Abstract
The overpopulation of abandoned and stray companion animals has become a global crisis. The main purpose of this study was to develop a novel nanomedicine-based antifertility compound for non-surgical castration of male animals. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract has been shown to exhibit anti-fertility property. α-mangostin (AM)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (AM-NLC) was developed to improve male germ cell apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical properties of AM-NLC and determine the biological effects of AM-NLC on spermatogonia cells and testicular explants obtained from castrated testes. AM-NLC was produced through a hot homogenization technique. The negatively charged particle of AM-NLC was nano-sized with a narrow dispersity. AM-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards spermatogonium cells. It induced apoptosis in the cells. In addition, AM-NLC exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Abnormal anatomy of seminiferous tubule was noted following treatment of testicular explant with AM-NLC. This nanomedicine-based sterilant would be a promising platform that may have utility in non-surgical castration of male animals by intra-testicular injection.
Highlights
It is well established that the most effective means of controlling pet populations is sterilization[1]
Programmed cell death by apoptosis is more preferable than necrosis in eliminating unwanted cells because it does not trigger inflammation to neighboring cells[9]
In this study we investigated the effect of anti-fertility property. α-mangostin (AM)-Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) on nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production by LPS-stimulated macrophages
Summary
It is well established that the most effective means of controlling pet populations is sterilization[1]. Intra-testicular injection of anti-fertility compounds, more commonly known as chemical castration, have been exploited. This method requires the direct injection of chemical sterilants into the testicles that causes permanent infertility in male animals[3]. NLC have recently proven to be advantageous over other colloidal carriers in delivering pharmaceutical drugs due to their high drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and stability. They increase bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds and provide controlled release of encapsulated materials[15,16]
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