EtOH-induced increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and c-reactive protein were normalized by GV.E (2 g/kg/d). Cardiac lipid peroxidation, nitrates, and nitrites (markers of oxidative stress) were reduced by GV.E. However, cardiac reduced glutathione was not affected by EtOH, which could be due to upregulation of the body's defense mechanisms. GV.E also caused a suppression of the cardiac mRNA expression of two inflammatory cytokines; interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which were upregulated by EtOH, with a normalization of TNF-α by GV.E (1 g/kg/d). Taken together, these results indicate that GV.E exerts cardio-protective effects against EtOH-induced cardiac damage in male rats.

Detection of the Inhibitory Potential of Psidium Guajava L. Extract in Multidrug-Resistant Corynebacterium Striatum Strains Isolated from Nosocomial Outbreaks

Corynebacterium striatum is an emerging Gram-positive bacillus that presents tropism for the human microbiota, however, it has a high probability of presenting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. In addition, several studies indicate its ability to cause serious infections in patients with varying levels of immune compromise. C.striatum samples may present different virulence mechanisms such as; disinfectant tolerance, motility, and bacterial biofilm formation. This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava L. on MDR and MDS strains of C. striatum an alternative for treatment. We used the agar disk diffusion method to evaluate the susceptibility of bacterial samples under conditions of treatment with Psidium guajava L. The results showed in the disk diffusion test bacterial strains independent of their resistance profile MDS 1987 and MDR 1961 showed sensitivity to 100% crude extract of Psidium guajava L. showing inhibition halos of 13mm and 14mm, respectively. In the synergism test, a better result was obtained with the MDR1961 strain, and there was no result with the MDS1987 strain. The results of this course’s conclusion research can be considered a promising source for the search for new options against bacterial multidrug resistance, giving an incentive to seek new alternatives and isolation of molecules from plants to be able to use and fight multidrug-resistant infections.

Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Leaf Methanolic Extracts of Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees and Psidium guajava L. by GC-MS Profiling

Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Leaf Methanolic Extracts of Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees and Psidium guajava L. by GC-MS Profiling

Performance of Anticorrosive Measures of Steel in Concrete Infrastructure by Plant‐Based Extracts

AbstractCompetence to combat corrosion of steel‐reinforced concrete (SRC) infrastructures for long periods has become a fascinating topic for corrosion scientists. The longevity of such infrastructures is limited mainly by the corrosion process. Hence, urgent demands for developing effective and practical methods are necessary to minimize the corrosion of such concrete structures. The anti‐corrosive components can be designed from the green plants' parts to mitigate the SRC corrosion in recent years. The ongoing research aims to substantiate the success of the leaf extract of Psidium guajava (LEPG) and its 50% blend (BnD) with the leaf extract of Mangifera indica (LEMI) for assessing the steel corrosion condition in a concrete slab. For this purpose, a fast corrosion potential monitoring (CPM) method is applied per the ASTM procedure. Outcomes of the work summarized that the additions of 500–4000 ppm LEPG and its 50% BnD blend have significant corrosion‐inhibiting action. The corrosion potential (ϕcorr) shifts toward a less corrosion‐risk area of the steel bar for 6 months at ambient conditions.

Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium guajava Aqueous Extract against Sensitive and Resistant Bacterial Strains.

The inappropriate use of antimicrobials, along with environmental conditions, can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The use of phytopharmaceuticals and herbal medicines has a positive impact and represents a promising alternative. Psidium guajava extracts have been widely reported to have antimicrobial potential; however, studies reporting their activity against resistant bacterial strains are scarce. Because of the emerging resistance, the aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial capacity of the aqueous extract of guava leaves against wild-type and resistant bacterial strains. The aqueous extract obtained from the leaves of P. guajava was evaluated by HPLC for the content of total phenolics and tannins, antioxidant activity, and chemical composition. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was analyzed by the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results of the chemical analysis of the extracts showed total phenolics content of 17.02 ± 6.87 mg/g of dry extract, total tannin content of 14.09 ± 1.20 mg of tannic acid equivalents/g of dry extract, and moderate antioxidant capacity with an EC50 value of 140 µg/mL. Flavonoids are the major compounds (rutin, hesperidin, and quercetin), followed by phenolic acids. Disk diffusion test results showed the presence of inhibition halos for Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, sensitive and resistant; Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, sensitive and resistant; and Streptococcus spp., beta-hemolytic), while for Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, sensitive and resistant), there was no inhibition in the tested concentration range. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration was 6.8 mg/mL for all Gram-positive strains evaluated. The present study demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of P. guajava against sensitive and resistant Gram-positive bacteria. The better antimicrobial activity found in the present study compared with previously reported activity should be highlighted and may be related to the higher concentration of total phenolics present in the tested extract. Moreover, the content of tannins found suggests a species with high quality that produces tannins. These new findings suggest an innovative profile regarding therapeutic resources that can be adopted to combat resistant microbial strains.

Efficient reduction of Cr(VI) by guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extract and its mitigation effect on Cr toxicity in rice seedlings

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a toxic element that has negative impacts on crop growth and yield. Using plant extracts to convert toxic Cr(VI) into less toxic Cr(III) may be a more favorable option compared to chemical reducing agents. In this study, the potential effects and mechanisms of using an aqueous extract of Psidium guajava L. leaves (AEP) in reducing Cr(VI) toxicity in rice were comprehensively studied. Firstly, the reducing power of AEP for Cr(VI) was confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) assays. The highest Cr(VI) reduction efficiency reached approximately 78% under 1.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL of AEP and 10 mg/L Cr(VI) condition. Additionally, Cr(VI) stress had a significant inhibitory effect on rice growth. However, the exogenous application of AEP alleviated the growth inhibition and oxidative damage of rice under Cr(VI) stress by increasing the activity and level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, the addition of AEP restored the ultrastructure of root cells, promoted Cr adsorption onto root cell walls, and limited the translocation Cr to shoots. In shoots, AEP application also triggered the expression of specific genes involved in Cr defense and detoxification response, including photosynthesis pathways, antioxidant systems, flavonoids biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. These results suggest that AEP is an efficient reduction agent for Cr(VI), and exogenous application of AEP may be a promising strategy to mitigate the harm of Cr(VI) on rice, ultimately contributing to improved crop yield in Cr-contaminated environments.

Determination of Phytochemicals and Anti-Bacterial Properties Evaluation of the Leaves Extracts of Psidium guajava (L) Myrtaceae

The current study sought to assess the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linnaeus leaves extracts. The contents of healthy free fresh leaves of Psidium guajava Linnaeus were analyzed for antibacterial efficacy using dichloromethane (DCM), palm wine, and n-hexane solvents. The presence of several chemical components was revealed by phytochemical analysis of the extracts. The Agar disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial activity against five clinically significant organisms. The extract's zone of inhibition against each organism was measured. The presence of phytochemicals such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenol were discovered. Saponin was not found in all of the solvents tested. The antibacterial results showed that the n-hexane fraction had 44mm as zone inhibition against Bacillus subtilis at 25 mg/ml, followed by 42 mm in Escherichia coli at the same concentration, which was significantly higher than the standard amoxicillin at 25 ug. The highest zone of inhibition for DCM fraction was at 25 mg/ml (35 mm) and 10 mg/ml (25 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively, with similar zones of inhibition to the standard. Finally, resistance was observed in P. aeruginosa, but significant inhibition was observed against B. subtilis (30mm), E. coli (15 mm), and S. aureus (15 mm) at 15%. As a result, Psidium guajava leaf extracts contain phytochemicals as well as significant antibacterial properties, particularly against B. subtilis and E. coli, and can be used to obtain useful lead compounds for the eventual synthesis of medicinally significant antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) re-sensitizes multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa over-expressing MexAB-OprM efflux pumps to commonly prescribed antibiotics

Abstract Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a critical-class priority pathogen showing high resistance to almost all classes of conventional antibiotics. As a result, discovering new drugs capable of combating Pseudomonas infections becomes critical. The current study looked at the antibacterial and antibiotic-resistance reversal properties of the leaf (PGL) and bark (PGB) methanol extracts of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), a popular food plant, towards multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa over-expressing active efflux. Methods: The activities were assessed using a 96-well plate microdilution technique, with iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) to detect living bacteria. The action of herbals was further carried out on Pseudomonas kinetic growth, cell membrane, and H+-ATPase mediated proton pumps, using standards. Results: PGL and PGB produced inhibitory effects on all the fourteen MDR strains and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) recorded ranging from 64 to 2048 μg/mL. PGB was shown to be more effective, having MICs ≤ 512 μg/mL on 100% of the MDR pathogens tested. It also exhibited the lowest MICs (best activity) of 64 μg/mL against three MDR clinical isolates P124, P57, and P29, with activity higher than that of the reference medication (chloramphenicol). PGL and PGB were shown to have significant antibiotic-resistance reversal action when combined with conventional antibiotics, with PGB enhancing the efficacy of all standard drugs employed. PGB was shown to lengthen the latent phase of kinetic growth, also, it significantly inhibited the H+-ATPase-mediated proton pump and altered cell membrane integrity, at MIC and 2×MIC. Conclusion: The current investigation provides justification for considering P. guajava extracts, alone or in combination with antibiotics, as potential treatments for MDR P. aeruginosa infections. Keywords: Antibiotics; efflux pumps; food plants; multidrug-resistant bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Psidium guajava.

Antibiotic Sensitivity on Isolates from Diabetic And Non-Diabetic Population Based In Pattoki Punjab

Objectives: To isolate and characterizing microorganisms from diabetic and non-diabetic patients and assessing the antimicrobial activity of isolate extracts from Citrus sinensis and Psidium guajava. Methodology: Experimental study of one year and six month duration from May 2016 to May 2018 conducted in Microbiology Laboratory University of Lahore, Pakistan. Convenient sampling was done by collecting the urine sample at random from 250 persons in the Pattoki community. All the urine samples from diabetic and non-diabetics were cultured separately and after biochemical confirmation of microorganisms, the disc diffusion method was used for carrying out an antimicrobial activity.Results: A total of 105 samples, were found to have positive urine cultures. Among these positive urine culture samples, 75 were diabetic and 30 were non-diabetics. The bacterial isolate most commonly found among diabetics was E.coli followed by the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris respectively. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of different parts of plant extracts against isolated bacteria from diabetics showed that the highest sensitivity was shown against peel, leaves and seed extracts of Citrus sinensis and Psidium guajava while the least sensitivity was shown against the stem and root extracts of these plants. Moreover, antibiotic sensitivity tests of isolated microbes showed that the highest resistance is found against Augmentin and Tetracycline while the most sensitive drug for isolates was found to be Chloramphenicol.Conclusion: From the results, it is concluded that leave extract of Psidium guajava and peel extracts of Citrus sinensis showed effective results against bacterial pathogens and could serve as a good alternate source of antibacterial agents

Assessment of the Hepato-protective Effects of Combined Ethanolic Extract of Psidium guajava and Carica papaya Leaves in Rats Challenged with Cadmium

It has been shown that herbal extracts can protect intoxicated hepatocytes. Therefore, this study examined the hepato-protective effects of pooled ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava and Carica papaya leaves in rats challenged with Cadmium (Cd). Exactly 200g of the grounded leaves were soaked in ethanol for 48hours and was concentrated after filtration using a rotary evaporator. Fifteen adult female rats (150¬-±10g) were randomly assigned into three groups: Group 1 (control: received feed and water alone), Group 2 (Cd group; received single dose of Cd, 30mg/kg b wt, Group 3 (Cd + extract: received Cd as in group 2 and leaf extract 200mg/ kg bwt daily for 2 weeks). Rats were slaughtered and samples were taken for biochemical examination at the conclusion of the study period. When compared to controls, exposure to Cd alone resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) in the activities of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as an increase in the level of total protein (TP). Hepatocytes exposed to cd underwent histological changes as well. As opposed to rats exposed to Cd alone, there was a significant decrease in the values of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and TP when Cd-challenged rats were given the combination ethanolic extract of P. guajava and C. papaya. The outcomes suggest that the biherbal combination of P. guajava and C. papaya can shield liver cells against Cd damage.