Grass Extract Research Articles

Peroxidases from grass clippings for the removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater

Green waste, especially of municipal origin, is currently used as a material only to a limited extent. However, the large material flows could also be used in a more economical way if they were integrated into biorefinery concepts. Besides the production of basic and fine chemicals, green waste could also be used as source of industrial relevant enzymes. Here, the purification and characterization of peroxidases from common lawn grass species Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea are reported. The purified peroxidase fractions as well as crude extracts were investigated for the removal of common wastewater pollutants such as phenol, m-cresol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol by oxidative polymerization. The grass-derived peroxidases showed the highest affinity towards 2,4-dichlorophenol, followed by m-cresol and phenol. A crude extract of real lawn grass was able to remove over 95 % of 0.5 mM 2,4-dichlorophenol within 20 min.

Optimisation of lozenge formulation from Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) extract with various binding materials using a simplex lattice design method

Background: Antibacterial and antifungal activities of citronella grass extract are widely used, but there is no pleasant dosage form for patients who are unable to swallow. Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) extract lozenges were prepared with wet granulation method containing natural or synthetic polymer (PGA/PVP/gelatin) binders. Objective: This study aimed to determine the most optimal lozenge formula using the simplex lattice design method with Design Expert software 13.0.0. Methods: The extract was made using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Furthermore, the preparation of tablets and physical, chemical and stability tests were performed. Results: The results of the physical test showed that Formula IV with a ratio of PGA:PVP:Gelatin of 0.5:0.5:0 was optimal with a hardness value of 48.85 ± 0.46 kg/cm2, dissolving time of 684 ± 7 seconds, and friability value of 0.31 ± 0.136%. Chemical testing by the total phenolic content of the extract using the Folin-Ciocalteu method at a wavelength of 750 nm obtained a 78.262 mgGAE/gram extract. Moreover, the optimal tablet obtained a 0.063 ± 0.027 mgGAE/gram extract, and stability testing at room temperature for 28 days found that the obtained lozenges were stable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the combination of PGA (natural polymer) and PVP (synthetic polymer) binders with a ratio of 1:1 can produce optimal and stable citronella grass extract lozenges.

Herbicidal effects of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of cogon grass (Imperata cylindica l.) and their phytotoxicity on spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus l.) growth

This research has the purpose of examining the activities of herbicidal effect of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of cogon grass (Imperata cylindica L.) on spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.) The rhizomes of I. cylindrica were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, in that order. The extracts were tested on A. spinosus at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. We applied a synthetic herbicide at a concentration of 0.686 kg (2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha−1) for positive control, and for negative control, we used water without any chemicals (distilled water). The I. cylindrica extracts affects weed control, leaf area, root length, and shoot and root dry weight of A. spinosus. The application of 20 percent of n-hexane extract was the best treatment in terms of controlling A. spinosus (40.83%), but it was not different from other organic solvent treatments at various concentrations, in contrast to aquades (0.00%) and synthetic herbicides (100%). The n-hexane extract of I. cylindrica showed the strongest herbicide effect on A. spinosus after 28 DAA, while ethyl acetate and methanol showed only minimal herbicide effect. Gas Chromatography-mass spethroscopy (GC-MS) analysis showed that rhizome extracts of I. cylindrica contained 3 key compounds each as under : n-hexane extracts : [phthalic acid (43.30%), dibuthyl phthalate (29.75%), linoelaidic acid (5,93%)]; ethyl acetate extracts : [propanetriol acetate (31.73%), phthalic acid (5.69%), n-hexadecanoic acid (5.39%)]; methanol extracts : [acetic acid (52.95%), acetamide (21.86%), octaethylene glycol monododecyl (11.34%). The n-hexane extract proved promising to control A. spinosus

Fermentation quality of ratoon rice fermented with fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria from tropicalgrass

This study aimed to determine the quality of fermented ratoon paddy silage as ruminant feed. The paddy material was obtained from rice fields in the Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia. Turiang padi (Oryza sativa) at the cutting age of 14 days, with the Inpari 32 variety. The addition of an accelerator of Lactic Acid Bacteria or FJLB (fermented juice of epiphityc lactic acid bacteria) from Elephant Grass Extract (Pennisetum purpureum) and Odot Grass (Pennisetum purpureum CV. Mott) were incubated for 2 days. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 replications for each treatment. The treatments consisted of no additives (T1), FJLB additives from elephant grass (T2) and odot grass (T3). FJLB was added as much as 1% of fresh weight. Silage fermentation was carried out for 21 days at room temperature. All data obtained were analyzed using the R Studio program. The Flieg point value showed the silage quality in the good and very good range. Butyric acid production is low and still within standard limits. The production of lactic acid was higher (P<0.05) in the silage of paddy ratoon which received additional silage additive from FJLB. It could be concluded that the addition of FJLB was able to improve the quality of the fermented ratoon rice.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Ethanol dan N-Hexan Daun Serai (Cymbopogon citratus) Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease transmitted by the bite of a female Aedes aegypti mosquito infected with the dengue virus. The essential oil contained in lemon grass has antioxidant activity and contains active compounds that are toxic as larvicides. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness, and the effective concentration of the Ethanol and N-Hexan extracts of lemon grass (Cymbopogon ciratus) leaves. The research subjects were 300 instar III Aedes aegypti larvae containing 25 larvae at each concentration with each concentration group namely 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, and 50 ppm, which were observed for 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, and 24 hours. From the results of the ethanol extract of citronella leaves (Cymbopogon ciratus) using graded concentrations Aedes aegypti larvae can die at high concentrations of 50 ppm and can kill 14 Aedes aegypti larvae. Whereas in the N-Hexan extract of lemongrass leaves (Cymbopogon ciratus) using graded concentrations Aedes aegypti larvae can die at high concentrations of 50 ppm which can kill 11 Aedes aegypti larvae. Lemongrass leaves (Cymbopogon ciratus) are effectively used as natural larvicides. Effective concentrations are 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm for 24 hours. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Lemongrass (Cymbopogon ciratus) leaves.

Evaluation of phytoconstituents of Triticum aestivum grass extracts on nutritional attributes, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities against food pathogens with molecular in silico investigation

AbstractThe plant‐based medicine and diet is gaining importance in recent days. The consumption of Triticum aestivum grass in the form of juice and tablets is increasing among common people. The present study elaborates on the nutritional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of a nongenetically modified type of T. aestivum grass, along with the evidence of molecular docking studies. The T. aestivum grass extracts like decoction, aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform were subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests, quantitative estimation, antioxidant analysis, and antimicrobial activity determination. The ethanolic extract that had good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential was subjected to gas column–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis and the compounds identified were docked against the antioxidant and antimicrobial receptors. The decoction and aqueous extracts performed well in preliminary qualitative tests with the presence of most of the phytochemicals tested. The decoction, aqueous, and ethanolic extracts possessed good concentrations of the phytochemicals. The decoction had about 210.83 ± 9.16 and 154.16 ± 0.33 mg/g of carbohydrates and proteins, respectively, while the aqueous extract had about 10.91 ± 0.08 mg/g of amino acids and the ethanolic extract had about 52.5 ± 1.4 mg/g of phenolic content, which were the highest concentration of the phytochemicals observed among the extracts. Along with phytochemical potential, good antioxidant potential in the DPPH and ABTS by decoction as well as ethanolic extract with nearly 40 and 90% inhibition, respectively, and in FRAP by aqueous extract with maximum OD value. The ethanolic extract exhibited the best inhibition potential against the Staphylococcus aureus about 28 ± 1 mm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 20 ± 2 mm, Bacillus cereus at 20 ± 1 mm by the ethanolic extract at 200 μg concentration, and Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger at 15 ± 0 mm by the aqueous extract at 200 μg concentration. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenols, which on docking had highest binding capacity toward the antioxidant and antimicrobial receptors.

Assessment of different grass species extracts as source of micronutrients in prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii feeds

The present research is an attempt to screen five perennial indigenous grass species for their biochemical constituents seasonally for one year in order to determine the exact season for the harvest of the target species which will be used as feed ingredient. Among them, Cynodon dactylon has shown better result compared to other grass species and was hence incorporated as micronutrient in the formulated feed. Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture was carried out by feeding conventional and formulated feed (prepared from grass species) in tanks and ponds filled with spring water for 180 days in 2020 in the Eastern Ghats region of Koraput district, Odisha, India. Two treatments namely T1 and T2 having four replications each were supplied with commercial feed and formulated feed. Feeds were applied as per the body weight of prawns at 20% for the 1st month, 15% for the 2nd month, 10% for the 3rd and the 4th month, 5% for the 5th month and 2% till the end of the experiment. The water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, Chl a in the culture tanks and ponds were monitored fortnightly. ANOVA results between all the water parameters for both culture tanks and ponds showed significant variation (P < 0.05). The survival rate (77.0% ± 0.89%), daily growth rate (0.233 ± 0.05) g/day, specific growth rate (4.657% ± 1.04%) per day and condition index (2.638 ± 0.05) were found to be highest in prawns fed formulated feed. The feed conversion ratio varied from (2.03 ± 0.05) to (2.68 ± 0.04). Benefit cost ratio of field culture were 1.46 with yield of 702 kg/ha in conventional feed and 1.75 with yield of 950 kg/ha in formulated feed respectively. The study proved grass extracts to be efficient micronutrients for prawn feed which can be easily adopted in prawn production.

(.Effect of Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl herbicide in combination with Johnson grass extract on weed control in flax crop (Linum usitatissimum L

A field experiment was carried out to determine the best effect of Johnson grass extract, alone or in combination with Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl herbicide, to achieve the benefit of their integration into weed control programs to reduce reliance on herbicides in controlling weeds, increasing yield and reducing environmental pollution by these herbicides. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the split plot arrangement by three replicates was applied, the distance between the rows (20, 25 and 30 cm) represents the main plots. The control treatments : weed-free (T1), application Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl at rate 2 ml/l (T2), Johnson grass extract at rate 18 l/ha (T3), half herbicide amount + half extract amount (T4) and weedy treatment (T5) , represent the sub-plots . The results showed that of distance 20 cm achieved lowest density of companion weeds (52.20 weeds/m2) and highest percentage of weed control (50.42) after 60 days of application, and highest seed yield, oil yield reached 1.781 and 0.675 t/ha, respectively. The distance 30 cm achieved highest number of capsules (14.790 capsules/plant) seeds (8.337 seeds/capsule) and highest weight of 1000 seeds reaching 7.379 g. Application of Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl (T2) achieved lowest weed density (54.78 weeds/m2), highest weed control percentage (52.22) after 60 days of application. Besides, highest number of capsules (14.956 capsules/plant), seeds were (8.580 seeds/capsule), highest weight of 1000 seeds was 7.611 g, and highest seed yield , oil yield reached 1.779 and 0.7113 t/ha, respectively. Distance 20 cm with treatment (T2) achieved lowest number of weeds reaching (44.67 weeds/m2), highest percentage of weed control (57.59) after 60 days of application, highest seed yield, oil yield reached 2.067 and 0.7267 t/ha, respectively. Distance 30 cm and treatment (T2) achieved highest number of capsules (16.05 capsules/plant), seeds (8.580 seeds/capsule) and highest weight of 1000 seeds reaching 7.873 g.

Synthesis of carbon dots from leaf of Cynodon dactylon (grass)

The research compares the properties of carbon dots made from Cynodon dactylon grass found in the local garden of Vadodara, Gujrat, India. Carbon dots (CDs) have gotten a lot of interest in the recent decade because of their wide range of uses. The aim of this study was too-green synthesis of carbon dots utilizing a aq. extract of Cynodon dactylon grass in a green and environmentally friendly way. A eco-friendly hydrothermal method was used to prepare carbon dots using grass. Furthermore, carbon dots characterized by various techniques like UV-visible, IR spectra. Carbon dots present in the grass is done by the UV and IR spectrum analysis.

Quality assessment of yoghurt formulated with aqueous extract of Roselle calyx, Moringa leaf and Lemon grass

Quality assessment of yoghurt formulated with aqueous extract of Roselle calyx, Moringa leaf and Lemon grass

The Effect of Kebar Grass (Biophytum petersianum) Extract to Histopathological Images of Lactating Mice’ (Mus musculus) Kidney Exposed to Carbofuran

This study aims to determine the effect of Kebar grass extract administration to reduce kidney damage in lactating mice exposed to carbofuran. Forty-two lactating mice were used in this study divided into seven groups, namely: K as a control group (treated with Aquadest), P1 was injected with carbofuran ¼ LD50 (0.0125mg/day), P2 was injected with carbofuran 1/8 LD50 (0.00625mg/day), P3 was injected with carbofuran 1/4 LD50 (0.0125mg/day) and Kebar grass extract (0.135mg/day), P4 was injected with carbofuran 1/8 LD50 (0.00625mg/day) and Kebar grass extract (0.135mg/day), P5 was injected with carbofuran 1/4 LD50 (0.0125mg/day) and vitamin C (0.2ml/day) and P6 was injected with carbofuran 1/8 LD50 (0.00625mg/day) and vitamin C (0.2ml/day) for 14 days. Then on the 15th day, the mice were sacrificed and the kidneys were collected, then histological preparations were made with HE (Hematoxylin-Eosin) staining. Data on tubular degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation were analyzed using the Kruskall Wallis test and after that the Mann Whitney test using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) application version 23 was conducted. The results showed that carbofuran caused a significant increase in tubular degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation (p&lt;0.05). Administration of Kebar grass and vitamin C significantly reduced tubular degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation (p&lt;0.05). It can be concluded that administration of Kebar grass extract was more effective to reduce kidney damage in lactating mice exposed to carbofuran compared to vitamin C (p&lt;0.05).

Histopathological Alterations in Ovarian and Uterine Treated with Extract and Fraction of Kebar Grass (Biophytum petersianum)

Kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum) is being used traditionally by the people of West Papua to increase fertility. The effects of extracts and fractions of Kebar grass on the estrus cycle duration and estrus phase in rats were evaluated. The present work was designed to investigate the effects of administration of kebar grass extract and its fraction on the histopathological changes in the ovaries and uterine of rats. The female rats were treated with carboxy methyl cellulose sodium (CMC sodium) 1 % (group I), ethynile estradiol (group II), extract kebar grass (group III), n-hexane fraction (group IV), ethyl acetate fraction (group V), and water fraction (group VI) of kebar grass via gavage daily for 7 days. At days 7th and 14th, 3 rats in each group were euthanized. Uterine and ovarian collected and weighed. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and the paraffin technique were used for histological preparation. Data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA followed by the Duncan test. The Kebar grass has an effect to increase ovarian and uterine weight, increasing most of the number of follicles especially primary follicle and uterine thickness. The treatment with ethyl acetate fraction of kebar grass (group V) constantly showed more effective results than the other kebar grass treatment.

NEUTROPHIL AND LYMPHOCYTES OF RAT PUPS OF THE DOES EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE TREATED WITH ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KEBAR GRASS (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch)

Kebar grass contains vitamin A and vitamin E, which are antioxidant compounds that are thought to improve the blood picture of rats that are disturbed due to the exposure of the free radicals from cigarette smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the neutrophil and lymphocyte profiles of rat pups of the does which treated with the ethanol extract of kebar grass (Bhiophitum petersianum Klotzsch) due to the exposure toward the cigarette smoke. This study used an experimental method by using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of 4 (four) treatment groups and 3 (three) replications. After the treatment, all groups of does were mated and the pups that were born would be taken 3 in each group as a replication, and then their blood would be taken to analyze the neutrophils and lymphocytes. The data which successfully obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that there was a change in the neutrophil and lymphocyte profiles of rat pups from does which were treated with ethanol extract of kebar grass due to the exposure toward cigarette smoke, in which there was an increase in the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes (P&lt;0.05), where an increase in the percentage of neutrophils to normal direction while the increase in the percentage of lymphocytes occurred continuously. The increase in lymphocytes is strongly suspected to be due to the administration of ethanol extract of kebar grass which contains flavonoids, resulting in the proliferation of lymphocytes as antibody products.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ БІОЛОГІЧНО АКТИВНИХ РЕЧОВИН ТРАВИ ПАРИЛА ЗВИЧАЙНОГО

The results of the study of the content of biologically active substances in the grass of the common steamer are presented. A study of the quality and determination of qualitative and quantitative content of biologically active substances in the grass of steamed common grass. The qualitative content of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, organic acids, vitamins was studied and the quantitative content of saponins and flavonoids was established. A study was conducted to study the antioxidant activity of water-ethanol extract of steamed grass.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Analysis Of Lemon Grass Leaf Extracts Against Pathogenic Bacteria

Lemongrass is used to treat fever, fatigue, convulsions, common cold, rheumatism, vomiting, convulsions, discomfort, and digestive system spasms. The present investigation was performed to investigate the antibacterial property of methnolic, acetone and benzene extract of lemon grass against pathogenic bacteria. The maximum inhibition zone for methanol extract was Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm) at a concentration of 100 μl/ml. Benzene extract also exhibited a 17 mm zone at 100 μl/ml against bacteria- Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Behind it, 50 μl/ml of methanol extract exhibited 16 mm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 100 μl/ml of benzene extract against Klebsella pneumoneae. As concentration increases against all bacteria, the anti-bacterial activity of extracts increases. Among all the extracts methanol extract have been found more potential extract for antibacterial as well as lowest MIC. So lemon grass can be used to treat many bacterial diseases.

Camel Grass Phenolic Compounds: Targeting Inflammation and Neurologically Related Conditions.

The use of plants for therapeutic purposes has been supported by growing scientific evidence. This work consisted of (i) characterizing the phenolic compounds present in both aqueous and hydroethanol (1:1, v/v) extracts of camel grass, by hyphenated liquid chromatographic techniques, (ii) evaluating their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuromodulation potential, through in vitro cell and cell-free models, and (iii) establishing a relationship between the chemical profiles of the extracts and their biological activities. Several caffeic acid and flavonoid derivatives were determined in both extracts. The extracts displayed scavenging capacity against the physiologically relevant nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide anion (O2•-) radicals, significantly reduced NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages (RAW 264.7), and inhibited the activity of hyaluronidase (HAase), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Some of these bioactivities were found to be related with the chemical profile of the extracts, namely with 3-caffeoylquinic, 4-caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric acids, as well as with luteolin and apigenin derivatives. This study reports, for the first time, the potential medicinal properties of aqueous and hydroethanol extracts of camel grass in the RAW 264.7 cell model of inflammation, and in neurologically related conditions.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL RUMPUT MUTIARA (Hedyotis corymbosa L. Lamk) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH

Inflamation is the body’s defense mechanism in response to tissue injury and interference by external factors. Pearl grass (Hedyotis Corymbosa L.Lamk) is one of Rubiaceae family. Pearl grass have efficacy in the treatment as anti-inflamatory, anti-diabetic, anti-bacteria, and antioxidant. Pearl grass contains flavonoids has pharmacological effects as a anti-inflamatory. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflamatory effect of ethanolic extract of pearl grass (EERM) on white rats incuded by λ- carragenan.This research was conducted by experimental method which included pearl grass extraction, phytochemical screening, and anti-inflamatory activity test of ethanolic of pearl gras with paw edema method using digital plethysmometer. As experimental animals 15 rats were divided into 5 groups, each group were 3 rats. As an inductor λ-carragenan 1 % was administered intraplantar. Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) 0,5 % as negative control, 2,25 mg/kg bw diclofenac dose as positif control and ethanolic extract of pearl grass dose 100 mg/kg bw, dose 200 mg/kg bw, and dose of 400 mg/kg bw as a test material given orally. Observations were made for 6 hours. The test data were analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA and continuced with Tukey’s B.The results of phytochemical indicated that ethanolic extract of pearl grass contained alkaloids, flavanoid, saponins, tanin and glycosides. The dosage of ethanolic extract of pearl grass 100 mg/kg bw, dose 200 mg/kg bw, dose 400 mg/kg bw has the effect as anti-inflamatory. The effective dose of ethanol extract of pearl grass as an anti-inflamatory in white rats was 400 mg/kg bw.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Quality of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana. L. kunth.) Cultivars

A field experiment was conducted in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, during the season (2006/2007) to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crude protein, fiber, ash content, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and metabolizable energy of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L.) cultivars. Four cultivars of Rhodes grass (Katambora, Callide, Boma and Finecut) were used in this study. Four levels of Nitrogen fertilizers (0, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/ha) were used. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot with four replications. Nitrogen applications lead to insignificant increase in crude protein for all cultivars except for Katambora cultivar. The results revealed that, crude fiber insignificantly affected by nitrogen applications for the cultivars Callide and Boma. Whereas; the cultivars Katambora and Finecut were significantly affected. Ether extract significantly affected by nitrogen application in all cultivars. The results showed that, ash was not affected by nitrogen levels for all cultivars except for cultivar Callide. Nitrogen free extract was significantly affected by nitrogen levels for all cultivars. Moreover, the metabolizable energy was significantly affected by nitrogen applications in all cultivars except cultivar Katambora. It can be concluded that, the best cultivars in the terms of forage Dry Weight, Crude Protein and Nitrogen Free Extract were Finecut, Callide, Katambora and Boma respectively with added fertilizer (80 kg N /ha).

Biological activity of Kuma bamboo grass (Sasa veitchii) extract against the fungal causal agent (Pyricularia oryzae) of blast disease

The secondary metabolites of plants may contain natural compounds as fungicide sources. The antimicrobial activity of the plant Kuma bamboo grass ( Sasa veitchii ) has been known for a long time in Japan. However, its inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of Kuma bamboo grass extract against Pyricularia oryzae that causes rice blast disease. Kuma bamboo grass extracts obtained through high-pressure reaction/decomposition vessel extraction at 100 °C for 1, 2, 3, and 5 h or 200 °C for 1 h did not inhibit the conidial germination of P. oryzae . Conversely, the extract processed at 200 °C for 2 or 3 h inhibited this process. Compounds with a molecular mass < 1000 Da in the extract exhibited an inhibitory effect against P. oryzae . Furthermore, fungicidal activity was observed by the extracts processed at 200 °C for 2 or 3 h. Internal disintegration of conidia treated with the extract was confirmed by light microscopy, but no disintegration was observed on conidial surface by electron microscopy. In experiments with plants, blast lesion formation was significantly suppressed by the same Kuma bamboo grass extracts. Therefore, the inhibitory compounds of Kuma bamboo grass extract may be useful for developing control strategies against plant diseases such as blast disease caused by P. oryzae. • Sasa veitchii had a fungicidal effect on Pyricularia oryzae. • Many compounds of S. veitchii caused the inhibitory activity against P. oryzae. • S. veitchii extract suppressed blast lesion formation. • Compounds in S. veitchii extract could be used to control fungal diseases.

Inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of tea compositions, individual ingredients for their preparation and some plants against replication of Herpes simplex virus type 2 &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;

Aim. In vitro analysis of the inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of tea compositions, plant raw materials and as well as plants from different families against replication of Herpes simplex virus type 2.Material and Methods. The viral strain MS of HSV‐2 was passivated on Vero cell culture. Antiviral (inhibitory) activity of aqueous extracts was studied in vitro according to the classical scheme of neutralization (inactivation) of the virus.Results. For comparison we used control samples of aqueous extracts of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) and grass of Alchemilla vulgaris L. with EC50 equal to 21.36±3.92 and 39.67±8.75 µg/ml (for dry raw materials) versus 103 PFU/ml HSV‐2. As a result the prevailing activity (from 15.25±3.92 to 1.71±0.54 µg/ml) was identified for extracts of tea compositions based on black and green tea, as well as individual ingredients for their composition – black tea, leaves of Mentha piperita L., flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and clove spices (Syzygium aromaticum L.). Extracts obtained from plants that are not part of tea compositions of interest are fermented leaves of Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae) and grass of two species Euphorbia (E. pilosa L. and E. esula L., Euphorbiaceae) with inhibitory activity at concentrations of 10.675±1.96; 2.29±0.57 and 1.71±0.54 µg/ml, respectively.Conclusion. The results presented can become the basis for the search for individual biologically active substances of plant origin that inhibit HSV‐2 replication as well as for the development of effective medicines in the form of tea beverages and/or formulations for topical use to reduce relapses of chronic herpes.