Mangosteen Pericarp Extract Research Articles

Optimasi Sediaan Pelembab Ekstrak Kering Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dengan Kombinasi Asam Stearat dan Trietanolamin sebagai Emulgator

Mangosteen is a plant which has a high antioxidant activity. The mangosteen pericarp contains antioxidant compound alpha mangosteen. Beside as an antioxidant, alpha-mangosteen has the potential as skin moisturizer, which gives protection for dry skin condition. The purpose of this research was to know the influence a combination stearic acid and trietanolamin on the physical characteristics and effectiveness. As the results of this researchs optimum formula was obtained using factorial design expert. The formula divided into 4 groups, formula A 10% of stearic acid and 0.1% trietanolamine, formula B was 16% of staric acid and 0.1% trietanolamine, formula C 10% of stearic acid and 0.5% trietanolamine and formula D 16% of stearic acid and 0.5% trietanolamine. Effectiveness and physical quality results were analyzed using one way anova and post hoc tukey with the level of confidence 95%. The results showed that stearic acid as an emulsifying agent have significant effect on the decrease of spreadibility, effectiveness and an increase in pH, viscosity, stickiness and ease for removal. Triethanolamin as an emulsifying agent had significant effect on them decrease of spreadibility, effectiveness and an increase in pH, viscosity, stickiness, and ease for removal. Interaction of both agents had signifficant effect to increase pH, viscosity, and effectiveness and a decrease in spreadibility, stickiness, and ease to removal of moisturizing cream containing the extract mangosteen pericarp. Optimum formula of moisturizing cream dry extract of mangosteen pericarp was obtained, a combination of 14.02% stearic acid and 0.41% trietanolamine as an anionic emulsifying agents.

PREPARATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING MANGOSTEEN PERICARP EXTRACT

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) to achieve enhanced photoprotection and to provide an alternative to synthetic sunscreens in the market.Materials and Methods: The MPE was prepared using the maceration method, and evaluated for sun protection factor (SPF) value using an ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectrophotometer. SLNs were prepared through ultrasonication method. Blank-SLNs were formulated using stearic acid (SA) or palmitic acid (PA) as solid lipids at a concentration of 3%. Tween® 80 or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was employed as a surfactant with a concentration ranging from 1 to 2%. The obtained blank-SLNs were investigated for their physical characteristics, (i.e., morphology, particle size, polydispersity index [PDI], and zeta potential values). The blank-SLNs with suitable physical characteristics were selected to encapsulate MPE and evaluated for the physical characteristics.Results: The MPE was a brownish viscous substance with an SPF value that ranged from 3.09±0.005 to 27.20±0.05 at a concentration ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 mg/ml. Based on the physical characteristics, the blank-SLNs employing PA or SA with 1% of PVA were selected. The MPE-SLNs were spherical, with a particle size that ranged from 443.51±6.50 to 533.52±16.15 nm; PDI ranged from 0.35±0.008 to 0.459±0.02, and zeta potential value ranged from 18.32±1.37 to −19.03±0.64. The entrapment efficiencies of MPE-PA-SLNs and MPE-SA-SLNs were 83.24±1.37% and 84.17±0.411%, respectively.Conclusion: The results indicated the promising potential of MPE as a UVB photoprotector. The MPE-SLNs were also successfully formulated, but, further study is needed to confirm the potential of MPE-SLNs to be used as a sunscreen, and their stability during storage.

Effects of Mangosteen pericarp Extract to Clinical Improvements, The Plasma Level of IL-6 and Malondialdehyde in Acute Exacerbation of COPD Patients

Background: Amplification of inflammation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases inflammatory
 mediators and oxidative stress in the airways, pulmonary and systemic circulation that are characterized by increased plasma level of IL-6
 and MDA, resulting in worsening of clinical symptoms. Xanthones in mangosteen pericarp have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects,
 potentially as an adjuntive therapy in acute exacerbations of COPD.
 Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mangosteen pericarp extract to clinical improvements, plasma level of IL-6 and
 MDA of acute exacerbation COPD patients. A clinical trial of experimental with pretest and posttest was conducted on 34 acute exacerbation
 of COPD patients in Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta and Dr. Ario Wirawan Lung Hospital Salatiga from April until May 2016. The sample
 was taken by consecutive sampling. Subjects were divided by randomized double blind technique into the treatment group (n=17) received
 mangosteen pericarp extract 2x1100mg/day and control group (n = 17) received placebo. Clinical improvements were measured in CAT
 score and length of stay. CAT score, plasma level of IL-6 and MDA were measured on admission and at discharge. Length of stay based
 on the number of days of care in hospitals.
 Results: There was significant difference (p=0,011) towards decreased of IL-6 plasma level between treatment group (-2,17 ± 3,46 pg/
 mL) and control group (+1,67 ± 6,81 pg/mL). There were no significant difference towards decreased of length of stay (p=0,34) between
 treatment group (4,12 ± 1,54 days) and control group (5,24 ± 2,49 days), towards decreased of CAT score (p=0,252) between treatment
 group (-19,18 ± 3,96) and control group (-18,24 ± 2,75), and towards decreased of MDA plasma level (p=0,986) between treatment group
 (+0,03 ± 0,36μmol/L) and control group (+0,35 ± 1,58).
 Conclusions: The addition of mangosteen pericarp extract 2x1100mg/day during hospitalization was significantly lowered plasma levels
 of IL-6, but were not significant in lowering the CAT score, shortening the length of stay, and reducing the increase in plasma level of MDA.

Mangosteen pericarp extract embedded in electrospun PVP nanofiber mats: physicochemical properties and release mechanism of α-mangostin.

Backgroundα-Mangostin is a major active compound of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extract (MPE) that has potent antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, its poor aqueous solubility limits its therapeutic application. Purpose: This paper reports a promising approach to improve the clinical use of this substance through electrospinning technique.MethodsPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was explored as a hydrophilic matrix to carry α-mangostin in MPE. Physicochemical properties of MPE:PVP nanofibers with various extract-to-polymer ratios were studied, including morphology, size, crystallinity, chemical interaction, and thermal behavior. Antioxidant activity and the release of α-mangostin, as the chemical marker of MPE, from the resulting fibers were investigated.ResultsIt was obtained that the MPE:PVP nanofiber mats were flat, bead-free, and in a size range of 387–586 nm. Peak shifts in Fourier-transform infrared spectra of PVP in the presence of MPE suggested hydrogen bond formation between MPE and PVP. The differential scanning calorimetric study revealed a noticeable endothermic event at 119°C in MPE:PVP nanofibers, indicating vaporization of moisture residue. This confirmed hygroscopic property of PVP. The absence of crystalline peaks of MPE at 2θ of 5.99°, 11.62°, and 13.01° in the X-ray diffraction patterns of electrospun MPE:PVP nanofibers showed amorphization of MPE by PVP after being electrospun. The radical scavenging activity of MPE:PVP nanofibers exhibited lower IC50 value (55–67 µg/mL) in comparison with pure MPE (69 µg/mL). The PVP:MPE nanofibers tremendously increased the antioxidant activity of α-mangostin as well as its release rate. Applying high voltage in electrospinning process did not destroy the chemical structure of α-mangostin as indicated by retained in vitro antioxidant activity. The release rate of α-mangostin significantly increased from 35% to over 90% in 60 minutes. The release of α-mangostin from MPE:PVP nanofibers was dependent on α-mangostin concentration and particle size, as confirmed by the first-order kinetic model as well as the Hixson–Crowell kinetic model.ConclusionWe successfully synthesized MPE:PVP nanofiber mats with enhanced antioxidant activity and release rate, which can potentially improve the therapeutic effects offered by MPE.

Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia mangostana l. pericarp as Preservative in Antacid suspension

Objective. The study was conducted to determine the preservative activity of ethanolic extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp and its compatibility in an antacid suspension.
 Methods. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and was used as preservative in a formulated antacid suspension. Compatibility with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients were analyzed using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Preservative activity of the formulation against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) antimicrobial effectiveness test, with methylparaben as positive control and suspension without preservative as negative control.
 Results. The extract exhibited pharmaceutical compatibility with API and excipients. The formulation revealed comparable reduction in microbial count of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa with positive control at Day 14 (p=0.916, 0.624, 0.335). At Day 28, comparable activity with positive control was only observed against E. coli and S. aureus (p=0.999, 0.854). However, it displayed significant increase in activity against P. aeruginosa (p=0.010) at Day 28. These activities may be attributed to glycosides and reducing substances present in the extract.
 Conclusion. The ethanolic extract from Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp acted as a preservative in the formulation of an antacid suspension. It conformed to the USP criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness test on bacteria.

Alpha-Mangostin-Rich Extracts from Mangosteen Pericarp: Optimization of Green Extraction Protocol and Evaluation of Biological Activity.

Since α-mangostin in mangosteen fruits was reported to be the main compound able to provide natural antioxidants, the microwave-assisted extraction process to obtain high-quality α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) was optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology. The parameters examined included extraction time, microwave power, and solvent percentage. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of optimized and non-optimized extracts was evaluated. Ethyl acetate as a green solvent exhibited the highest concentration of α-mangostin, followed by dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. The highest α-mangostin concentration in mangosteen pericarp of 121.01 mg/g dry matter (DM) was predicted at 3.16 min, 189.20 W, and 72.40% (v/v). The verification of experimental results under these optimized conditions showed that the α-mangostin value for the mangosteen pericarp was 120.68 mg/g DM. The predicted models were successfully developed to extract α-mangostin from the mangosteen pericarp. No significant differences were observed between the predicted and the experimental α-mangostin values, indicating that the developed models are accurate. The analysis of the extracts for secondary metabolites showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) increased significantly in the optimized extracts (OE) compared to the non-optimized extracts (NOE). Additionally, trans-ferulic acid and catechin were abundant among the compounds identified. In addition, the optimized extract of mangosteen pericarp with its higher α-mangostin and secondary metabolite concentrations exhibited higher antioxidant activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 20.64 µg/mL compared to those of the NOE (28.50 µg/mL). The OE exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction process of α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp was successfully optimized, indicating the accuracy of the models developed, which will be usable in a larger-scale extraction process.

THE OPTIMIZATION OF ELUTING CONDITION OF SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR -MANGOSTIN PURIFICATION IN MANGOSTEEN PERICARP EXTRACT

Objective: To obtain the optimum condition of eluent selection for purification of α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp extract with solid phase extraction (SPE) method.Methods: The analysis was conducted by SPE cartridge octadecylsilane (ODS)-5, solvents used were methanol for conditioning, aqua bidestilated for washing and three different eluents for eluting: methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate.Results: Recovery value for each eluent were 32.4741% for methanol, 46.6130% for ethanol and 33.6383% for ethyl acetate. Comparison of alpha-mangostin level in the mangosteen pericarp extract for each eluent i.e. 14.4578% for methanol, 10.0598% for ethanol, and 14.2898 % for ethyl acetate while compared to the extract without SPE was 21.7934%.Conclusion: Ethanol had the highest recovery value, compared to methanol and ethyl acetate.

Formulation of Antiacne Cream Dosage Form Containing Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp Ethanolic Extract

Abstract. The aim of this study was to formulate ethanolic extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp (EEMP) in the antiacne cream dosage form. The formulae were made with 3 varied concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5% and 4.5%. The tests carried out in this study were organoleptic cream preparations (odor, color, texture), homogeneity, pH, determination of the type of cream, spreadability, and the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results of physical property evaluations showed that the EEMP indicated the pH value of 6, the spredability of the cream increased along with the increasing length of storage time. Duncan Test on the measurement of diameter dispersibility based on storage time showed that there were significant differences between the spreadability of the cream B and C. The cream produced was easy to wash indicating oil in water (o/w) type. The results of antibacterial activity test applying agar diffusion method using Mueller Hinton medium Agar (MHA) indicated that the inhibition zones of formulae II and III were 5.2 and 6 mm, respectively. Whereas, the formula I as well as the negative control showed no inhibition zones. It can be concluded that the EEMP can be formulated as an antiacne cream. The best cream formula was the formula II with the results of physical properties test were quite stable and able to produce inhibition zone against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
 
 Keywords: Garcinia mangostana, cream, antiacne, antibacterial, Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Effect of mangosteen pericarp extract on skin moisture and arterial stiffness: Placebo-controlled double-blinded randomized clinical trial

Effect of mangosteen pericarp extract on skin moisture and arterial stiffness: Placebo-controlled double-blinded randomized clinical trial

Nanocarrier-mediated delivery of \u03b1-mangostin for non-surgical castration of male animals

The overpopulation of abandoned and stray companion animals has become a global crisis. The main purpose of this study was to develop a novel nanomedicine-based antifertility compound for non-surgical castration of male animals. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract has been shown to exhibit anti-fertility property. α-mangostin (AM)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (AM-NLC) was developed to improve male germ cell apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical properties of AM-NLC and determine the biological effects of AM-NLC on spermatogonia cells and testicular explants obtained from castrated testes. AM-NLC was produced through a hot homogenization technique. The negatively charged particle of AM-NLC was nano-sized with a narrow dispersity. AM-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards spermatogonium cells. It induced apoptosis in the cells. In addition, AM-NLC exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Abnormal anatomy of seminiferous tubule was noted following treatment of testicular explant with AM-NLC. This nanomedicine-based sterilant would be a promising platform that may have utility in non-surgical castration of male animals by intra-testicular injection.

Asymmetric dumbbell-shaped silver nanoparticles and spherical gold nanoparticles green-synthesized by mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp waste extracts.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp waste extract was used to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles by a green strategy. The extract was both a reducing and stabilizing agent during synthesis. Phytochemical screening of the extract was conducted to obtain information regarding the presence/absence of primary and secondary metabolites in the extract. The in vitro antioxidant activity results demonstrated that the extract had excellent antioxidant activity, which was comparable to a standard (butylated hydroxy toluene). Spherical gold nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles green synthesized by mangosteen pericarp extract [GM-AuNPs]) with an average size of 15.37±3.99 to 44.20±16.99 nm were observed in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images. Most interestingly, the silver nanoparticles (silver nanoparticles green synthesized by mangosteen pericarp extract [GM-AgNPs]) had asymmetric nanodumbbell shapes where one tail grew from a spherical head. The average head size was measured to be 13.65±5.07 to 31.08±3.99 nm from HR-TEM images. The hydrodynamic size of both nanoparticles tended to increase with increasing extract concentration. Large negative zeta potentials (−18.92 to −34.77 mV) suggested that each nanoparticle solution possessed excellent colloidal stability. The reaction yields were 99.7% for GM-AuNPs and 82.8% for GM-AgNPs, which were assessed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. A high-resolution X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the face-centered cubic structure of both nanoparticles. Based on phytochemical screening and Fourier transform infrared spectra, the hydroxyl functional groups of carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds were most likely involved in a reduction reaction of gold or silver salts to their corresponding nanoparticles. The in vitro cytotoxicity (based on a water-soluble tetrazolium assay) demonstrated that GM-AgNPs were toxic to both A549 (a human lung cancer cell) and NIH3T3 (a mouse fibroblast cell). The cytotoxicity of GM-AgNPs on A549 cells was related to apoptotic cell death. However, GM-AuNPs did not show any significant cytotoxicity to either cell. These results suggest that GM-AuNPs have the potential to be drug delivery vehicles or carriers for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

The Effect of Gel-Electrolyte on Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Prototype based on Nanosized-TiO2 Using Mangosteen Pericarp as Absorber

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) with Fluorine deped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrat and nanosize-TiO2 layer sensitized by “dye” ,mangosteen pericarp extract, was succesfully fabricated. Gel-Electrolyte as electron regenerator was synthesized by adding Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 1000 to electrolyte solution while nanosize-TiO2 was synthesized by co-precipitation method from TiCl3 solution. The crystal size of TiO2 characterized by X-Ray Diffraction is 10.5 nm in size. The solar absorbance of “dye” mangosteen pericarp was measured using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and it showed that the dye can absorb photon at Near Ultraviolet (NUV) to yellow visible light. Nanosize-TiO2 based DSSC with gel-electrolyte successfully reached short circuit current up to 30.9 μA, open circuit voltage 398.3 mV and performed the long term stability. ©2017 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

The effect of Mastin® on expression of Nrf2 in the rat heart with subtotally nephrectomy chronic Kidney disease model

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly prevalent in Indonesia and worldwide. One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in CKD is the complication of cardiovascular disease. Mastin® is a supplement that is locally produced in Indonesia and is made from extract of mangosteen pericarp, which is reported to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. The present study aimed to investigate whether Mastin® could improve antioxidant responses in the rat heart during CKD by measuring the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf)2, a master regulator of antioxidant response elements. RNA was extracted from the heart tissue of three groups of rats: a normal group, a nephrectomy group, and a nephrectomy with Mastin® group. Two-step real-time RT-PCR was then conducted to calculate the relative expression of the Nrf2 gene. Nrf2 expression was markedly decreased in the nephrectomy group vs the normal group, but slightly increas ed in the nephrectomy with Mastin® group vs the nephrectomy group. CKD resulted in impaired activation of the Nrf2 pathway in the rat heart. Although the administration of Mastin® slightly increased Nrf2 expression, it was not enough to confer cardioprotective effects through the Nrf2 pathway.

The inhibition of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase enzyme activity by mangosteen pericarp extract

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans produces the glucosyltransferase enzyme which is capable of catalyzing glucan synthesis in the progression of dental caries. Certain treatments involving traditional plant use have been developed to eradicate Streptococcus mutans as a means of preventing the formation of dental caries. One of these is mangosteen pericarp extract containing a number of polyphenols that have the capacity to act as antibacterial agents, namely; tannin, mangostin, and flavonoid. Purpose: The research aimed to investigate the inhibitory power of mangosteen pericarp extract against Streptococcus mutans producing the glucosyltransferase enzyme. Methods: The research used mangosteen pericarp extract at concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% as the treatments, while 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate was used as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. Each group consisted of six samples. Mangosteen peels extracted with 96% ethanol (maceration method) and mangosteen extract constituted 5% of the total weight of the mangosteen pericarp. Supernatant containing Gtf enzyme produced from a culture medium and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4o C. Glucosyltransferase enzyme activity was measured by analyzing the extensive fructose area by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The extensive fructose area was determined according to time retention in each group. Results: Mangosteen peel extract at concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% demonstrated greater ability than the negative control group (sterile aquades) and similar ability to the positive group (chlorhexidine 0.12%) to inhibit the activity of the Gtf enzyme or S. mutans bacteria. Conclusion: Mangosteen pericarp extract has the ability to inhibit the activity of Streptococcus mutans in producing glucosyltransferase enzyme.

Effect of Mangosteen’s fruit peel extract toward to total cholesterol, LDL, HDL serum in rats were given by used cooking oil

Waste cooking oil causes increased level of total cholesterol and LDL and decreased level of HDL serum, which became coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mangosteen peels extract, which contain alpha-mangostin (xanthone) to decreased level of total cholesterol and LDL and increased level of HDL in rats exposed to waste cooking oil per oral. This study used true experimental designs with randomized post-test only control group design. This study used thirty rats were dividing into six treatment group, which control with Na-CMC 0,5%, control with extract of mangosteen pericarp at dosages of 800 mg/ kg body weight, exposed to waste cooking oil per oral, and exposed to waste cooking oil per oral with extract of mangosteen pericarp at dosages of 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg body weight. All groups were given treatment for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, rats were anesthetized with chloroform for collection of blood by cardiac puncture. Analysis of level of total cholesterol , LDL, and HDL serum with spectrophotometer. From Post Hoc test with Least Significant Differences it was concluded that extract of mangosteen peels can decreased level of total cholesterol and LDL and increased level of HDL serum.

Activity test of various mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extract fractions to decrease fasting blood cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation activity in diabetic mice

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of various fractions of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extract to the changes of the fasting blood cholesterol and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels on diabetic mice (Mus musculus). Thirty 3-4 months old male mice strain BALB/c, weight 20-30 g were divided into six groups. The first group was KN as a non diabetic control group, KD as a diabetic control, KM as a group of diabetic mice treated with metformin, and NP, SP, and P as the treatment groups that were treated by using three different fractions from mangosteen pericarp extract, non polar, semi polar, and polar respectively. The induction of Diabetes mellitus was done by the injection of STZ, and the mice were given a high fat diet treatment to induce the hiperlipidemia condition using lard for three weeks. The blood cholesterol levels were measured in all groups before and after the injection of lard, and day 1, 7, and 14 of treatment as well. The serum MDA level as the indicator of lipid peroxidation were measured by using QuantiChrom TBARS Assay Kit (DTBA-100). The data of cholesterol levels were statistically analyzed by t-test, while the data of serum MDA levels were analyzed by variance analysis followed by Duncan test. The results showed that the polar fraction of mangosteen pericarp had effect to decrease the fasting blood cholesterol level in mice, however the non polar and semi polar fraction had no simmilar effect. All of the fractions has shown significant effect to decrease the serum MDA level in mice.

Antimicrobial Effects of Garcinia Mangostana on Cariogenic Microorganisms.

Garcinia mangostana commonly called as Mangosteen fruit has been used as an antibacterial agent since age old times. The mangosteen pericarp has proven to have antibacterial effect, but the effect of the same on cariogenic organisms has not been explored. The present study was an attempt to gain a better understanding of the antibacterial effect of mangosteen pericarp on the cariogenic bacteria, to unravel the therapeutic potential for the same. The aim of the study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of the crude chloroform extract of mangosteen pericarp against cariogenic bacteria. The study was done under laboratory settings using an in vitro design. The microorganisms namely Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus acidophilus were procured from American Type Cell Culture (ATCC) and Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) were revived and lawn cultured. The antibacterial effect of mangosteen pericarp was tested using agar well diffusion method on Trypticase Soy Agar-Blood Agar (TSA-BA) and de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar media. The standard antiplaque agent chlorhexidine was used as the positive control. This cross-sectional, experimental study was done in Central Research laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College for period of eight weeks. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values were determined by microbroth dilution method. Statistical analysis was done by calculating the mean of the zones of inhibition on tested microorganisms. Mann-Whitney test was done to compare the zones of inhibition of mangosteen and chlorhexidine. The antibacterial bioassay showed the highest activity for Lactobacillus acidophilus (13.6 mm) and Streptococcus sanguis (13.6 mm), whereas, it showed a medium and low activity for Streptococcus oralis (11.3 mm), Streptococcus mutans (10.6 mm) and Streptococcus salivarius (3 mm) respectively. The MBC and MIC values were lowest for Lactobacillus acidophilus (MIC 25 mg/ml, MBC 50 mg/ml) and Streptococcus oralis (MIC 50 mg/ml, MBC 100 mg/ml). Mangosteen pericarp extract had a higher zone of inhibition against the tested microorganisms which suggests its potent antibacterial action against cariogenic organisms. However, further analytical studies are needed to isolate the key molecules of mangosteen pericarp, to explore its anticariogenic therapeutic potential on gram negative oral microorganisms.

Alpha-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp extract reduces high fat-diet induced hepatic steatosis in rats by regulating mitochondria function and apoptosis.

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by multiple factors including hepatic oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Obesity is among the risk factors for NAFLD alongside type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. α- mangostin (α-MG) extracts from the pericarps of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) may regulate high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis; however the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of α-MG on high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and the underlying mechanisms related to mitochondrial functionality and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.MethodsSprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed on either AIM 93-M control diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or high-fat diet supplemented with 25 mg/day mangosteen pericarp extract (MGE) for 11 weeks. Thereafter, the following were determined: body weight change, plasma free fatty acids, liver triglyceride content, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione, GSH; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; glutathione reductase GRd; catalase, CAT) and mitochondrial complex enzyme activities. In the in vitro study, primary liver cells were treated with 1 mM free fatty acid (FFA) (palmitate: oleate acid = 2:0.25) to induce steatosis. Thereafter, the effects of α-MG (10 μM, 20 μM, 30 μM) on total and mitochondria ROS (tROS, mitoROS), mitochondria bioenergetic functions, and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis were examined in the FFA-treated primary liver cells.ResultsThe MGE group showed significantly decreased plasma free fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides (TG) and thiorbarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels; increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GPx, GRd, CAT); and enhanced NADH-cytochrome c reductase (NCCR) and succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCCR) activities in the liver tissue compared with HFD group. In the in vitro study, α-MG significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR), decreased tROS (total ROS) and mitoROS (mitochondrial ROS) levels ; reduced Ca2+ and cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria, and reduced caspases 9 and 3 activities compared with control group.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate α-MG attenuated hepatic steatosis in high fat-diet fed rats potentially through enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity and improved mitochondrial functions as well as suppressed apoptosis of hepatocytes. The findings of study represent a novel nutritional approach on the use of α-MG in the prevention and management of NAFLD.

In vitro -study of antioxidant extracts from Garcinia mangostana pericarp and Riesling grape pomace – a contribution to by-products valorization as cosmetic ingredients

The objective of the present study was to compare extracts from two different plant sources regarding their suitability as antioxidant cosmetic ingredients. Both, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, in Europe being widely considered as the non-edible part of a ‘superfruit’, and Riesling grape pomace accruing from vinification, represent important by-products from food processing. Mixtures of ethanol and water in different ratios were used for the preparation of polyphenol containing extracts. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined using well-established in vitro assays (Folin‑Ciocalteu, ORAC, DPPH, and ABTS), and skin penetration was investigated by Franz-type diffusion experiments with porcine skin. Extraction of polyphenols was most effective using an equimolar ratio of ethanol and water for both raw materials. Absolute polyphenol contents of mangosteen pericarp extract (65360.71 ± 1168.51 mg/kg DM) were higher than for grape pomace extract (18085.70 ± 411.50 mg/kg DM). However, Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacities as well as in vitro antiradical activities did not adequately correspond to quantitative polyphenol estimations, as grape pomace extract showed relatively high antiradical capacities. When applied to pig skin, polyphenols from grape pomace extract were detected in low concentrations in the dermis as well as in the transdermal receptor fluid. In contrast, mangosteen pericarp xanthones were almost completely recovered with highest amounts detected in the dermis. In conclusion, both raw materials revealed potential as antioxidant ingredients for cosmetic formulations.

Extraction of anthocyanins from pericarp and lipids from seeds of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) by Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and evaluation of pericarp extract enriched functional ice-cream.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract the anthocyanins from pericarp and lipids from the seeds of mangosteen. The optimum time for extraction of anthocyanin by maceration method and shaking water bath was 6 and 4h, respectively, whereas, it was 5min only for ultrasonic assisted extraction method. The anthocyanin content, extracted by UAE, was 23.54mg Cyn-3-Glu/100g. The regression equation derived by response surface methodology (RSM), was used to predict the anthocyanin content extracted by using UAE. The gas chromatography-flame ionized detector analysis showed that mangosteen seed contained both saturated (palmitic acid, 4.66g/100g; stearic acid, 47.64g/100g) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, 28.62g/100g; linoleic acid, 14.68g/100g). The mangosteen ice-cream exhibited up to 83.6 and 75.1% DPPH inhibition, on addition of 2 and 1% mangosteen pericarp extract respectively, where as control only 52.6%.