Thymus Vulgaris Extract Research Articles

Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris Extract Usability to Improve Silage Hygienic Quality and Reduce Mycotoxin Concentrations.

Silage is one of the main feed components of ruminants in the world. Which can consist about 50 - 80% part of the ration of dairy cows during the winter. The aim of this study was to evaluate oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) aqueous and ethanol extracts usability to improve the hygienic quality of perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage samples and estimate their effect to mycotoxins concentrations. During the experiment under laboratory conditions 63 silage samples (21 perennial ryegrasses, 21 blue alfalfa, 21 red clover) has been fermented with inserted oregano and thyme aqueous and ethanol extracts and two commercial inoculants with mesophilic lactic acid bacteria. After 96 days of fermentation in silage samples were established fermentation parameters, microbiological status and mycotoxins concentrations. It was determined that the best results for perennial ryegrass and red clover silage samples hygienic quality was achieved with inserted oregano aqueous and thyme ethanol extracts. While in blue alfalfa samples, the best results of silage hygienic indicators were determined with inserted oregano aqueous and ethanol extracts. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 toxin concentrations in perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage samples were best reduced with inserted aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme. The present study shows that oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) aqueous and ethanol extracts can be used to improve the silage hygienic quality, reduce mycotoxins concentrations and thus ensure the wellness of cattle.

Polyamidoamine dendrimer–digoxin impregnated PVC film in the fingerprint detection of herbs’ essential oil coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Third-generation polyamidoamine (G3 PAMAM) dendrimer–digoxin (PAMAM-Dig) is prepared, and conjugation is confirmed by 1H-NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal analysis. Then, PAMAM-Dig impregnated polyvinyl chloride (PAMAM-Dig/PVC) film has been prepared by mixing PAMAM-Dig, PVC powder, and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (O-NPOE) as the plasticizer in tetrahydrofuran. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) evaluation shows the as-prepared film is thermally stable below 200 °C. The film is mounted above the powder as well as the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris. The Taguchi orthogonal array is used to optimize the experimental conditions for adsorption of volatile constituents. At optimized conditions, the obtained fingerprint was the same or better than static headspace sampling of the essential oil. The chromatogram pattern had also obtained by floating the fiber in the essential oil, and more components have observed. Film-to-film variations were less than 10%. All obtained patterns are compared with those of different solvent extracts of Thymus vulgaris. It is concluded that PAMAM-Dig/PVC film could apply for fingerprint analysis of herbs’ volatile and semi-volatile constituents with no need for prior extraction.

Anti-saprolegnia potency of some plant extracts against Saprolegnia diclina, the causative agent of saprolengiasis.

Saprolegnosis of fresh water fishes caused by Saprolegnia diclina often results in serious economic losses to fish hatcheries. Despite the proven efficiency of malachite green as a potential fungicide in prevention and control of fish saprolegnosis, there is a strong debate about its safety aspects in use since it was documented to be responsible for many carcinogenic and teratogenic attributes. Bioactivity of four ethanolic plant extracts were assessed to attain a natural alternative to the traditional fungicide currently used in saprolegnosis control. Ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum and Thymus vulgaris exhibited a potential efficacy in suppressing mycelial growth of S. diclina at concentration of 0.5 mg/ml while extracts of Nigella sativa and Zingiber officinales were not effective respectively. The extract of pomegranate showed the highest antifungal potency with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 200 ppm while thyme extract was less effective and recorded MIC of 400 ppm against S. diclina. The acute fish toxicity of the plant extracts indicated the low toxicity of P. granatum and T. vulgaris extracts as no fish mortalities were detected at aquaria containing 200, 400 and 800 ppm of plant extracts respectively. Considering the low toxicity of these plant extracts, it may be concluded that 200 and 400 ppm of pomegranate and thyme extracts which suppressed the mycelial growth of the S. diclina could be safely used for saprolegniasis control.Both of pomegranate and thyme extracts which proved to possess a potential antifungal activity can be considered as a natural alternative fungicides to control saprolegniasis avoiding carcinogenic malachite green application.

Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Environmentally Friendly Approach for Inhibition Human Breast Cancer

In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized in a single step biosynthetic method using aqueous leaves extract of thymus vulgaris L. It acts as a reducing and capping agent. The characterizations of nanoparticles were carried out using UV-Visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR. The surface plasmon resonance of the as-prepared gold nanoparticles (GNPs) showed the surface plasmon resonance centered at 550[Formula: see text]nm. The XRD pattern showed that the strong four intense peaks indicated the crystalline nature and the face centered cubic structure of the gold nanoparticles. The average crystallite size of the AuNPs was 14.93[Formula: see text]nm. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to study the morphology of the AuNPs. AuNPs exhibited a spherical shape with diameters ranging 13–53[Formula: see text]nm. The synthesized stable gold nanoparticles showed more significant anticancer activity against MCF-7 and CAL-51 cells after 48[Formula: see text]h.

The Effects of Thyme on IL-6 Level and the Bacterial Count in the Brain and Spleen of Mice Infected by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

The extensive and irrational use of antibiotics causes resistance problems such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Widespread bacterial resistance to the existing antibiotics promotes the importance of discovering antibacterial sources or modulating the immune response from natural ingredients. This study aimed to reveal the potential of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract in reducing IL-6 level and MRSA bacterial count in the brain and spleen of Balb c mice infected by MRSA. The design of this study was a randomized post-test control group. This study used 30 male BALB/c mice infected by MRSA and randomly divided into six groups. Measurement of IL-6 level was carried out using ELISA. The MRSA count was done by assessing the number of CFU per gram of tissue. There were no bacteria in the spleen tissue of all the groups. The IL-6 level in BALB/c mice infected with MRSA and treated with Thymus vulgaris was higher compared to those without Thymus vulgaris (p<0,005). The greatest decrease in microbial count in the brain was among groups that were given the combination of thyme and amoxicillin. Thymus vulgaris extract can elevate the antibacterial effectiveness of amoxicillin.Â

Inhibitory effects of different medicinal plants on growth of some oral microbiome member

Oral infections and dental caries are still considered as a serious public health problem. Using the method of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), the aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of 16 plants on the growth of Actinomyces odontolyticus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans. The most effective were ethanol extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Calendula officinalis and Hypericum perforatum. The least efficiency was observed for Acorus calamus extract. Plant extracts could be used in oral health as therapeutic and prophylactic approach or in balancing oral microbiota.

Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Extract against Toxic Effects of Diabetes on the Coronary Heart Angiogenesis of Rats

Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Extract against Toxic Effects of Diabetes on the Coronary Heart Angiogenesis of Rats

Green synthesis and chemical characterization of Thymus vulgaris leaf aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to doxorubicin in a leukemic mouse model

Recently, metallic nanoparticles have been used for the treatment of several disorders, such as cancer. Indeed, finding the chemotherapeutic drug of nanoparticles is in researching the priority of both developed and developing countries. The present study confirms the ability of aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, in this study, we indicated the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti‐acute myeloid leukemia properties of AuNPs compared to doxorubicin in a leukemic mouse model. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using different techniques including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectrometry (EDS), fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis.), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in 75 mice. Then, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including control, untreated, doxorubicin, AuNPs, T. vulgaris, and HAuCl4. By quantitative real‐time PCR, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐1 and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) raised by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and doxorubicin. Also, AuNPs similar to doxorubicin, significantly (P ≤ 0.01) enhanced the anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and the platelet, lymphocyte, and red blood cell (RBC) parameters and reduced the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα), and the total white blood cell (WBC), blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts as compared to the untreated mice. In vitro design, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for doxorubicin and AuNPs. Furthermore, AuNPs similar to doxorubicin had low cell viability dose‐dependently against 32D‐FLT3‐ITD, Human HL‐60/vcr, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. Above results confirm the excellent antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti‐acute myeloid leukemia effects of AuNPs compared to doxorubicin. After confirming these results in clinical trial studies, AuNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in human.

The effect of thyme (thymus vulgaris) extract on Escherichia coli in diarrheic calves with study of its immunological effect.

The current study was designed to examine the antibacterial effect of thyme (thymus vulgaris) on Escherichia coli in diarrheic calves and also the effect of the thyme as immunostimulant. Collection of 100 rectal swabs from 100 diarrheic calves was done for isolation and identification of E.coli and serotyping of the bacterial isolates followed by their antibiotic sensitivity testing and determination of MIC and MBC of thyme oil on them. Supplementation of thyme extract to friesian calves milk was done and examined its effect of on their immunity by antibodies titration of IgM, IgG and IgA in their serum. Results revealed that the incidence of E.coli was 58% and pathogenic E.coli was 46%.The most predominant serotype was O125. The highly resistance of the strains was against oxytetracycline (OT) and ampicillin (AMP). The thyme had antibacterial effect against E.coli strains by MIC ranged from 5 to 320 µg /ml but the MBC was negative for all strains and the thyme extract at 40 mg/kg body weight improved the immunity as it significantly (P≤0.05) increased IgM, IgG and IgA titre in calves serum.

Thymus vulgaris extract modulates dexamethasone induced liver injury and restores the hepatic antioxidant redox system

BackgroundThe liver is the largest important organ and the site for essential biochemical reactions and detoxifying toxic substances in the human body. Long-term, high-dose dexamethasone administration can cause severe alterations in liver function. Therefore, Thymus vulgaris leave extract possess a modulatory role on dexamethasone-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating antioxidant defense system.By subcutaneous route, animals will receive three doses per week for 8 weeks of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg. b. wt.) concomitant with oral administration of thyme aqueous extract (500 mg/kg b.wt.).ResultsDXM treatment led to a marked increase in the liver function enzyme activities that are successfully ameliorated by thyme aqueous extract. Thyme natural antioxidants augmented the antioxidant defense system that overcomes oxidative stress caused by dexamethasone. Conversely, although dexamethasone-treated animals rose lipid peroxidation, thyme extract pretreatment did the reverse.ConclusionHepatotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by dexamethasone might improve by thyme natural antioxidants.

Facile green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Thymus vulgaris extract, characterization, and mechanism of chromium photocatalytic reduction

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized via a green and simple method using extract of Thymus vulgaris (TV). The green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GZnO NPs) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Ultra violet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis-DRS), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red )FTIR( spectrophotometer.The results of various analyses confirmed the formation of GZnO NPs. UV–vis spectrum exhibited a blue shift absorption peak at 368 nm and the band gap energy was calculated 3.4 eV. FTIR study suggested that polyphenols and other bio-chemicals were responsible for reduction and stabilization of synthesized ZnO NPs. FE-SEM and TEM images showed particles with spherical shape and less than 40 nm diameter in size. In the photocatalytic reduction study, effect of some important variables such as catalyst dosage, methanol hole scavenger, contact time, and Cr(VI) concentration was investigated. To study photocatalytic activity of GZnO NPs, the adsorption control (AP) and photolysis (PP) experiments were conducted in same condition of photocatalytic process (PCP). Synergistic effect of PCP showed the high activity of GZnO NPs as catalyst for Cr(VI) reduction in the photocatalytic reactor (about 83% at 15 min, 0.5 mg l−1 of Cr(VI) and 0.015 g l−1 of GZnO NPs concentration). EDS analysis confirmed the presence of chromium on GZnO after adsorption control and photocatalytic processes. Kinetic constant for Cr(VI) reduction by PCP and PP obtained 0.154 and 0.008, which confirmed the increasing removal efficiency of chromium in the present of GZnO in photo-reactor as catalyst under UV light.

Antifungal Effect of Thymus vulgaris Methanolic Extract on Growth of Aflatoxins Producing Aspergillus parasiticus

THIS STUDY illustrates a simple method for the detection of the ability of Aspergillus parasiticus, isolated from peanut seeds, for the production of aflatoxins. The indicator of aflatoxins production ability is the appearance of colony reverse yellow color of the fungus on the agar media and the natural fluorescence of aflatoxin around the colony when observed under UV (black light 350BL) after three days of incubation at 28oC. The morphological identification of A. parasiticus was confirmed by molecular identification rDNA sequencing. The addition of β-Cyclodextrin to media enhanced the natural fluorescence of aflatoxin around the colony under UV. The extract of Thymus vulgaris had an inhibitory effect on the growth of A. parasiticus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Thymus extract against A. parasiticus was 80μL of Thymus extract /10 ml of YSA medium. The effective concentration of Thymus extract causing a 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50) was 20μL of Thymus extract /10mL of YSA medium. The chemical analysis of Thymus extract by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) illustrated that the thymol has a retention time (RT) (min) of 37.538 at the highest percent area (13.8717 Area %).

The remedial effect of Thymus vulgaris extract against lead toxicity-induced oxidative stress, hepatorenal damage, immunosuppression, and hematological disorders in rats.

The Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) has been used in foods for the flavor, aroma, and preservation and in folk medicines. The objective of the present work was to determine the antioxidant and protective effects of T. vulgaris extract against lead (Pb)-intoxicated rats. A thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley were randomly assigned into 4 equal groups and treated for sixweeks as follows: group I (GP-I), served as negative control; GP-II, -III, and -IV received either Pb acetate in drinking water (500mg/L), T. vulgaris extract (500mg/kg/day) by oral gavage or Pb acetate with T. vulgaris extract, respectively. Blood samples were collected at the end of the study week 6 to measure the hepatic and renal biochemical markers, complete blood count alongside the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ. Additionally, liver and kidney tissue specimens were collected for histopathology as well as to measure the antioxidant-reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) alongside the lipid peroxidation marker, malonaldehyde (MDA). The results indicated that Pb toxicity increased the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, whereas IL-10 and IFN-γ were reduced. The results showed disturbed liver and renal functions; increased serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, creatinine, and urea; and decreased total protein, albumin, and calcium. The GSH, Gpx, and CAT levels were significantly decreased in the Pb-administrated group, while MDA was increased. However, regarding the hepatorenal markers, those animals treated with T. vulgaris alone did not induce any significant changes. Moreover, the combined treatment with T. vulgaris extract together with Pb showed significant improvement in Pb-induced toxicity in all the tested parameters compared to the negative control group. We investigated the potential protective effects of the medicinal plant T. vulgaris in vivo, since there are no publications that address the potential protective effect of this leaf extract against Pb-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Our studies concluded that the T. vulgaris extract reduces Pb overload in hepatorenal tissues, and that this has a potential immunomodulatory role, antioxidant activity, and a protective effect against Pb toxicity.

Antimicrobial, DPPH scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of Thymus vulgaris, Helichrysum arenarium and Rosa damascena mill. ethanol extracts by using TLC bioautography and chemical screening methods

Antimicrobial, DPPH scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of Thymus vulgaris, Helichrysum arenarium and Rosa damascena Mill. ethanol extracts by using TLC bioautography and chemical screening methods. The ethanol extracts of Thymus vulgaris (Tv), Helichrysum arenarium (Ha) and Rosa damascena Mill. (Rm) (red) were screened for their antimicrobial, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The test microorganisms included bacteria of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - bioautography, disk diffusion and well diffusion methods were used for the antimicrobial activity assays. Rosa damascena Mill. extract was effective against E. coli and all plant extracts showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The phenolic acids in the structure of the extracts were also identified by LC-MS analysis. Human blood agar well diffusion method and TLC-DPPH assays were used to identify the hemolytic and antioxidant activity of plant extracts, respectively, along with 10 compounds including phenolic acids as a standard. Among these compounds, caffeic acid (Rf = 0.68) was detected in all extracts while vanillic acid (Rf = 0.75), and gallic acid (Rf = 0.51) was found in Tv extract. Kojic acid (Rf = 0.36), on the other hand, was detected in Rm extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor. All plant extracts presented tyrosinase inhibitory activities on TLC-bioautography assay.

THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THYMUS VULGARIS AND MYRISTICA FRAGRANCE HOUTT (NUTMEG) ETHANOLIC EXTRACTAGAINST TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MURINE MODEL

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally obligate intra-cellular protozoan zoonotic disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris and Myristica fragrance Houtt (Nutmeg) ethanolic extracts against chronic toxoplasmosis. A total of fifty laboratory-bred male Swiss Albino mice were infected with Me-49 T. gondii strain and divided into five groups G1:non infected/non-treated control, G2:infected/non-treated, G3: infected/treated with Thymus vulgaris extract, G4: infected/treated with nutmeg extract and G5:infected and treated with Spiramycin. Mice were given Thymus and Myristicaethanolic extract 4 days post infection for 14 days then sacrificed 4 weeks after last dose. Brains and livers were dissected out and processed for histopathological examination. Tissue cyst count evaluated the efficacy of extracts. The results showed that mean number of brain cysts was significantly reduced by 47.5% in mice treated with Thymus extract while Myristica extract treated group showed a mild reduction (0.8%). Thymus effect was near to Spiramycin in cyst reduction (47.5% & 48.89%) respectively. Brain and liver lesions in Thymus treated mice showed considerable improvement.

Mucoadhesive Properties of a New Intimate Hygiene Cleanser againstVulvovaginal Candidiasis

Objective: Performance of feminine cleansers can be improved by increasing antimicrobial potency and favouring the prolonged contact on vulvo-vaginal mucosa of active ingredients, that permits the increase of the persistence of their activity, and consequently of their efficacy. The presence of specific polymers in topical formulations allows the cleansing solution to adhere to mucosal substrates. The associations of xanthan gum with lambda carrageenan from Chondrus crispus has a high mucoadhesive potential. The aim of our study was to evaluate the mucoadhesive potential and the safety of an innovative cleanser for feminine hygiene (SA3) compared with a reference cleanser (SA) in a double-blind design. Material and Methods: The cleansers were provided at dilutions: the reference product containing thymol from Thymus vulgaris extract at pH 3.5 (SA), and the test one with Zinc Coco Sulfate for its antimicrobial action, and Xanthan gum and Chondrus crispus extract as mucoadhesive agents (SA3) added to SA. The pro-sensitizing test was performed on cultures of human monocytes THP-1. The expression of two membrane markers, CD86 and CD54, was evaluated and compared with the sensitizing 2,4-dinit rochlorobenzene as a positive control, and with untreated cells as a negative control. Light scattering images were used to analyze the morphology of THP-1 cells. The mucoadhesivity was assessed as percentage of inhibition of the lectin-binding glycoprotein. Results: No changes in CD86 and CD54 expression were evidenced in the cells exposed to the test product, compared to the untreated cells. Furthermore, no significant alteration of the cell morphology was observed for SA3. Mucoadhesion% values showed a statistically significant difference in favor of SA3 even at 1:2 and 1:5 dilutions. At the higher dilution, SA3 lost only 23.2% of mucoadhesion versus the lower one, compared to the 45% lost between the two SA dilutions. Conclusion: No pro-sensitizing potential and no significant alteration of the cell morphology were observed for SA3 compared to the untreated cells. SA3 is safe, with high mucoadhesion to the vulvo-vaginal mucosa, significant even at higher dilution.

Effect of Thymus vulgaris leaves Extract and Ceftriaxone on induced Pyometra in mice

Aim of study: The current study was made to estimate the role of Thymus vulgaris extract and ceftriaxone on induced pyometra. Materials and methods: 17a-ethinyl estradiol (15µg/kg) was used to induce pyometra. Fifty female animals were dispersed into five collections. The 1st group (G1) was induced and treated with a daily dose of Thymus vulgaris leaves extract (500 mg / kg) administered orally, the 2ed group (G2) was induced and given I/M daily dose of Ceftriaxone (5mg/kg), the 3ed group (G3) was induced and treated daily with Thymus vulgaris leaves extract (250 mg / kg) and given I/M daily dose of Ceftriaxone (2.5 mg/kg), while 4rth group (G4) was induced and treated with distilled water, with the 5rth group (G5) was without any treatment. Results: The PCV and Hb levels in G3 revealed a significant elevation as equated with G2 and G4. The values of WBCs, N% and M% in G1 and G3 indicated a significant elevation as equated with G2 and G5. The levels of albumin, globulin, FSH and LH in G1 and G3 exhibited a significant rise as equated with G2. Fertility index% in G3 revealed an improvement of fertility more than other treated groups. The histopathological section of the uterus in G4 displayed severe hemorrhage with hyperplasia of epithelial cells. The uterus in G1 exposed mononuclear cells penetration in all layers of the uterus. The uterus in G2 showed marked neutrophils and mononuclear cells penetration in subepithelial. The uterus section of the animal in G3 showed mononuclear cells infiltration in all layers of the uterus. Conclusion: From this study, we concluded that the using of Thymus vulgaris extract with ceftriaxone had the ability in treatment pyometra with reducing and preventing side effect of ceftriaxone.

The effects of MS-10 dietary supplement, mixture of Korean thistle and thyme extracts, on bone health, and symptoms in menopausal women

In menopausal women, estrogen deficiency closely affects bone health. Previous studies report that MS-10, a combined extract of Cirsium japonicum and Thymus vulgaris, increases the efficiency of estrogen by activating the estrogen receptor. Here, the ability of MS-10 to enhance bone health and quality of life in women with menopausal symptoms was tested. Treatment with MS-10 induced alterations in the gene expression profile related with bone health of SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells. MS-10 increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin, and reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activity in osteoblast-like cells. A clinical study showed that treatment with MS-10 (500 mg/day for 3 months) led to a significant decrease in ALP and osteocalcin levels. Also, women’s scores on the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire that takes into account vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual health, improved by 18.8%. In conclusion, the herbal material MS-10 may improve menopausal symptoms, including bone health.

Beneficial effects of Thymus vulgaris extract in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Clinical, histological and cytokine alterations

The imbalance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Thymus vulgaris (thyme) as a traditional medicinal plant has been reported to exert antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study evaluated the modulatory effects of Thymus vulgaris on the clinical symptoms, histopathological scores, and the production of some anti-inflammatory (TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17) cytokines in EAE model. EAE was induced by MOG35–55 peptide and mice were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the control group or thyme extract (50 or 100 mg/kg of body weight, every other day) in thyme-treated EAE groups, from day 0 to +21 of post MOG immunization. Mice were sacrificed at day 22, and splenocytes were isolated and re-stimulated in vitro with MOG in order to measure the cytokine production and proliferation of re-stimulated cells by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and WST-1 reagent, respectively.The clinical symptoms and histopathological scores of the CNS were lower in thyme-treated than EAE control group. Furthermore, the production of IFN-γ and IL-6 by splenocytes was lower in thyme-treated EAE than in the control group. The production of IL-10 and TGF-β increased in mice treated with thyme extract compared to the control group. In this study, we showed for the first time that the immunomodulatory effects of Thymus vulgaris in EAE model. Thus, the possible therapeutic potential of thyme for treatment of MS could be considered in future research.

Beneficial effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on oxytetracycline-induced stress response, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Beneficial effects of thyme (<i>Thymus vulgaris</i>) extract on oxytetracycline-induced stress response, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes in rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)