Extraction Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and histopathological effects of Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil extract on kidney and spleen in BALB/C Mice

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of C. schoenanthus essential oil (CSEO) on the immune system, antioxidant balance, and histological changes in the kidney and spleen of female BALB/C mice. The chemical composition of CSEO was analyzed using GC-MS. Twenty-nine compounds were identified, representing 99.04% of the total detected. The main components were Piperitone (47.93%), Elemol (11.91%), 2-Carene (10.69%), β-eudesmol (7.67%), α-eudesmol (5.12%), and γ-eudesmol (4.24%). For bioassay, the mice were divided into three groups: control, 0.5% CSEO (G1), and 1% CSEO (G2). The effects of CSEO on various markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), urea, creatinine, and cytokines (IL-4, TNF-α, and TGF-β1), were evaluated. Additionally, kidney and spleen histopathological examinations were conducted. The treatment groups showed a significant increase in IL-4, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels compared to the control group, except for G1, which showed a non-significant decrease in TGF-β1 levels. Group 2 exhibited a significant increase in MDA levels compared to the control group, while group 1 had a nonsignificant increase. Both treatments showed a significant increase in GSH levels, while SOD and CAT levels showed a non-significant increase in G2 and a non-significant decrease in G1. Urea levels showed a non-significant increase, while creatinine levels were significantly decreased in G2 and non-significantly decreased in G1 compared to the control group. The histopathological examinations revealed congested red pulp with activated hematopoiesis and focal fibrosis in spleen sections of both G1 and G2. The study suggests that medicinal herbs such as CSEO need to be used with caution, and their effects should be evaluated carefully, especially in terms of dose-dependent effects. The results indicate that high doses of CSEO may increase the levels of some cytokines and antioxidants and have harmful effects on kidney architecture, congested red pulp, and fibrosis with increased hematopoiesis. Therefore, the random use of medicinal herbs may have harmful effects and needs to be carefully controlled to ensure safe use.

Effect of Adding Thymus leptobotrys on Extra Virgin Olive Oil’s Quality and Physicochemical Parameters

The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) after enrichment treatments with Thymus leptobotrys, a Moroccan endemic aromatic plant. The EVOO sample was supplemented with two materials obtained from the aerial parts of T. leptobotrys: powder (2.5 and 5%) or essential oil (100 and 200 ppm). The chemical composition analysis of T. leptobotrys extracts (essential oil and powder methanolic extract) allowed the determination of its phenolic profile. Quality parameters (acidity, peroxide value, and specific extinction coefficients), color, fatty acids composition, minor components (pigments and phenol), and Rancimat oxidative stability of the control and enriched oils were measured. Rosmarinic acid and thymusin were the main identified compounds in the powder; thymusin was identified for the first time in the essential oil where it was predominant. Generally, the enrichments did not downgrade the oil from its initial category (EVOO), according to quality indexes. Adding T. leptobotrys to EVOO, especially the essential oil, enriched its phenolic profile by allowing the migration of thymusin, a lipophile flavone, without affecting its quality parameters or color.

Myrtuscommunis L.: essential oil chemical composition, total phenols and flavonoids contents, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and α-amylase inhibitory activity

BackgroundMyrtuscommunis L. leaves, due to their tonic and antiseptic properties, have been used as folk medicine in many communities to treat a variety of conditions such as inflammation, peptic ulcers, diarrhea, leucorrhoea, headaches, excessive perspiration, and skin diseases. In this study, we examined the chemical makeup and biological properties of M.communis essential oils (EOs) from two locations in Palestine, including Jericho, the world's deepest site and Jenin. The plant's methanol and ethyl acetate extracts' biological efficacy were also assessed.ResultsThe GC–MS analysis revealed that the EO of M.communis leaves from Jenin included 39 components, the majority were 1,8-cineole (31.98%), linalool (21.94%), linalool acetate (11.42%), α-pinene (10.22%), and myrtenol (6.87%). While 33 compounds, were discovered in M.communis EO from Jericho, with cis-4-thujanol (27.37%), 1,8-cineole (24.32%), myrtenol (12.97%), and myrtenal (12.46%) being the main constituents. The EO, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were tested (in vitro) for antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibitory properties. The EO from Jericho demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against Escherichiacoli, Proteusvulgaris,Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, and, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) with MIC values of 0.27, 0.135, 0.135, 0.27, and 0.135 mg/mL, respectively. MRSA, S.aureus and C.albicans were all susceptible to the antimicrobial efficiency of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (MIC = 0.097–0.195, 0.097–0.195, and 0.049 mg/mL, respectively). Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, in contrast to EOs, showed high DPPH activity, with IC50 values ranging from 3.60 ± 0.35 to 25.70 ± 0.48 µg/mL. Both oils showed moderate cytotoxic activity against HeLa, MCF7, 3T3, and LX-2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 202.02 ± 2.27 to 592.40 ± 2.55 µg/mL for Jenin and 199.80 ± 3.41 to 914.54 ± 3.05 µg/mL for EO from Jericho. Furthermore, EO and methanol extracts from Jenin inhibited α-amylase with IC50 values of 950.48 ± 2.54 and 795.43 ± 1.88 µg/mL, respectively.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that M.communis extracts and EOs contain a vast array of pharmacologically active compounds with potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities that can be exploited to develop new types of natural pharmaceuticals and warrant further in vivo investigation for their therapeutic potential.Graphical

Chemical Composition of Vitis vinifera Leaves Essential Oil and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract

Background/Objective Vitis vinifera leaves harvested from the developing canes are used in Balkan cuisines. The objective was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) extract of V. vinifera leaves harvested after the flowering of the new vine shoots. Methods The V. vinifera leaf oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and SC CO2 extraction. The application of different SC CO2 extraction parameters, determined by the Box–Behnken design, influenced the extraction yield and the chemical composition of the SC CO2 extracts. The optimal extraction conditions were set for the extraction yield and eucalyptol amount. The essential oil and SC CO2 extracts obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The most abundant compounds present in the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were: phytol (11.3%), α-cadinol (8.3%), trans-calamenene (8.2%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (7.0%), and τ-cadinol (6.6%). The extracts obtained by SC CO2 extraction consisted of twenty five compounds among which the most abundant were: phytol, squalene, eucalyptol, camphene and hexadecan-1-ol. Over the ranges of SC CO2 process parameters studied, those of pressure and extraction time had significant effect on the extraction yield and eucalyptol amount. Conclusion The results obtained determined the compounds present in V. vinifera leaves essential oil and SC CO2 extracts which contribute to the flavor and aroma of V. vinifera leaves.

Influence of energy sources and shade drying period on oil yield and chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Palmarosa grass (Cymbopogon martinii) through hydro distillation method

This research article analyses the efficiency of using renewable energy sources such as solar and biomass energy to extract essential oil from five pre-treated shade-dried Palmarosa grass samples (fresh (S1), 12 h (S2), 24 h (S3), 36 h (S4), and 48 h (S5)). A complete set of distillation unit with a 16 m2 scheffler solar collector was provided for solar distillation system (SDS) and biomass combustion chamber was provided for biomass distillation system (BDS). The maximum oil yield was obtained from S3 sample i.e., 0.63 %. The thermal energy required for a 5 kg, S3 sample with 10 l of water was 10.45 and 10.60 kWh, and extracted oil was 29.2 and 31.5 ml, in SDS and BDS, respectively. The results show that the solar biomass distillation system (SBDS) is statistically significant and economically feasible and can extract essential oils with similar physicochemical properties as those available in the market.

Effect of Solvent Type and Extraction Time on Binahong Leaf Extraction Process

Extraction of binahong leaf essential oil was carried out using the soxhletation method. This research was conducted to study how the influence of solvent type and the length of extraction time and to determine the optimal soxhletation conditions of binahong leaf essential oil (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis). Soxhletation was carried out with variations in solvents of 96% ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform and time variations of 4, 5, and 6 hours. The yield of essential oil obtained is affected by extraction time and the solvent type. The volatile oil components obtained from soxhletation are the terpenoid and fatty acid groups. The best yield obtained is 5.23% at 5 hours using 96% ethanol as solvent.

Considerations on the Use of Active Compounds Obtained from Lavender

Lavender is among the medicinal and aromatic plants with high economic value in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and aromatherapeutic industries, and in its composition has numerous compounds, such as tannins, anthocyanins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, essential oil and others. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lavender are best highlighted by extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation, steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction. In the water distillation extraction method, the plants are soaked in water until boiling and steam is released, carrying the essential oils with it, which are then separated via cooling. Steam distillation is one of the most common methods used to extract essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants. Unlike hydrodistillation, where the water is stored directly in a tank, in this method, the steam is transported into the tank from the outside and the oils are released from the plant components when the steam penetrates the structures that contain it. Essential oils contain essential compounds that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, etc., properties. All the component parts of lavender contain essential oils, which are distributed as follows: in leaves at about 0.4%, in stems at about 0.2%, and in inflorescences at about 2–4.5%.

Antioxidant Properties Mediate Nephroprotective and Hepatoprotective Activity of Essential Oil and Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the High-Altitude Plant Skimmia anquetilia.

There are many high-altitude plants such as Skimmia anquetilia that are unexplored for their possible medicinal values. The present study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities of Skimmia anquetilia (SA) using in vitro and in vivo models. The SA hydro-alcoholic extracts were investigated using LC-MS for their chemical constituents. The essential oil and hydro-alcoholic extracts of SA were evaluated for pharmacological properties. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using in vitro DPPH, reducing power, cupric reducing antioxidant power, and metal chelating assays. The anti-hemolytic activity was carried out using a human blood sample. The in vivo antioxidant activities were evaluated using CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity assay. The in vivo evaluation included histopathological examination, tissue biochemical evaluation such as the kidney function test, catalase activity, reduced glutathione activity, and lipid peroxidation estimation. The phytochemical investigation showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract contains multiple important active constituents such as L-carnosine, acacetin, linoleic acid, leucylleucyl tyrosine, esculin sesquihydrate, etc., similar to the components of SA essential oil reported in a previous study. The high amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) reflect (p < 0.001) a high level of reducing power, cupric reducing, and metal chelating properties. This significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited enlargement of the liver, with a significant reduction in ALT (p < 0.01) and AST (p < 0.001). Highly significant improvement in the functioning of the kidney was noted using the blood urea and creatinine (p < 0.001) levels. Tissue-based activities showed a major rise in catalase, reduced glutathione, and reduced lipid peroxidation activities. We conclude from this study that the occurrence of a high quantity of flavonoid and phenolic contents had strong antioxidant properties, leading to hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity. Further active constituent-specific activities should be evaluated.

Essential oil extraction for all: A flexible and modular system for citrus biomass waste

The essential oil industry is a growing sector that generates 5.41 billion USD annually worldwide. Essential oils are widely used in medicine, agriculture, and perfumery. Although there are available systems in the market for domestic essential oil extraction, replacing the entire equipment in case of repair or malfunction can be costly. To address this problem, a pilot-scale essential oil extractor system was developed that operates through hydrodistillation. This system was used to process various citrus wastes such as green and yellow lemons, oranges, grapefruits, and Eucalyptus globulus. A factorial design was performed, and the best conditions were used to extract other biomass residues. GC-MS analysis revealed that the primary compound for orange, grapefruit, and green lemon essential oils is D-imonene, with 95.4%, 95.5%, and 49.2%, respectively. For yellow lemon the primary compound appeared to be D-limonene with 73.0% content, though the GC/MS data were less clear, and for eucalyptus, it is eucalyptol with 71.0%. The estimated production costs were 0.01 USD/mL, 0.04 USD/mL, 0.06 USD/mL, 0.07 USD/mL, and 0.15 USD/mL for orange, grapefruit, green lemon, yellow lemon, and eucalyptus essential oils, respectively. Therefore, the developed system is a competitive option for pilot-scale essential oil extraction.

Development of intelligent and active potato starch films based on purple corn cob extract and molle essential oil

The present study aims to develop an active and “intelligent” film that uses potato starch as a polymeric matrix, anthocyanins from purple corn cob as a natural dye, and molle essential oil as an antibacterial compound. The color of anthocyanin solutions is pH-dependent, and the developed films show a visual color change from red to brown after immersion in solutions with pH values ranging from 2 to 12. SEM and FTIR analyses suggested that anthocyanins have favorable dispersibility and good compatibility with the starch-glycerol matrix. The study found that both anthocyanins and molle essential oil significantly enhanced the ultraviolet-visible light barrier performance. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus reached values of 3.21 MPa, 62.16 %, and 12.87 MPa, respectively. The biodegradation rate in vegetal compost also accelerated during the three-week period, achieving a weight loss of 95 %. Moreover, the film presented an inhibition halo for Escherichia coli, indicating its antibacterial activity. The results suggest that the developed film has the potential to be used as food-packaging material.

The Use of Soxhlet Techniques in the Essential Oil Extraction from Anise Seeds (Pimpinella anisum)

&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT. &lt;/strong&gt;Anise seeds can be processed into essential oils by steam distillation and solvent extraction. This research aims to produce a high oil yield by determining the optimum conditions of extraction, extracting anise seeds according to optimum conditions, producing anise oil with good quality based on 90% alcohol solubility analysis, analyzing the acid number, and conducting GC-MS analysis. The Activity Method was carried out by determining the optimum conditions of extraction on the effect of the variation in the ratio between anise seed powder and petroleum ether. Furthermore, based on optimal conditions, extraction was carried out at a temperature of 60°C, 5 hours with 5 repetitions. The results of essential oils were analyzed including solubility analysis, oil acid number, and GC-MS. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at the ratio of anise seeds and petroleum ether 1:12.5 with an average oil yield of 4.72%. The results of the analysis showed that anise oil had good quality based on the oil solubility in 90% alcohol with a 1:7 ratio. The acid number of anise seed oil was obtained at 1.14444. GC-MS analysis showed that anise seed oil contained estragol, anethole, limonene, fenchone, and anis ketone.

Process dynamics of orange peel essential oil extraction

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the extraction of essential oils from orange peels by steam distillation at the pilot plant level. We considered a two-stage mechanism to develop a kinetic model of oil extraction based on process dynamics principles with different dominant mechanisms. The first and second stages were found to be dominated by rapid diffusion and convection washing, and slow diffusion, respectively, with the diffusion speed in the first stage being considerably higher than that in the second. This model considered the inlet steam pressure and orange peel packing factor as independent variables based on their impact on the yield of the essential oils. High correlation coefficients were achieved through straightforward computation, demonstrating the goodness-of-fit of the model. Three important control parameters were determined for each stage, namely gain, time constant, and dead time; they provided an interesting insight into the mass transfer phenomena and served as a useful reference to minimize steam consumption. These control parameters support the design of an extraction process with a favorable impact on the production cost and environment.

Immunostimulant potential of Moringa Oleifera leaves alcoholic extract versus Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in broilers chicks

The current study was conducted to evaluate the immunoenhancement effect of Moringa oleifera leaves alcoholic extract (MOLE) versus Oregano essential oil (OEO) against cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in broilers chicks. A total of a three hundred one-day-old chicks were assigned randomly into three main dietary groups, control, MOLE, and OEO for 14 days. After 14 days the three main experimental groups were subdivided into six groups, control, cyclophosphamide, MOLE, MOLE and Cyclophosphamide, OEO, and OEO and cyclophosphamide. Each group of these six groups was subdivided into three subgroups. Supplementation of broiler chicks with MOLE and OEO for 14 days significantly increased body weight compared to the control group. However, injection of broiler chicks with cyclophosphamide significantly induced body weight loss, impaired immunological response represented by decreasing total leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and hemagglutinin inhibition titer for New Castle disease virus, lymphoid organs depletion, and increased the mortality rate. In contrast, supplementation of cyclophosphamide treated chicks with MOLE and OEO significantly reduced cyclophosphamide induced body weight loss and impaired immunological responses, as it showed significant increase in body weight, total leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and hemagglutinin inhibition titer for New Castle disease virus, lymphoid organs proliferation, and reduced the mortality rate. This study indicated that MOLE and OEO supplementation ameliorated cyclophosphamide induced body weight loss and impaired immunological responses.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of P. roxburghii oleoresin essential oils extracted by steam distillation, superheated steam, and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction.

Pinus roxburghii is a rich source of high-quality oleoresin that is composed of resin acids and essential oil (EO). The present research work was planned to study and compare the yield, biological activities, and chemical profiling of P. roxburghii oleoresin EOs extracted through various green extraction methods. Steam distillation (SD), supercritical fluid extraction, and superheated SD (SHSD) at different temperatures (120, 140, and 160°C) were employed to extract EOs from P. roxburghii oleoresin. Antioxidant potential of EOs was determined by total antioxidant content/ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activity (DPPH-FRSA), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, and percentage inhibition in linoleic acid. Antimicrobial activity of EOs was determined by resazurin microtiter-plate, disc diffusion, and micro-dilution broth susceptibility assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of EOs. It was observed that extraction methods significantly affected the yield, biological activities, and chemical composition of EOs. The maximum yield (19.92%) was found in EO extracted by SHSD at 160°C. EO extracted by SHSD at 120°C showed the highest DPPH-FRSA (63.33%±0.47%), linoleic acid oxidation inhibition (96.55%±1.71%), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (59.42%±0.32%), and total antioxidant contents/FRAP (134.49%±1.34mg/L of gallic acid equivalent). The antimicrobial activity results showed that superheated steam-extracted EO of 120°C revealed the highest antifungal and antibacterial activity. It is concluded that SHSD is an alternative and effective technique for the extraction of oleoresins EO that improves the EO yield and biological activities. Further research on optimization and experimental parameters for the extraction of P. roxburghii oleoresin EO by SHSD is required.

A Deeper Learning approach in exploring the eventualities of solvent-free microwave-based extraction of lemongrass essential oil: Understanding milky emulsion, biomass temperature, first drop appearance, oil quality and biorefinery

The current research work is a deep learning initiative to explore the various eventualities of solvent-free microwave-based extraction (SFME) of lemongrass essential oil and strategize recovery of more than two distinct classes of fractions (volatile and non-volatile) in a single-step extraction. The model does not make use of any solvent and extraction is based on rupturing of oil glands due to internal thermal stress followed by draining of the oil under gravity. From the various microwave power level attempted (170 W–510 W), 255 W was found to be optimal, producing the highest Citral content of 68.32% in 56 min with a total yield of EO of 1.6%. Results were comparable to the Citral content of EO obtained from 4 h of SD (67.81%) with a total yield of 1.56%. Comparable antioxidant activity zones (SFME-22323 & SD-21782) were obtained as well. A zone of milky emulsion was reported when the temperature of biomass exceeded 90 °C during SFME which can adversely affect the oil quality. The advantage of steam distillation was in terms of saving time and making the biomass available for re-extraction of phenolic principles thus making the biomass available for the simultaneous extraction of volatile oil and non-volatile principles.

Potential Mechanisms of Imidacloprid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Adult Rats with Attempts on Protection Using Origanum majorana L. Oil/Extract: In Vivo and In Silico Studies.

Imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide is rapidly metabolized in mammals and contributes to neurotoxicity via the blocking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as in insects. Origanum majorana retains its great antioxidant potential in both fresh and dry forms. No data is available on the neuroprotective effect of this plant in laboratory animals. In this context, aerial parts of O. majorana were used to prepare the essential oil (OMO) and methanol extract (OME). The potential neuroprotective impact of both OMO and OME against IMI-induced neurotoxicity in rats was explored. Forty-two rats were divided into 6 groups, with 7 rats in each one. Rats were daily administered the oral treatments: normal saline, OMO, OME, IMI, IMI + OMO, and IMI + OME. Our results revealed the identification of 55 components in O. majorana essential oil, most belonging to the oxygenated and hydrocarbon monoterpenoid group. Moreover, 37 constituents were identified in the methanol extract, mostly phenolics. The potent neurotoxic effect of IMI on rats was confirmed by neurobehavioral and neuropathological alterations and a reduction of both acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity and dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain. Exposure of rats to IMI elevates the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reduces the antioxidant capacity. IMI could upregulate the transcription levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) genes and express strong caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunostaining in most examined brain areas. On the other hand, rats coadministered OMO or OME with IMI showed a marked improvement in all of the studied toxicological parameters. In conclusion, cotreatment of O. majorana extracts with IMI can protect against IMI neurotoxicity via their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Thus, we recommend a daily intake of O. majorana to protect against insecticide's oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammatory stress and apoptosis. The molecular docking study of linalool, rosmarinic acid, γ-terpene, and terpene-4-ol justify the observed normalization of the elevated iNOS and TNF-α levels induced after exposure to IMI.

Essential Oil and Crude Extracts of Pulicaria arabica (L.) Cass. Aerial Parts: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Effect, α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities

Plants have been an important source of bioactive compounds since ancient times and have recently attracted much attention from researchers and consumers due to the toxic effects of synthetic drugs. Our work aimed to study the chemical composition and some biological activities of the essential oil (EO) and the crude extracts of an endemic plant from Algeria: Pulicaria arabica (L.) Cass. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the EO is conducted for the identification of eight compounds representing 99.6% of the total content. The main compounds were α-Cadinol (35.0%), δ-Cadinene (22.5%), τ-Muurolol (12.6%), and τ-Cadinol (11.7%). The highest contents of total phenolics and flavonoids of the crude extracts were recorded with the methanol extract (185.91 ± 3.11 μg GAE/mg and 62.86 ± 1.98 μg QE/mg of extract, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the EO and the crude extracts was evaluated using six different methods: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, ABTS (2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic)) scavenging activity, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), iron chelation, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Acetone and methanol extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, which can be attributed to their high phenol content. On the contrary, the EO and the hydro-methanolic extract exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 39.74 ± 1.91 and 42.45 ± 4.67 μg/mL, respectively). All the tested extracts were found to be inactive against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) while they showed an interesting inhibitory effect against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). These findings showed that Pulicaria arabica EO and extracts have important biological activities and might be used in the treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease with antioxidant properties.

Phytochemistry and biological activity of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.

Erigeron annuus L. is a flowering herb of North America, Europe, Asia and Russia. This plant is used as folk medicine in China for the cure of indigestion, enteritis, epidemic hepatitis, haematuria and diabetes. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of 170 bioactive compounds like coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyacetylenic compounds; γ-pyrone derivatives, sterols and various caffeoylquinic acids derived from the essential oil and organic extracts from its various parts such as aerial parts, roots, leaves, stems and flowers. The pharmacological studies demonstrated various extracts and the compounds of E. annuus to exhibit anti-fungal, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, phytotoxic, cytoprotective, antiobesity and antioxidant activities. This article covers a critical compendious on geographical distribution, botanical description, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of E. annuus. However, further in-depth studies are needed to determine the medical uses of E. annuus and its chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and clinical applications.

Using pulsed electric field pre-treatment to optimize coriander seeds essential oil extraction and evaluate antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity, and essential oil compositions

In this study, a pulse electric field was used as a pre-treatment to extract essential oil (EO) from coriander seeds. Three voltage levels of 0.25, 1, and 1.75 kV/cm and three levels of pulse numbers 10, 55, and 100 were used and the extraction conditions were optimized. EO extraction efficiency, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, oxidative stability of oil treated with coriander seeds EO, and microbial activity were measured. Optimal conditions were obtained at 1 kV/cm and 55 pulses. The best results were obtained at the optimal point, which included the EO extraction efficiency of 0.39 g/100 g, the total phenolic content of 0.199 mg GAE/100 g, the antioxidant activity of 20.732 mg/ml, and the oxidative stability of 5.98 h. Linalool (61.9%) was the most common constituent of coriander seeds EO. According to SEM results, the inhibitory effect of coriander seeds EO was on the bacterial cell wall.

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Conditions for Active Essential Oil and Anti-Alzheimer Activities from Mentha Cordifolia

Mentha C. (Lamiaceae) is distributed all over the world. Essential oils were found menthol, menthofuran, menthyl acetate, menthone, 1.8-cineole, pinene, myrcene and borneol. Mentha C. most popular herbs are widely used in cooking, in cosmetics, complementary therapy and pharmaceutical for anticarcinogenic, gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antivirotic purposes. For essential oil extraction, a steam distillation, or hydro-distillation method was used, which allows the decomposition of components. The aim of this work was to study the innovative technologies of essential oil by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) that include high yields, short-extraction time and save energy. The extraction of essential oils was carried out at three ultrasonic frequencies (15 kHz, 20 kHz, and 25 kHz), sonicated times were 1, 2 and 3 hours. The solvents extracted were hexane, ethylacetate and 95 % ethanol. The sonication conditions were different of compounds showed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The extraction compounds by hexane from sonicated at 20 kHz (2 h) were terpene hydrocarbon which was nonpolar essential oil. The oxygenated terpenoids were extracted by ethyl acetate from sonicated at 20 kHz (3 h) and the phenolic compounds were extracted by 95 % ethanol. The data was treated by applying multivariate statistical analysis. The tested of antioxidant by DPPH, and ABTS radical were the best of ethanol extracted IC50 73 mg/ml, ethyl acetate extracted and ethyl acetate extracted IC50 103 mg/ml, respectively. IC50 of anti-acetylcholinesterase were 125.5 mg/ml of ethyl acetate extracted.