Gum Extract Research Articles

Eucalyptus camaldulensis gum as a green matrix to fabrication of zinc and silver nanoparticles: Characterization and novel prospects as antimicrobial and dye-degrading agents

Green biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained much significance due to cost-effectiveness, time-efficiency, biocompatibility, and environmentally friendliness. Herein, we report the fabrication of zinc (ZnNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) gum extract as a low-cost and green bio-matrix. The as-fabricated EC-ZnNPs and EC-AgNPs were comprehensively characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Specific characteristic peaks of synthesized NPs were scrutinized through UV–visible and FTIR. The synthesized NPs revealed irregular shape and size with an increase in roughness of the surface. A delay in the rate of weight loss indicated the stable nature of EC-ZnNPs at high temperatures. Similarly, an increase in the crystallinity nature of EC-ZnNPs and EC-AgNPs was evidenced through XRD analysis. As compared to gum samples, the green fabricated EC-ZnNPs and EC-AgNPs performed an admirable inhibitory activity against a pathogenic bacterium (Escherichia coli) and fungal strain (Schizophyllum commune). Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity activities determined through Ames and haemolytic tests affirmed the non-mutagenic and non-toxic attributes of the gum samples and their derived EC-ZnNPs and EC-AgNPs. Finally, the EC-AgNPs and EC-ZnNPs showed a high photocatalytic potentiality towards the degradation of methylene blue dye under sunlight irradiation. In conclusion, the findings manifest excellent antimicrobial and dye degradation potentialities of gum-based EC-ZnNPs and EC-AgNPs, representing its putative perspective as a novel nano-antibiotic against pathogenic bacterial and fungal isolates, and for environmental mitigation. The present method is eco-friendly, clean and did not require any toxic/hazardous reductants.

Synthesis of Fullerene (C60)-Silver Nanoparticles Using Neem Gum Extract Under Microwave Irradiation

Fullerene [C60]-linked silver nanoparticles (Ag@C60 NPs) were prepared using neem gum extract as fuel via microwave irradiation method. The Ag@C60 NPs were characterized by XRD and EDAX studies; the morphologies of the prepared NPs were studied by SEM and TEM analysis. The TEM data revealed that bearing bore quasi-spherical like structures were obtained. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of Ag@C60 NPs treated A549 cell line. This is the first report on the green synthesis of Ag@C60 NPs using neem gum extract under microwave irradiation. The results of the present study indicated that Ag@C60 NPs exhibited a promising cytotoxicity assay.

Effect of Sublethal Blue Light on Herbal Extract Activity Against Volatile Sulfide Compound Production by Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Previously, we have shown that sublethal exposure of blue light caused increased cell membrane permeability in Fusobacterium nucleatum. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of this exposure on the activity of Lavender, Sage, Echinacea and Mastic gum extracts against volatile sulfide compound (VSC) production by Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bacterial suspensions were pre-exposed to blue light (400-500nm) bellow minimal inhibitory dosage (sub-MID). Exposed and nonexposed samples were inoculated into test tubes containing growth medium, filtered saliva with or without herbal extracts. Following incubation, test tubes were tested for malodor production (odor judge scores), VSC levels (OralChroma), salivary protein degradation (SDS-PAGE) and bacterial cell membrane damage (fluorescence microscopy). Results showed that sub-MID blue light exposure significantly increased the ability of Lavender and Echinacea to reduce VSC production by Fusobacterium nucleatum by more than 30%. These results suggest that sublethal blue light exposure may be useful to increase the efficacy of antimalodor agents.

Intranasal Peste des petits ruminants virus vaccination of goats using Irvingia gabonensis gum as delivery system: hematological and humoral immune responses

ABSTRACT Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Africa continues to defy conventional vaccinational approaches aimed at its control. There is need for route modification and immunopotentiation of the current vaccination methods, using easily affordable materials. This study evaluates the immunomodulatory potential of Irvingia gabonensis (IG) seed gum extract for intranasal PPR vaccination in goats using attenuated Nigeria 75/1 PPR vaccine. Twenty West African dwarf goats were divided into four groups (n=5). Group 1 was vaccinated intranasally using IG gum as vehicle; Group 2 was vaccinated intranasally without the gum; Group 3 via subcutaneous injection while Group 4 was not vaccinated. Hematology and Serum IgG levels were assessed weekly for 28 days post vaccination (dpv). H-PPR bELISA detected antibodies against PPR by 7th dpv, peaking by 21st dpv with mean percentage inhibitions of 78.2%; 69.6%; 87.0% and 0% in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Also, significantly lower neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (P<0.05) were observed by 14th dpv to 28th dpv in the vaccinated groups. The findings of this study show that the use of I. gabonensis seed gum extract for mucoadhesive intranasal PPR vaccine delivery has an immunomodulatory effect on the systemic immune response following PPR intranasal vaccine administration.

Ferula asafoetida: chemical composition, thermal behavior, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and gum hydroalcoholic extracts

This is the first original study on chemical, thermal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of the leaf and gum hydroethanolic (20:80v/v) extracts of Ferula asafoetida endemic for Iran. The ratio of solvent to the dried matters was 3:1 (w/w) and after filtering, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum (at 40°C). Leaf extract contained greater phenolic and flavonoid compounds and thus higher DPPH scavenging and ferric reducing power. Leaf extract constituted high levels of carvacrol (15.40%) and α-bisabolol (9.75%) while in gum extract contained high levels of (Z)-b-ocimene (20.91%) and (E)-1-propenyl-sec-butyl-disulfide (17.62%). Umbelliprenin and ferulic acid were the major phenolic compounds in both extracts. Results of TGA and DSC revealed temperatures below and upper 100°C and 160°C as dominant regions of weight loss for gum and leaf extracts, respectively. Minimal inhibitory concentration for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth were 62.5, 62.5, 125, 125mg/l and 400, 300, 50, 300mg/l of leaf and gum extracts, respectively. Ferula asafoetida extracts can have particular applications in the food industry due to beneficial biological activity.

Crude Methanol Extract of Rosin Gum Exhibits Specific Cytotoxicity against Human Breast Cancer Cells via Apoptosis Induction.

Rosin (Colophony) is a natural resin derived from species of the pine family Pinaceae. It has wide industrial applications including printing inks, photocopying paper, adhesives and varnishes, soap and soda. Rosin and its derivatives are employed as ingredients in various pharmaceutical products such as ointments and plasters. Rosin-based products contain allergens that may exert some occupational health problems such as asthma and contact dermatitis. Our knowledge of the pharmaceutical and medicinal properties of rosin is limited. The current study aims at investigating the cytotoxic potential of Rosin-Derived Crude Methanolic Extract (RD-CME) and elucidation of its mode-of-action against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231). Crude methanol extract was prepared from rosin. Its phenolic contents were analyzed by Reversed- Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Antiproliferation activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cancerous cells was investigated by MTT assay; its potency compared with doxorubicin as positive control and specificity were assessed compared to two non-cancerous cell lines (BJ-1 and MCF-12F). Selected apoptosis protein markers were assayed by western blotting. Cell cycle analysis was performed by Annexin V-FITC/PI FACS assay. RD-CME exhibited significant and selective cytotoxicity against the two tested breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231) compared to normal cells as revealed by MTT assay. ELISA and western blotting indicated that the observed antiproliferative activity of RD-CME is mediated via the engagement of an intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway, as judged by enhanced expression of key pro-apoptotic protein markers (p53, Bax and Casp 3) relative to vehicle solvent-treated MCF-7 control cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the medicinal anticancer and antioxidant potential of crude methanolic extract derived from colophony rosin. We provided evidence that RD-CME exhibits strong antioxidant and anticancer effects. The observed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 is proposed to take place via G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Colophony resin has a great potential to join the arsenal of plantderived natural anticancer drugs. Further thorough investigation of the potential cytotoxicity of RD-CME against various cancerous cell lines is required to assess the spectrum and potency of its novel activity.

Uses of Polymeric Nanoparticles Derived from Plant Gum

Nanocarriers can be used to carry different types of materials, for instance, drugs, and play a major role in therapy. In this study, gum was collected and subjected to water extract, used for various bioactive studies. It was purified and characterized. The purified gum was used for nanocarrier synthesis, where sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) was utilized to synthesize nanocarriers. The gum extract was observed to have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. UV-Vis, SEM, AFM, zeta potential, and FTIR analysis were performed. By these analyses, the nanocarriers were found to be stable for the delivery of the drug. The best antibacterial activity was observed in the loaded nanocarriers.

Low-Density Polyethylene Films Carrying ferula asafoetida Extract for Active Food Packaging: Thermal, Mechanical, Optical, Barrier, and Antifungal Properties

The physical, thermal, mechanical, optical, microstructural, and barrier properties of low-density polyethylene films (LDPE) containing ferula asafoetida leaf and gum extracts were investigated. Results showed a reduction in elasticity and tensile strength with increasing extract concentration in the polymer matrix. The melting temperature and enthalpy increased with increasing concentration of extracts. The films containing extracts had lower L∗ and a∗ and higher b∗ indices. The films containing leaf extract had more barrier potential to UV than the gum extracts. The oxygen permeability in films containing 5% of leaf and gum extracts increased by 2.3 and 2.1 times, respectively. The morphology of the active films was similar to bubble swollen islands, which was more pronounced at higher concentrations of gum and leaf extracts. FTIR results confirmed some chemical interactions of ferula extracts with the polymer matrix. At the end of day 14th, the growth rate of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisea in the presence of the PE-Gum-5 reduced more than PE-Leaf-5 (3.7 and 2.4 logarithmic cycles, respectively) compared to the first day. Our findings showed that active LDPE films have desire thermo-mechanical and barrier properties for food packaging.

Aplicación de ethephon en una población de mezquite (Prosopis spp.) para la extracción de goma en Naica, Chihuahua, México

The objective of the research was to extract gum from the mesquite plant, for this, a plant hormone in concentration of 10%, 10.85, 15%, 20%, 25% was used. It was applied to cuts of trunk and secondary branches of trees. The results indicated that 100% of the treated plants produced gum. The duration of the hormone's effect on gum production was nine weeks. Harvests were made every three weeks. No plant showed signs of damage or deterioration. It was observed that as the tree has a greater perimeter of the stem, it produces a greater amount of gum. It was also observed that the plant hormone apparently did not cause biological damage to the leaves and pods according to visual observation compared to other trees without treatment. The proximal chemical analysis that both mesquite and huizache gums have similarity and even improve the parameters required by the Food and Drug Administration for the use of gum arabic in the food industry. The production and harvest periods are from February to June and from September to December. There is an estimated average production of around 180 gr per tree production season.

Extracción de goma en mezquite (Prosopis spp) nativo usando etileno como hormona vegetal

El objetivo de la investigación fue extraer goma de la planta de mezquite, para ello, se utilizó una hormona vegetal en concentración al 10%, 10.85, 15%, 20%, 25%. Se aplicó en cortes de tronco y ramas secundarias de los árboles. Los resultados indicaron que el 100% de las plantas tratadas produjeron goma. La duración del efecto de la hormona en la producción de goma fue de nueve semanas. Las cosechas se realizaron cada tres semanas. Ninguna planta manifestó signos de daño o deterioro. Se observó que conforme el árbol tiene mayor perímetro de fuste produce mayor cantidad de goma. Se observó además que la hormona vegetal aparentemente no causó daño biológico en las hojas y en las vainas de acuerdo a la observación visual comparándolo con otros árboles sin tratamiento. El análisis químico proximal que ambas gomas de mezquite y huizache tienen semejanza e incluso mejoran los parámetros requeridos por la Food and Drug Administration para el uso de la goma arábiga en la industria alimenticia. Los periodos de producción y cosecha son de febrero a junio y de septiembre a diciembre. Se tiene una producción promedio estimado de alrededor de 180 gr por árbol temporada de producción.

Extraction of a novel water-soluble gum from nettle (Urtica dioica) seeds: Optimization and characterization

Nettle seed gum (NSG) which is a novel potential source of hydrocolloid was characterized in terms of yield, physicochemical, rheological, functional and thermal properties. According to Response Surface Methodology, the maximum extraction yield was determined as 6.17% on dry basis. In order to clarify the structural information of the gum, the FT-IR analysis and monosaccharide composition determination were performed. In the results, the NSG had 8.48% moisture, 10.81% total ash, 2.89% total protein, 1.15% total oil and 76.67% total carbohydrate. The FT-IR analysis revealed the existence of carboxyl groups, which gives the gum the capability of ion binding. Furthermore, Mannose/Galactose ratio was calculated as 1.07, indicating the water solubility of gum. DSC analysis showed that the NSG was highly stable in thermal process. Intrinsic viscosity, average viscosity and molecular weight values were determined as 8.56 ± 0.4 dL/g and 1.89 ± 0.1 × 106 g/mol, respectively. The emulsification capacity, emulsion stability and foam formation capacity of the NSG were 48%, 40% and 4%, respectively. The NSG exhibited shear thinning behavior while dynamic rheological analysis indicated the NSG had viscoelastic properties and G′ (the storage modulus) was higher than G″ (the loss modulus). In conclusion, the present study supplied novel knowledge on the NSG, which will be inestimable for clarifying its matchless functional properties.

An Economic Analysis of Cluster Bean Production in Bikaner District of Rajasthan

Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) commonly known as is a drought and high temperature tolerant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Guar, deep-rooted summer annual legume crop cultivated mainly in the Kharif season in an arid region and used as animal feed, fodder, green manure and extraction of gum for industrial uses. India is the largest producer of cluster bean and contributes 80 percent of total cluster bean production in the world. Rajasthan is the single largest producer and alone contributed to more than 70 percent of India’s total output. The increased demand for guar gum resulted in a strong escalation of the prices of cluster bean. Looking at the agricultural and industrial importance of this marginalized crop in Rajasthan, particularly realizing the potential in Bikaner district of the state, the present study attempted to analyze the present scenario of the production of cluster bean crops in Bikaner district of the state. A return per rupee invested in cluster bean crop was higher in the small farm (1:1.38) and marginally lowers on the medium farm (1:1.35). Break-even guar production ranged between 4.26 to 5.19 q per ha in small farm, 4.16 to 4.99 q per ha in medium and 3.98 to 4.94 q per ha on a large farm.

Natural gum as bio-reductant to green synthesize silver nanoparticles: assessing the apoptotic efficacy on MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cell lines and their antimicrobial potential

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Prunus avium gum extract and their physicochemical properties together with antibacterial and cytotoxic effects were evaluated. The characterization of these AgNPs was performed by UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The bio-performance of the nanoparticles was also evaluated. Our results exhibit the prominent antibacterial activity of AgNPs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MTT results indicate cytotoxicity of AgNPs on MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cell lines at 50 and 10 µg mL−1 concentrations, respectively. Moreover, gene expression analysis by real-time PCR represents the upregulation of Bax mRNA and downregulation of Bcl-2 mRNA, demonstrates the induction of apoptosis after AgNPs treatment. These findings imply that green-synthesized AgNPs could be a promising candidate in biomedical applications such as battling cancer and infectious diseases. The scheme of preparation of AgNPs and its effect on cell and bacteria.

Optimization of Crude Polysaccharides Extraction from Plantago ovata Forsk Seed by Response Surface Methodology

Background: Plantago ovata Forsk (Psyllium seed) is an annual plant of plantago genus. This plant widely grows in India and Iran. The Psyllium seed contains mucilage, protein, sugar, fat and tannins. Seed’s husk is a known source to extract hydrocolloid. Objective: The aim of this study was to optimize gum extraction from the Psyllium seed. Methods: The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to estimate the effect of independent variables on the extraction yield of Psyllium gum. The obtained experimental data were fitted to a second- order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. A central composite design (CCD) was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain the best possible combination of extraction temperature (X1= 60-80°C), extraction time (X2= 1-3 h), and the ratio of water to raw material (X3= 30-70%) for the maximum gum extraction. Results: Optimum extraction conditions were extraction temperature of 79°C, extraction time of 2.5 h, and the ratio of water to the raw material of 57%. The experimental extraction yield under optimal conditions was found to be 9 ± 0.25%, which was in agreement with the predicted value of 9.4%. Conclusion: This study showed that Psyllium gum can be used as a hydrocolloid source for pharmaceutical and food industry such as edible films for food packaging.

Study the Protective Role of Arabic Gum Extract on Some Physiological and Histological Criteria for Liver of Male Rabbit Treated with Atrazine

The study involved fifteen health adult male rabbit white (Lepus arcticus), weight ranged (1480-1550) kg. and age between 6 to 8 month, divided to three groups the first group treated 10 ml of atrazine orally for five rabbits daily for two weeks and second group is treated with aqueous extract of Arabic gum (AG) (Acacia Senegal )30% and atrazine 10 ml between one day and another for two weeks and third group was the control group given 10 a normal saline. In the search the levels of hepatic enzyme were presented (AST) Aspartate transaminase, (ALT) Alanine transaminase and (ALP) Alkaline phosphate, also the rate of diameters of liver sinuses, the diameters of central veins and hepatocellular diameter, and found through this study: ? The presence of a significant increase (P?0.05) in the levels of hepatic enzyme (AST), (ALT) and (ALP) and rate of diameters each of liver sinuses, central veins, and hepatic cells in atrazine group compared with the control group. ? The presence of significant decrease (P?0.05) in levels of hepatic enzyme (AST) and (ALT) in the group treated with aqueous extract of AG in 30% concentration and 10 ml of atrazine compared with control group, and did not occur significant differences (P?0.05) in the level of (ALP) and in rate of diameters each of liver sinuses ,central veins , and hepatic cells in aqueous extract of Acacia Senegal and atrazine group compared with the control group

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS ON ACTION OF RUBBER CONTINUOUS CRIMINAL ACTION IN RUBBER PLANTATION PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VII UNIT KEDATON DESA SABAH BALAU KECAMATAN TANJUNG BINTANG REGENCY OF LAMPUNG SELATAN

Criminal acts can encourage other people to commit crimes, because many parties involved in criminal acts such as receiving, buying or accommodating goods from the crime of theft. The problem in research is what is the factor that causes the perpetrators to commit criminal acts of rubber gum extraction at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Unit Kedaton, Sabah Balau village, Tanjung Bintang Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency, how to apply criminal sanctions against perpetrators of criminal acts of rubber latex in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Unit Kedaton, Sabah Balau village, Tanjung Bintang Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency, based on Decision Number 313 / Pid.B / 2018 / Pn.Kla and How is the crime prevention effort for perpetrators of criminal acts of rubber latex in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Unit Kedaton, Sabah Balau village, Tanjung Bintang District, South Lampung Regency. The judge should give criminal sanctions to the defendant to consider juridical factors as stipulated in the law. It is expected that the related law Enforcement officers will be more professional in carrying out their duties in upholding the law against perpetrators of fraud in office, and the public has legal awareness to report immediately if there is a similar crime.

Exploring the efficacy of powered guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seeds, duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), and Indian plum (Ziziphus mauritiana) leaves in urban wastewater treatment

The efficiency of aqueous extract of powdered guar gum seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), duckweed fronds (Spirodela polyrhiza), and Indian plum leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana) was tested to remove nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand from urban wastewater in this study. Coagulants were applied in four different doses (1, 2, 3, and 5 mL/L) without adjusting the pH of it in wastewater treatment and changes in wastewater parameters were measured. The crude extract of guar gum seed, Indian plum leaves, and duckweed exhibited the removal activities 71.7–95.03% (nitrate), 78.3–95.9% (phosphate), and 83.1–99.6% (sulphate). Nitrate removal was highest (93.5%), followed by phosphate (83.4%) and sulphate (77.7%). The 3 mL/L dose of coagulant showed the best results of wastewater treatment, followed by 2 mL/L, 1 mL/L, and 5 mL/L. Chemical oxygen demand reduction was also in a good range (73.2–79.08%) with 3 mL/L dose for all studied coagulants. pH reduced significantly in all setups of wastewater spiked with plant coagulants. The chemical analysis of Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of aqueous extract and plant powder indicates the presence of functions groups like – OH, –COOH, –NH, CO, C–C R–CHO, CC–CO–OH, C–H, and R–NH2, in raw coagulants. Overall, results indicate the possible utility of guar gum seed, duckweed, and Indian plum leaf powder as low-cost natural materials for treatment of urban wastewater. However, few high doses of coagulants showed a slight increase in chemical oxygen demand in wastewater, which can be moderated by purifying the active compounds responsible for coagulation activities.

Polyacrylamide grafted Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC-g-PAM) gum as an efficient binding agent in drug formulations

The use of plant based gums in pharmaceutical sphere is desirable binding agents during pharmaceutical formulations. In this research, Eucalyptus camaldulensis gum is modified by microwave irradiation in order to estimate its binding characteristics for the fabrication of varied pharmaceutical formulations. Gum is analyzed in three forms; native, purified and grafted EC-g-PAM. The distinctive chemical assays for the characterization of carbohydrates indicated the existence of reducing sugars in all three types native, purified and grafted EC (EC-g-PAM) gum extracts. The relatively high phenolic contents i.e. 0.159 μg ml−1 GAE of grafted EC extract indicate considerable antioxidant potential worthy of further investigations. In case of antimicrobial assay, grafted gum proved to be highly effective and produced a wider ring of no bacterial growth with for E. coli while showed comparatively lesser change in the surrounding S. aureus concentration. Owing to its non-toxicity, it is incorporated into the paracetamol and it revealed excessive controlled drug-release profiles. Grafted gum possessed significantly controlled drug release profile, thus, the drug formulations based on the proposed gum, could be more beneficial site-specific oral drug carrier system.

Effect of xylitol chewing gum enriched with propolis on dentin remineralization in vitro

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of xylitol chewing gums enriched with propolis, remineralizing softly demineralized dentin in vitro. DesignFour groups of chewing gum were developed; Group1: xylitol (1.8 %), Group2: xylitol + casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) (3%), Group3: xylitol+Hydroxyapatite (3%) and Group4: xylitol + propolis (5%). A control group was designed without chewing gum, but with artificial saliva. Sections of embedded crowns and cleaned roots of twenty five bovine incisors were demineralized in carbonated drink. Crown specimens were half-varnished. Remineralization process was run for all the dental specimens in the 4 groups with gum extracts and in the control group with artificial saliva for 20 min at 37 °C three times a day during 7 days. Mineral contents were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX-SEM). Surface morphology and roughness were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Micro-hardness was measured using Vickers micro-hardness tester among varnished and unvarnished sides. ResultsCalcium/Phosphate mean ratio showed a significant decrease between the control group, group1, group2 and group4. Control group and group3 were not significantly different. Micro-hardness increased significantly for all treated groups. AFM showed obstruction of dentinal tubules in all the groups and roughness decreased in the treated side of the dentin compared to the untreated side for tested groups. ConclusionXylitol chewing gum enriched with propolis showed dentinal tubules occlusion, significant improvement of micro-hardness and slight decrease in roughness. Ca/P ratio analysis suggests that a mineral compound other than hydroxyapatite is responsible of tubules occlusion.

Assessment of the potential of Arabic gum as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in developing vegan “egg‐free” mayonnaise

AbstractThe main factors affecting the spoilage of mayonnaise are lipid oxidation and microbial contamination. Therefore, the investigation was carried out to estimate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of the Arabic gum (AG). The effect of the addition of AG powder on physical–chemical and sensory properties has been evaluated in different percentages of 25, 50, 75, and 100 into mayonnaise. At the highest concentration of AG 20 mg/ml, the DPPH result represented high antioxidant activity at 92.13%. AG had inhibitory effects on gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis being the most susceptible bacteria. The use of AG as an egg substitute in mayonnaise has been shown to have a great effect on physical–chemical properties. All mayonnaise samples were sensory acceptable, particularly vegan mayonnaise (100% AG) and still acceptable for consumption at 5°C for 5 months of storage. AG could be considered an additive with significant emulsifier properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, AG is a good choice to produce new vegetarian products for consumers who are unable to eat egg‐based foods.