Abstract
Since α-mangostin in mangosteen fruits was reported to be the main compound able to provide natural antioxidants, the microwave-assisted extraction process to obtain high-quality α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) was optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology. The parameters examined included extraction time, microwave power, and solvent percentage. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of optimized and non-optimized extracts was evaluated. Ethyl acetate as a green solvent exhibited the highest concentration of α-mangostin, followed by dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. The highest α-mangostin concentration in mangosteen pericarp of 121.01 mg/g dry matter (DM) was predicted at 3.16 min, 189.20 W, and 72.40% (v/v). The verification of experimental results under these optimized conditions showed that the α-mangostin value for the mangosteen pericarp was 120.68 mg/g DM. The predicted models were successfully developed to extract α-mangostin from the mangosteen pericarp. No significant differences were observed between the predicted and the experimental α-mangostin values, indicating that the developed models are accurate. The analysis of the extracts for secondary metabolites showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) increased significantly in the optimized extracts (OE) compared to the non-optimized extracts (NOE). Additionally, trans-ferulic acid and catechin were abundant among the compounds identified. In addition, the optimized extract of mangosteen pericarp with its higher α-mangostin and secondary metabolite concentrations exhibited higher antioxidant activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 20.64 µg/mL compared to those of the NOE (28.50 µg/mL). The OE exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction process of α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp was successfully optimized, indicating the accuracy of the models developed, which will be usable in a larger-scale extraction process.
Highlights
In recent years, there was an increased interest in natural sources that could provide active components to prevent the impact of free radicals on cells
The phytochemical analysis of mangosteen pericarp showed that it is rich in α-mangostin, phenolics, and flavonoids [7,12,13]
The water extract exhibited a lower concentration of α-mangostin compared to other solvents, while the highest α-mangostin value (75.66 mg/g dry matter (DM)) was observed in ethyl acetate solutions, followed by dichloromethane and ethanolic solutions (Figure 1A)
Summary
There was an increased interest in natural sources that could provide active components to prevent the impact of free radicals on cells. For this reason, the number of studies on natural antioxidants increased considerably. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tree with. Mangostana garcinia Gaertn was approved as a synonymous name, and its vernacular names include Mangosteen (English); Manggis, Semetah, and Semontah (Malay); Dao nian zi (Chinese); and Sulambali (Tamil) [1]. Several biological activities were reported for the pericarp extract of G. mangostana, such as antioxidant [6,7], antimicrobial [8], antidiabetic [9], antiproliferative [10], and antitumor activities [11]. The phytochemical analysis of mangosteen pericarp showed that it is rich in α-mangostin, phenolics (for example, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, veratric acid, t-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, mandelic acid, gentisic acid, and sinapic acid), and flavonoids (for example, epicatechin and quercetin) [7,12,13]
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