Extraction Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) Essential Oil and Crude Extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an Agent Causing Bayoud Disease of Date Palm.

Tanacetum annuum L. is a Mediterranean plant, commonly known as Blue Tansy due to its blue colour as an essential oil, which is widely used for medicinal purposes. However, there are no studies on the bioactive compounds (especially, phenolic compounds) and the biological properties of their organic extracts. Herein, the purpose of the present work was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil and crude extracts of the T. annuum aerial parts collected from northern Morocco and to evaluate their antioxidant and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an agent causing Bayoud disease of the date palm, an important food source and commercial perennial crop in the Sahara and North Africa. Chemically, Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colourimetric methods were used to determine the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, respectively; polyphenols were characterized using HPLC-MS, while GC-MS was used to analyse the essential oil composition. Moreover, the evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities was carried out using the DPPH test and microdilution method, respectively. The results showed that the three T. annuum parts (stems, leaves and flowers) extracts contained important TPC and TFC with values varied between 51.32 and 116.32 mg/g of dry crude extract (DCE). HPLC-MS analysis revealed the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic acids and flavonoids with an emphasis on apigenin 7-glucoside (4540 µg/g of dry weight (DW)), luteolin 7-glucoside (2804 µg/g DW) and salicylic acid (1878 µg/g DW). Additionally, 39 biomolecules were identified in the essential oil using GC-MS, which were predominated by camphor (16.69%), α-pinene (12.37%), bornyl acetate (11.97%) and limonene (11.10%). The methanolic and hydro-methanolic extracts of T. annuum parts demonstrated a strong antioxidant property with IC50 values ranging between 0.22 and 0.65 mg/mL. Concerning antifungal activity, the essential oil and crude extracts of the Moroccan Blue Tansy exhibited a potent capacity against F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis at low concentrations, with MIC and MFC values of 3.33 and 4.58 µL/mL for the essential oil and values of 3.33 and 9.17 mg/mL for crude extracts, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated T. annuum as an important source of bioactive compounds and contribute significantly to the potential of using essential oils and extracts for controlling the Bayoud disease of date palms. Moreover, the finding suggests that T. annuum can be highly useful for phytosanitary and pharmaceutical industries.

Metabolite profiling of Borneo’s Gonystylusbancanus through comprehensive extraction from various polarity of solvents

Gonystylus bancanus wood or ramin wood has been generally known as a source of agarwood (gaharu) bouya, a kind of agarwood inferior type, or under the exported trading name of aetoxylon oil. The massive exploitation of ramin wood is causing this plant's extinction and putting it on Appendix II CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. To date, no scientific publication concerns the chemical exploration of G. bancanus wood and preserving this germplasm through its metabolite profiling. Therefore, research focused on chemical components profiling of G. bancanus is promised. This research is aimed to explore metabolomics and analyze the influence of solvent polarities on the partitioning of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. A range of solvents in different polarities was applied to provide comprehensive extraction of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. Moreover, a hydrodistillation was also carried out to extract the volatile compounds despite the non-volatile ones. LCMS and GCMS analyses were performed to identify volatile and non-volatile components in the extracts and essential oil. Multivariate data analysis was processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. 142 metabolites were identified by LCMS analysis, while 89 metabolites were identified by GCMS analysis. Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, and saccharides are some major compound classes available from LCMS data. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol, are the major volatile components identified from GCMS analysis. PCA of LCMS analysis demonstrated that PC1 discriminated two clusters: essential oil, dichloromethane, and n-hexane extracts were in the positive quadrant, while methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were in the negative quadrant. Three-dimensional analysis of GCMS data revealed that n-hexane extract was in the superior quadrant, and its composition can be significantly distinguished from other extracts and essential oil. G. bancanus wood comprises valuable metabolites, i.e., terpenoids, which benefit the essential oil industry. Comprehensive extraction by performing solvents in different polarities on G. bancanus wood could allow exploration of fully extracted metabolites, supported by the exhibition of identified metabolites from LCMS and GCMS analysis.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico.

In recent years, the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oils in wild plants, such as Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth), has become increasingly important. The objective was to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Mexican oregano essential oil obtained from plants occurring naturally in semiarid areas (Wild1 and Wild2), and those cultivated in the field (CField) and greenhouse (CGreenhouse) in northern Mexico. The Mexican oregano essential oil extraction was performed using the hydrodistillation method, the antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS method, and the antibacterial activity was assessed through bioassays under the microwell method at nine different concentrations. The aim was to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone and, consequently, understand the sensitivity level for four bacterial species. The results revealed an antioxidant activity ranging from 90% to 94% at the sampling sites, with Wild1 standing out for having the highest average antioxidant activity values. Likewise, six out of the nine concentrations analyzed showed some degree of sensitivity for all the sampling sites. In this regard, the 25 µL mL-1 concentration showed the highest diameter of inhibition zone values, highlighting the Wild2 site, which showed an average diameter greater than 30 mm for the four bacteria tested. Only in the case of S. typhi did the CGreenhouse site surpass the Wild2, with an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 36.7 mm. These findings contribute to the search for new antioxidant and antibacterial options, addressing the challenges that humanity faces in the quest for opportunities to increase life expectancy.

Volatiles, phenolic compounds and bioactive properties of essential oil and aqueous extract of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Diabetes represents a significant global health concern, and researchers are actively exploring innovative approaches to managing this disease. In this study, we investigated the bioactive properties and anti-diabetic activity of the aqueous extract (BAE) and essential oil (BEO) derived from purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The antioxidant activity of BAE was found to be higher than that of the essential oil extract from purple basil. Among the phenolic compounds identified, t-caffeic acid was the most abundant, followed by caftaric acid, kaempferol-3-glucoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside. In total, 49 volatile constituents were identified in cold- and hot-brewed basil, with methyl cinnamate, linalool, and eugenol were the major compounds. Both BAE and BEO showed inhibitory effect on the α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. Furthermore, the administration of BAE led to a 37% reduction in blood glucose levels at day 14 and a 25.5% reduction at day 28. Similarly, BEO exhibited a 26.3% decrease in fasting blood glucose levels on the 28th day in rats. These findings highlight the potential of BAE and BEO in reducing blood glucose levels and their consequent antidiabetic activity. Based on the results obtained, we suggest that basil can be utilized in the formulation of functional and dietary foods within the food and beverage industry, owing to its demonstrated antidiabetic properties.

Enhancing the Extraction Process Efficiency of Thyme Essential Oil by Combined Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques

In this paper, the essential oil (EO) extraction from thyme by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments is presented. The aim of this study was to apply an ultrasound pre-treatment of thyme leaves to enhance the thymol content and the extraction yield of the EO obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD). Compared with conventional hydro-distillation (CHD), the consecutive use of ultrasound pre-treatment and microwave extraction resulted in a 72% lower extraction time. When the ultrasound pre-treatment (using the ultrasonic processor with an amplitude of 70%) was applied, the EO content was 23% higher compared to the extraction without pre-treatment (2.67 ± 0.06 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD with ultrasound pre-treatment compared with 2.18 ± 0.07 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD without pre-treatment). The EO samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that the major component, thymol, varied from 43.54% (by CHD) to 65.94% (by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments).

Chemical characterization of mint (Mentha spp.) germplasm from Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Lianah L, Kusumarini N, Hafshah M, Krisantini K, Kurniawati A, Ahmad MA. 2023. Chemical characterization of mint (Mentha spp.) germplasm from Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4307-4313. The main objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the leaf production and oil content of the four mint genotypes (Mentha spp.) from Central Java, Indonesia. Four genotypes were collected from Rejosari Village, Kudus District, Central Java, Indonesia, namely spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), orange mint (Mentha x piperita ‘Orange’) and chocolate mint (Mentha x piperita ‘Chocolate’). Essential oil extraction was carried out by steam distillation. Identification of the chemical compounds of the oil and their relative percentage were analyzed using GC-MS. Leaves productivity ranged between 500-1000 kg/ha, and essential oil content from 0.4 to 1.36%. The major essential oil constituents detected were 1,8-cineole, carvone, limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, and piperitenone oxide. Chocolate mint had the highest leaf production and the highest content of essential oil (4.17%) and menthone yield (28%) compared to the other genotypes.

Pomelo (Citrus maxima. Merr) essential oil extraction by cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods and comparison of chemical composition

Essential oils extraction from the shell bring many applications in life, as well as contribute to the development of the food flavoring and cosmetic industry. Pomelo (Citrus maxima Merr) essential oil (EO) was extracted by cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods. The EO content obtained was 0.067% and 0.33%, respectively. The chemical composition was determined by the GC-MS analysis method, with 4 main components being D-Limonene, β-Myrcene, α-Pinene, and α-Phellandrene which exhibited high antibacterial and antioxidant capacity). The EO obtained from pomelo peels by cold pressing conditions was limited and less effective with more natural aroma, as compared to the hydrodistillation methods. Therefore, further research on EO pressing equipment and methods that can be used for effective oil extraction and recovery are necessary.

Comparative study of Hyptis suaveolens leaves antioxidant activity before and after essential oil extraction

Comparative study of Hyptis suaveolens leaves antioxidant activity before and after essential oil extraction

Antibacterial study of carbopol-mastic gum/silver nanoparticle-based topical gels with carvacrol/neem bark extract in vitro.

Resistance to antimicrobial drugs as a result of prolonged use usually results in clinical failure, especially in wound infections. Development of effective antimicrobial therapeutics for the management of infected wounds from a natural source with improved therapeutic effects is a pressing need. In this study, carbopol-mastic gum-based topical gels were loaded with silver nanoparticles in combination with either neem bark extract or carvacrol oil. The effect of combining silver nanoparticles with neem bark extract or the essential oil carvacrol in the prepared gel formulations was investigated on selected bacterial strains. The prepared gels were characterised by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, followed by antimicrobial analysis against selected strains of bacteria. There was no interaction between the loaded natural extract or essential oil and the polymer used for the preparation of the formulations, which was visible from the FTIR spectra of the formulations. The gels were selective and effective against selected strains of bacteria. However, the combination of the silver nanoparticles with essential oil or natural extract in some of the gel formulations rendered the formulation ineffective against some of the bacterial strains. The gel formulations were effective against bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis which are the common causes of wound infections. Incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the topical formulations with natural extracts is usually a good approach to overcome antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the combination of antibacterial agents must be managed carefully.

Study of Chemical Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract from Thymus Numidicus Poiret, an Algerian Endemic Medicinal Plant

Study of Chemical Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract from Thymus Numidicus Poiret, an Algerian Endemic Medicinal Plant

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Compositions of Mentha L. Plant Extracts by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry after Hydrodistillation and Subcritical Extraction

The results of a study of the composition of essential oil and extracts obtained by hydrodistillation and subcritical extraction from plants of the genus Mentha L. are presented. The test samples were peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to identify and compare the component composition of essential oils and extracts from Mentha L. plants. The composition of the essential oil of horsemint differs from the essential oil of peppermint by the high concentration of linalool and the absence of pulegone and piperitone. The component composition of the extracts of peppermint and horsemint, obtained under conditions of subcritical extraction with water and acetone, was studied. The concentration of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and esters increased in the transition from the essential oil to the acetone subcritical extract of both types of mint. In the water extract of peppermint, there were practically no sesquiterpenoids or esters; there was a general decrease in the yield of all components compared to the essential oil and acetone extract.

Volatile compounds of grapefruit (Citrus Grandis (L.) Osbeck) peel essential oil by cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods

The study of the essential oils (EOs) extraction with high medicinal properties is necessary to contribute to the use of natural compounds. By using cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods, the content of grapefruit peel (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) EOs was extracted. The chemical components of EOs was determined by GC-MS method. Results have shown that 10-12 compounds were detected in the grapefruit peel EOs, which are mainly monoterpenes such as D-Limonene (71.21%-74.83% and γ-Terpinene (15.70%-17.68%). The findings from the present study demonstrated a new research direction on chemical composition of the grapefruit EO, thereby contributing to applications ofthe natural compounds with high medicinal properties from grapefruit.

Green extraction of essential oils from Pistacia lentiscus resins: Encapsulation into Niosomes showed improved preferential cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against breast and ovarian cancer cells

Green extraction of essential oils from Pistacia lentiscus resins: Encapsulation into Niosomes showed improved preferential cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against breast and ovarian cancer cells

Extraction of essential oil from fresh basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) using solvent-free microwave extraction method: Extraction parameter optimization, electric consumption, and CO2 emission study

Essential oil extraction is often still done using conventional methods. This process requires a long time, a lot of energy, and a large amount of solvent. Therefore, solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) was chosen as a better and greener alternative. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the optimum conditions for basil oil extraction in the SFME method using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and (ii) to analyze the electric consumption and CO2 emissions produced during the extraction process. The results showed that microwave power, F/D ratio, and extraction time to obtain optimum conditions were 600 W, 100 g/L, and 18.12 min, respectively. Extraction using hydro distillation (HD) method consumes 1 kWh of electricity and produces 0.80 kg of CO2 emission more than the SFME method. The yield of essential oil carried out using SFME method produces more oil than the HD method. The use of less energy and more optimal results make the extraction process with SFME greener and environmentally friendly.

Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antifungal effect of Lavandula dentata L. essential oil and methanol extract

The aim of this study was to analyse the essential oil of Lavandula dentata from Algeria and to test the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of this plant. The essential oil (EO) (57 constituents) included mainly α-pinene, β-pinene, nopinone, linalool, cryptone, and limonene. The plant polyphenolic contents and the antioxidant activity were determined. The antimicrobial effect of the EO and the methanolic extract (ME) was assessed against referenced and clinical bacterial strains, and also foodborne fungal isolates. The EO minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 0.25 to 4 mg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were less than 8 mg/mL except for S. aureus, clinical Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis. The mould strains were significantly inhibited by the EO (87.50% to 88.33%). The MIC values were 3.60–15.62 mg/mL and 0.5–4 mg/mL for ME and EO, respectively. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 31 to 125 mg/mL and from 2 to 8 mg/mL for ME and EO, respectively.

Cold Plasma-Assisted Extraction of Phytochemicals: A Review.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in bioactive plant compounds for their beneficial effects on health and for their potential in reducing the risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The extraction techniques conventionally used to obtain these phytocompounds, however, due to the use of toxic solvents and high temperatures, tend to be supplanted by innovative and unconventional techniques, in line with the demand for environmental and economic sustainability of new chemical processes. Among non-thermal technologies, cold plasma (CP), which has been successfully used for some years in the food industry as a treatment to improve food shelf life, seems to be one of the most promising solutions in green extraction processes. CP is characterized by its low environmental impact, low cost, and better extraction yield of phytochemicals, saving time, energy, and solvents compared with other classical extraction processes. In light of these considerations, this review aims to provide an overview of the potential and critical issues related to the use of CP in the extraction of phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols and essential oils. To review the current knowledge status and future insights of CP in this sector, a bibliometric study, providing quantitative information on the research activity based on the available published scientific literature, was carried out by the VOSviewer software (v. 1.6.18). Scientometric analysis has seen an increase in scientific studies over the past two years, underlining the growing interest of the scientific community in this natural substance extraction technique. The literature studies analyzed have shown that, in general, the use of CP was able to increase the yield of essential oil and polyphenols. Furthermore, the composition of the phytoextract obtained with CP would appear to be influenced by process parameters such as intensity (power and voltage), treatment time, and the working gas used. In general, the studies analyzed showed that the best yields in terms of total polyphenols and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the phytoextracts were obtained using mild process conditions and nitrogen as the working gas. The use of CP as a non-conventional extraction technique is very recent, and further studies are needed to better understand the optimal process conditions to be adopted, and above all, in-depth studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of plasma-plant matrix interaction to verify the possibility of any side reactions that could generate, in a highly oxidative environment, potentially hazardous substances, which would limit the exploitation of this technique at the industrial level.

Effect of Different Postharvest Methods on Essential Oil Content and Composition of Three Mentha Genotypes

Mentha sp. is commonly used for essential oil (EO) extraction and incorporated in multiple products of food and pharmaceutical industries. Postharvest management is a key factor in line of production to preserve quality-determining plant ingredients. This study focused on the effects of two different postharvest processes on EO content and the composition of three different Mentha genotypes (Mentha × piperita ‘Multimentha’, Mentha × piperita ‘Fränkische Blaue’ and Mentha rotundifolia ‘Apfelminze’). They were cultivated under greenhouse conditions. One postharvest treatment consisted of drying Mentha as whole plant after harvesting and later separating leaves from stems. In the second treatment, leaves were separated from stems directly after harvesting and then dried. EO content was determined by steam distillation and composition of EO was characterized by GC/MS analysis. Key findings of the study are that the postharvest processing treatments had no significant influence on the content or composition of the EO. Only the genotype ‘Fränkische Blaue’ showed a significantly higher EO content in the dry separated treatment at the third harvest (2.9 ± 0.15 mL/100 g DM (sD)) than separated fresh (2.4 ± 0.24 mL/100 g DM (sF)). However, genotype selection and harvest time had a clear impact on EO content and composition.

Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties of Pistacia lentiscus from Boulemane as a Natural Nutraceutical Preservative.

Pistacia lentiscus L. has traditionally been employed as a diuretic and stimulant in the treatment of hypertension. Our interest centered on analyzing the chemical profile of the plant's leaves and its in vitro, in vivo, and in silico antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic effects in order to valorize this species and prepare new high-value products that can be used in the agro-food and pharmaceutical industries. When this species' essential oil was hydrodistilled and subjected to GC-MS analysis, the results showed that the principal components were germacrene D (17.54%), spathulenol (17.38%), bicyclogermacrene (12.52%), and terpinen-4-ol (9.95%). The extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out by decoction and Soxhlet. The determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins of aqueous and organic extracts by spectrophotometric methods demonstrated the richness of this species in phenolic compounds. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC/UV-ESI-MS of the aqueous extract of P. lentiscus revealed the presence of 3,5-di-O-galloyl quinic acid, gallic acid, and 3,4,5-tri-O-galloyl quinic acid specific to this species. The study of antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, FRAP, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) revealed that P. lentiscus is a very promising source of natural antioxidants. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and aqueous extract (E0) was studied by microdilution on the microplate. The results revealed the effectiveness of the aqueous extract compared to the essential oil against Gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, P. fluorescence, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., and Y. enterolitica) and candidoses (C. krusei and C. albicans). The measurements of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of the aqueous extract (E0) can significantly prolong these tests from concentrations of 2.875 and 5.750 mg/mL, respectively. The antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract (E0) showed a strong in vitro inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to acarbose. Thus, it significantly inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia in Wistar albino rats. The in-silico study of the major compounds of the essential oil and extract (E0) carried out using PASS, SwissADME, pkCSM, and molecular docking tools confirmed our in vitro and in vivo results. The studied compounds showed a strong ability to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and to passively diffuse through the blood-brain barrier, a similarity to drugs, and water solubility. Molecular docking experiments deduced the probable mode of action of the identified compounds on their respective target proteins, such as NADPH oxidase, thrombin, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, given the demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic effects, we can affirm the richness of P. lentiscus in bioactive molecules and its use in traditional medicine as a source of preservative agent.

Effect of waste Dunaliella tertiolecta biomass ethanolic extract and turmeric essential oil on properties of guar gum-based active films

The presented work focuses on the development of guar gum-based active films infused with two bio-fillers such as crude algae ethanolic extract (CAEE) and turmeric essential oil (TEO). Besides, the waste biomass of Dunaliella tertiolecta (after oil extraction) was utilized in this study to obtain CAEE. The CAEE was extracted using ultrasound-assisted technology. The influence of varying concentrations of TEO (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) at fixed CAEE concentration on the film properties including mechanical, morphological, optical, thermal, water vapor barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity was investigated. The rheological properties of the film-forming solution were also analyzed. The incorporation of CAEE and TEO improved elongation at the break value of films by ∼18% and reduced the water vapor transmission rate by ∼35%. The results of thermal stability indicated that the active films were stable at the temperature range of 25–80 °C. The increasing surface roughness, hydrophobicity, and reduction in transparency (∼32%) with UV-light blocking properties were exhibited by the developed films with increasing TEO concentration. The non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior was found in film-forming solutions. Furthermore, the developed active films demonstrated superior (p < 0.05) antioxidant properties and antimicrobial behavior against two known food pathogens namely, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the findings of the study stipulated the synergistic effect of CAEE and TEO incorporated guar gum-based films as excellent active films. Moreover, this study could contribute to the utilization of biowaste and the development of sustainable active packaging materials that would enhance food quality and safety.

Analysis of Volatile Constituent by Hydrodistillation and Solid-Phase Microextraction Techniques and Antimicrobial and Scolicidal Activities of Essential Oil and Soxhlet Extracts of Ulva rigida grown in Turkey.

In the present study, the volatile composition of Ulva rigida (U. rigida) was elucidated by two different methods. As a result of the identification process of volatile components using the GC/MS-FID instrument, 31 compounds were identified by hydrodistillation (HD) method, and 15 compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method, elucidating the structure of 99.86 % and 92.65 %, respectively. The most abundant compounds in the essential oil of U. rigida were n-hexadecanoic acid and pentadecanal, while the most abundant compound according to the SPME analysis was heptadecyne, a hydrocarbon compound. In the next step, hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol solvent extracts of U. rigida were prepared and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts and the essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation as well as the scolicidal activities of the solvent extracts were determined. The results of the antimicrobial activity test of the essential oil showed a high level of activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and MRSA. The highest activity was found on the microorganism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 in chloroform and methanol extracts of U. rigida. Furthermore, viability detection was performed and the scolicidal effects of the extracts on protoscoleces were assessed. The values of lethal concentration doses (LD50 , LD75 and LD90 ) were calculated using probit analysis.