External Reliability Research Articles

External and Internal Reliability of Digital Indirect Bonding Technique Using Three Dimensional Models and Double Transfer Trays

Introduction: Digital technology invaded all branches of orthodontics such as diagnostic aids, treatment planning, manufacturing of appliances and printing 3D models. there were many CAD programs to facilitate bracket placement more precisely and efficiently. there were many studies evaluated the efficacy and precision of digital indirect bonding approach and they found that it is effective strategy in general. However, there were limited research on the external reliability of digital indirect bonding approaches in literatures. Aim of the Study: To evaluate digitally the amount of discrepancy happened in bracket positions during transferring them by indirect bonding tray inside the patient’s mouth and external reliability of the measurements. Materials and Methods: Ten patients (4 males and 6 females), ranging from 15.9 to 23.4 years of age (mean 19.647 years, SD± 2.232), PVS impressions was taken for the upper arch of the patients and scanned by laboratory scanner to produce STL files to create digital models. digital indirect bonding of 100 American Orthodontic minimaster braces were performed on upper arch by positioning brackets on digital models using Ortho Analyzer (3Shape) software. Then, printing 3D model with braces and constructing the double transfer tray to be loaded with braces to bond it inside the patient’s mouth. After that, scanning of the bonded brackets was done by CEREC omnicam. Geomagic Control X software was used to measure the deviations happened in the bracket position on the patient’s mouth and the bracket position in Orthoanalyzer (3Shape) software. Results: Overall linear measurements were ranging from (-173.1±131.65 μm) to (200.2±132.86 μm). These deviations were related to occlusogingival and in-out directions and denoted to upper right first premolars and upper left canines respectively. Overall angular measurements were ranging from (0.51±0.03 degree) to (1.94±0.03 degree). These deviations were related to mesiodistal tip and denoted to upper right canines and upper left central incisors respectively. Discussion: The overall angular differences in the present study ranged from 0.51° to 1.94° and overall linear differences ranged from 0.1731 mm to 0.2002 mm, which agreed with those observed in the literature, confirming the reliability of the technique. Conclusion: Indirect bonding with a dual transfer tray can correctly replicate the position of brackets on digital models.

Low Complexity Majority-Logic Decoding for LDPC-Coded PNC Systems

In this letter, we propose majority-logic decoding (MLGD) algorithms of low complexity for low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded physical-layer network coding (PNC) in a two-way relay channel (TWRC). In particular, we decode the transmit combination of two-user messages from the superimposed signal and then map the XOR message of two users. By exploiting the superposition rules of PNC, we develop hard decision-based and reliability-based decoding algorithms, i.e., modified one-step MLGD (M-OSMLGD) and iterative soft reliability-based decoding (M-ISRB), to iteratively update the combination of two-user messages. Moreover, we propose an improved M-ISRB (IM-ISRB) decoding to update the external reliability of the combination of two-user messages in each iteration. Simulation results show that the proposed decoding algorithms can achieve effective an trade-off between complexity and decoding performance for LDPC-coded PNC systems.

Psychometric Properties of Tools Used for Children and Adolescents With Visual Impairments: A systematic Review Study

Objectives: The use of standard tools can show the exact effects of interventions in children and adolescents with visual impairment (CYP-VI). However, to date, no comprehensive review study has evaluated the general characteristics and psychometrics of the instruments used in CYP-VI. Therefore, the present study investigated the psychometric properties of the tools used for CYP-VI. Methods: Databases of Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Iran Medex, Magiran, National Library of Iran (INL) and Google Scholar were searched using Persian and English keywords until 2021. The studies and tools used in CYP-VI were reviewed by two people in terms of inclusion criteria. Relevant information and quality assessment of the tools were checked with the adapted Casmin checklist (COSMIN) and Critical Review Form – Quantitative Studies. Psychometric properties of the studied instruments in the narrative categories were analyzed with face, content, criterion-dependent and reliability with internal and external reliability subgroups. Results: Out of 1738 articles found, 39 studies were analyzed. Out of 39 articles, 26 were of high quality and others were of medium level. Study design included tool development / cultural adaptation, experimental, longitudinal or cross-sectional studies. Assessments were categorized into developmental (general skills, cognitive and social skills), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Quality of Life (QoL) and Functional Vision (FV). Among the developmental tools; Only Decker intelligence test, vision related quality of life, Cardiff visual acuity questionnaire for children, first and second versions of LV Prasad functional vision questionnaire and functional vision questionnaire for children and young people with desirable psychometric properties have been reported. In relation to adaptive instruments, the changes made included the use of auditory, tactile, olfactory and motor aids, vocabulary changes, instrumental methods and the use of assistive devices, only a few of which reported psychometric properties. Conclusion: This review study shows that limited tools have been designed for CYP-VI whose validity and reliability have not been fully evaluated and reported. However, to improve the quality of studies and control systematic errors, we need standard tools.

Development of an Instrument to Measure Dietary Supplement Health Literacy

Background:Health literacy is one of the important social determinants of health.Objective:The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure Dietary Supplement Health Literacy (DSHL) of Iranian women.Methods:In this psychometrics study, an initial nine-factor instrument was developed. Face validity and content validity of the instrument were evaluated. The factor structure of the instrument was explored by the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) among 400 women taking Dietary supplement. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was done to determine the underlying factor structure of the instrument in this population. The internal and external reliability of the instrument was evaluated.Key Results:According to expert panel opinions, 16 items were deleted. The results of the EFA showed that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's test of sphericity were significant. EFA showed that 30 items could be grouped into nine factors that accounted for 60.84% of the variance. Since two items in the ability to actively engage with health care providers factor were loaded in factor 1, this factor was labeled Engaging in receiving informational supports from health care providers. In addition, one item of the dimension was loaded in factor 3. Given that the one item of factor 5 and 1 item of factor 6 were loaded in a new factor 9, this factor was labeled Applying information to decision-making. The CFA indicated that the nine-factor structure of the DSHL instrument had a poor fit. To modify indices, factor 9 with 2 items and 1 item of factor 6 were deleted. The Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient of the instrument were acceptable. Finally, a 27-item instrument with 8 dimensions was confirmed.Conclusions:The results of the study showed that the instrument developed was a valid tool for identifying the DSHL of Iranian women. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2022;6(2):e159–e166.]Plain Language Summary:This study sought to develop and validate a multidimensional instrument to measure the health literacy of Iranian women about dietary supplements that was performed from July 2019 to May 2020 in Iran. Findings showed that the 30-item instrument developed in this study is a valid instrument to be used for identifying the health literacy of Iranian women about dietary supplements.

Utilization of Postural Analysis Application Technology on Static Posture: Toward Postural Risk Assessment

Aim: To determine the instrument reliability of Postural Application Technology (PAAT) as an assessment tool of static posture. Method: There were sixty participants included in the study. The respondents were obtained using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, Slovin’s Formula was used to compute for the sample size. Data were analyzed using Cronbach Alpha Correlation to measure internal consistency, Interclass correlation Coefficient for external reliability. A scattered plot was use to understand and observed the correlational / relationship between variables. Result: The anterior view (AV) and lateral view (LV) showed high reliability on the shoulder, ankle, torso, and leg assessments (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.80, 0.76, 0.84, 0.84 respectively) and medium reliability on AP head, arms, pelvis assessments (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.50, 0.66, 0.61 respectively), and for LV head tilt (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.64.) For external reliability on AV, data showed excellent reliability on shoulder, pelvis, and ankle assessments (ICC= 0.81,0.77, 0.79) and good reliability on arms (ICC=0.65); and fair reliability on head and knees (ICC= 0.5, 0.46 respectively). With LV, excellent reliability was found on torso and legs (ICC= 0.84, 0.77) respectively) and good reliability on head tilt (ICC=0.64). The scatter plot showed a strong positive linear correlation of the anterior view data with the head, shoulder, pelvis, and ankle. With the lateral view data, the scatter plot showed a strong positive linear correlation with head tilt, and torso, and a weak positive linear correlation with the leg Conclusion and Implication: PAAT is a reliable tool for the assessment that can be used by clinicians, academicians, and students for objective assessment of static posture.

Student experiences during the pandemic due to covid-19: a look at collaborative learning online

The purpose of this article is to describe student experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and collaborative online learning in the National Electricity Training Program of the Territorial Polytechnic University of Zulia. As for the methodology, it was under the qualitative approach, the interpretive paradigm and the method was phenomenological. Three students and three teachers were considered. The data collection technique was the unstructured interview and the instrument was the script; reliability and external reliability were determined because a reality was studied in different times or situations. The results indicate that online learning is the way forward because it allows the flexibility and comfort of doing extra activities in real time. It is concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant disruption at UPTZ, forcing students to make a complete transition to online learning and teachers to quickly adopt new technologies and resources to teach in new ways.

Psychometric Properties of Common Measures of Hypersexuality in an Online Canadian Sample

BackgroundHypersexuality has been posited as the central defining feature of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder, and although the acceptance and inclusion of this construct in psychiatric nosologies provides some legitimacy, concerns surrounding terminology, assessment, and diagnosis remain. AimThe present study was an independent psychometric examination of 2 of the most commonly used measures of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder; specifically, the gender invariance of the latent structure, reliability (test retest, internal consistency), and external correlates (concurrent validity) of these measures. MethodsThe Sexual Compulsivity Scale and the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory were completed by 2 nonclinical online community samples of cisgender women (ns = 525 and 359), cisgender men (ns = 419 and 364), and transgender or non-binary individuals (ns = 38 and 11). OutcomesCriterion based measures of sexual history and total sexual outlet (number of orgasms per week) were gathered to validate Sexual Compulsivity Scale and Hypersexual Behavior Inventory total and factor scores. ResultsResults supported the factorial validity of both assessment measures: correlated 3 factor solutions were established through exploratory factor analysis of 1 sample, and confirmatory factor analysis in the second sample. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis, conducted on the 2 combined samples, also supported the gender invariance of the 3-factor solutions. Additional basic psychometric indices of test-retest and internal consistency reliability and criterion-related (concurrent) validity conducted across the 2 online samples were supported. Clinical ImplicationsCommon measures of hypersexuality have potential for use in its assessment, treatment, and management. Strengths & LimitationsStudy strengths include: the inclusion of 2 fairly large and diverse online samples, thorough checks for insufficient effort/validity of responding, validity and reliability methodology (ie, measurement at multiple time points, obtaining behavioral indicators of sexual health), and a comprehensive set of psychometric analyses to inform conclusions regarding the external validity, reliability, and latent structure of hypersexuality measures across gender groups. Study limitations include: potential concerns related to validity and accuracy of responding owing to a reliance on self-report, the potential for selection bias, and limiting the examination of the latent structure of hypersexuality to cisgender men and women such that the results may not generalize to gender diverse populations. ConclusionHypersexuality is a multidimensional construct, with a common latent structure among cisgender men and women, consistency in measurement over time, and meaningful concurrent associations with behavioral criteria that have relevance for sexual health.Olver ME, Kingston DA, Laverty EK, et al. Psychometric Properties of Common Measures of Hypersexuality in an Online Canadian Sample. J Sex Med 2022;19:331–346.

Reliability of the ICECAP-O Quality of Life Scale With Community-Dwelling People With Dementia

Currently, measures of quality of life used with older people with dementia (PWD) are mainly health related. Health is not an actual attribute of but a means to attain quality of life. The Investigating Choice Experiments for the Preferences of Older People - CAPability index (ICECAP-O) measures attributes of quality of life. While its construct validity has been tested with PWD, no study has yet published data on the reliability of this scale used directly with PWD. In this study, we tested the external (test-retest) reliability of the ICECAP-O with 54 community-dwelling older PWD from the south of England. The ICECAP-O had acceptable test-retest reliability (r = .68, p < .01 and r = .56, p < .01 for raw and tariff scores, respectively). This suggests that the ICECAP-O is both a reliable and valid measure of quality of life for use directly with community-dwelling PWD.

Analysis of Civic Education Learning in The Effort to Internalize The Local Wisdom of North Sulawesi

The purpose of this study is to describe the learning process of Civic Education in schools and identify the values of local wisdom of the people of North Sulawesi that can be used as a source in Civic Education learning at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels. This research focuses on identifying the values of local wisdom of the people of North Sulawesi and analyzing the level of need for developing a Civic Education model based on the local culture of the people of North Sulawesi. This study uses a qualitative approach. Sources of data from this study were teachers at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels in North Sulawesi. St. Catholic Elementary School Clara Tomohon, St. Don Bosco Catholic 2 Elementary School Paniki Bawah, SD Negeri 2 Tataaran, SMP Negeri 4 Tomohon, SMP Negeri 6 Manado, SMP Negeri 1 Tondano, SMK Negeri 1 Tomohon, SMA Negeri 1 Manado, and SMA Negeri 3 Tondano. Sources of data in this study were teachers who were in schools that were used as research locations. Collecting data through a google form, interview, observation, and literature study. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman technique, namely data collection, data reduction, conclusion, and drawing/verification. In testing the validity of the data, the researcher will use internal validity (credibility) on the aspect of truth value in its application in terms of external validity (transferability) and reliability (dependability) on the consistency aspect and objectivity ( confirmability ) on the naturalist aspect. This study found that the teacher prepared the Civics learning process from the planning, implementing, and evaluating. There is an urgent need to develop Civics learning models based on the local wisdom of the people of North Sulawesi.

Validation of the Romanian Version of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) among Undergraduate Medical Students.

Medical professionals require adequate abilities to identify others’ emotions and express personal emotions. We aimed to determine the validity and reliability of an empathy measuring tool in medical students for this study. We employed Spreng’s Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) as a starting point for this validation. The process was performed in several steps, including an English-Romanian-English translation and a focus group meeting to establish each question’s degree of understandability and usability, with minor improvements of wording in each step. We checked internal and external consistency in a pilot group (n = 67). For construct and convergent validity, we used a sample of 649 students. The overall internal and external reliability performed well, with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.727 and respective ICC = 0.776. The principal component analysis resulted in 3 components: prosocial helping behavior, inappropriate sensitivity, dismissive attitude. Component 1 includes positively worded questions, and components 2 and 3 include negatively worded questions. Women had significantly higher scores than men in convergent validity, but we did not highlight any differences for other demographic factors. The Romanian version of the TEQ is a reliable and valid tool to measure empathy among undergraduate medical students that may be further used in subsequent research.

3D-QSAR Studies of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Sortase A Inhibitors.

Sortase A (SrtA) is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of proteins to the cell wall of Gram-positive bacterial membrane, preventing the spread of pathogenic bacterial strains. Here, one class of oxadiazole compounds was distinguished as an efficient inhibitor of SrtA via the “S. aureus Sortase A” substrate-based virtual screening. The current study on 3D-QSAR was done by utilizing preparation of the structure in the Schrödinger software suite and an assessment of 120 derivatives with the crystal structure of 1,2,4-oxadiazole which was extracted from the PDB data bank. The docking operation of the best compound in terms of pMIC (pMIC = 2.77) was done to determine the drug likeliness and binding form of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as antibiotics in the active site. Using the kNN-MFA way, seven models of 3D-QSAR were created and amongst them, and one model was selected as the best. The chosen model based on q2 (pred_r2) and R2 values related to the sixth factor of PLS illustrates better and more acceptable external and internal predictions. Values of crossvalidation (pred_r2), validation (q2), and F were observed 0.5479, 0.6319, and 179.0, respectively, for a test group including 24 molecules and the training group including 96 molecules. The external reliability outcomes showed that the acceptable and the selective 3D-QSAR model had a high predictive potential (R2 = 0.9235) which was confirmed by the Y-randomization test. Besides, the model applicability domain was described successfully to validate the estimation of the model.

CORAL: Monte Carlo based global QSAR modelling of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors using hybrid descriptors

ABSTRACT Global QSAR modelling was performed to predict the pIC50 values of 233 diverse heterocyclic compounds as BTK inhibitors with the Monte Carlo algorithm of CORAL software using the DCW hybrid descriptors extracted from SMILES notations of molecules. The dataset of 233 BTK inhibitors was randomly split into training, invisible training, calibration and validation sets. The index of ideality of correlation was also applied to build and judge the predictability of the QSAR models. Eight global QSAR models based on the hybrid optimal descriptor using two target functions, i.e. TF1 (WIIC = 0) and TF2 (WIIC = 0.2) have been constructed. The statistical parameters of QSAR models computed by TF2 are more reliable and robust and were used to predict the pIC50 values. The model constructed for split 4 via TF2 is regarded as the best model and the numerical values of r 2 Train, r 2 Valid, Q 2 Train and Q 2 Valid are equal to 0.7981, 0.7429, 0.7898 and 0.6784, respectively. By internal and external validation techniques, the predictability and reliability of the designed models have been assessed. The structural attributes responsible for the increase and decrease of pIC50 of BTK inhibitors were also identified.

Translation, reliability, and structural validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general population of Mongolia

Various psychological, biological, and social factors make people vulnerable to mental health problems. These precursory factors as mental distress, are not sufficient alone for diagnosing a mental disorder but are recognised as risks to mental health. There has been no screening tool available in Mongolia that is adequately validated for mental health screening and neuropsychiatric functions of the brain. Therefore, we aimed to translate and validate the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) to identify potential mental distress in healthy people. The HADS is reliable, valid, and practical for identifying the most common psychological disturbances. This nationwide comparative observational study for the validity of a self-reported measure was conducted between June and December 2020. One thousand ninety-four participants were randomly selected, aged 13-75, mean age was 37.7±13.7 years old, 60.9% were females, 63.9% were married. HADS total score was 13.0±5.7, HADS anxiety (HADS-A) score was 6.8±3.6, and HADS depression (HADS-D) score was 6.0±3.1 for the original two-factor model. The external reliability was good in the whole scale, and both subscales using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (0.872, 0.837, and 0.801 for the HADS-T, HADS-A, and HADS-D, respectively). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.776, 0.756, and 0.582, respectively, for the HADS-T, HADS-A, and HADS-D, indicating an acceptable internal consistency for the entire scale but marginal reliability for the HADS-D subscale. The reliability of both the two-factor and three-factor structures of the HADS was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis with a satisfactory model fit on a separate sample. In conclusion, the Mongolian version of the HADS can be considered a valid and reliable measurement tool for various scientific and clinical practices in the general population.

KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA MUDA DI DESA MANUMPITAENG KABUPATEN SANGIHE

The purpose of this study is to find out the Young Domestic Violence in Manumpitaeng Village, Sangihe Regency. This research uses qualitative research, with techniques in the form of interviews and observations, data validation in this study using internal validation of external validation, reliability and objectivity, Sugiyono 2010. The results showed that the violence that occured in the young household in Manumpitaeng village was due to easy marriage, was pregnant first and had stopped school. Economic factors, insufficient salaries to meet the needs of households every month often cause quarrels. And it can be described that the parents of the husband or wife always interfere in their child’s household such as finansial problems, child education, work, moreover this can be triggered because of differences in attitudes towards each parent.

An Adaptation of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) for Measuring Food Insecurity Among Women in Socially- Backward Communities

Recent reviews on the use of experience-based food insecurity scales in the Indian context suggested the addition of "how often" related items to food insecurity modules to avoid overestimation of food insecurity, especially in underprivileged communities. Following this recommendation, we adapted the 8-item Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), an official tool for measuring access to food within the Sustainable Development Goals (target 2.1), and assessed its validity and reliability in socially-backward communities in the Indian context. The polytomous Rasch model was successfully applied and soundly integrated within the probabilistic methodology already in use for the FIES, allowing the computation of comparable prevalence of food insecurity at different levels of severity and related measures of uncertainty. Data from the SWABHIMAAN programme survey, which collected information on food insecurity from mothers of children under two years of age in three Indian states (Bihar, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh), was used for analysis. Results suggest that the proposed adapted version of the FIES can be considered as a proper tool for measuring food insecurity in underprivileged communities, since it satisfies requirements of internal and external validity and reliability. Individual determinants and protective factors of food insecurity were also investigated within this methodological framework and results suggest that education, economic wealth, and homestead kitchen garden can act as a buffer against food insecurity, while the number of pregnancies seems to exacerbate a situation of food insecurity.

CLEO: a multidimensional tool to assess clinical, economic and organisational impacts of pharmacists’ interventions

ObjectivesClinical pharmacists’ interventions (PIs) are an important element in ensuring good pharmaceutical care. We aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive multidimensional tool for assessing the potential impact of PIs...

A simplified approach to critically appraising research evidence.

To provide a single framework that researchers can use when reading, understanding and critically assessing published research. To make sense of published research papers, it is helpful to understand some key concepts and how they relate to either quantitative or qualitative designs. Internal and external validity, reliability and trustworthiness are discussed. An illustration of how to apply these concepts in a practical way using a standardised framework to systematically assess a paper is provided. The ability to understand and evaluate research builds strong evidence-based practitioners, who are essential to nursing practice. This framework should help readers to identify the strengths, potential weaknesses and limitations of a paper to judge its quality and potential usefulness.

Measurement Properties of Assessments of Freezing of Gait Severity in People With Parkinson Disease: A COSMIN Review.

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative condition worldwide. Approximately 50% of people with PD experience freezing of gait, a motor symptom associated with falls, disability, and poorer quality of life. Accurate assessment of freezing of gait severity is important for guiding management. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the measurement properties of subjective and objective clinical assessments of freezing of gait severity using the COSMIN methodology to facilitate better outcome measure selection. Three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL) were searched. The COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist was used for evaluating quality of included studies. Data on measurement properties were extracted. Where possible, meta-analysis was performed. Nineteen studies investigating measurement properties of 7 outcome measures (patient-reported outcome measures, n=3; objective assessment tools, n=4) were included. Ten studies evaluated the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire. Based on COSMIN criteria, the best performing outcome measures were the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire and the Dynamic Parkinson Gait Scale. Both outcome measures demonstrated sufficient structural validity, internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness. The Freezing of Gait Questionnaire was supported with mostly moderate to high quality of evidence, but the evidence for the Dynamic Parkinson Gait Scale was of low quality due to inadequate sample size. Content validity and measurement invariance remain unknown for all outcome measures. The Freezing of Gait Questionnaire is the best measure currently available. Further external validation and reliability studies would strengthen the evidence to support the use of the Dynamic Parkinson Gait Scale. Awareness of limitations of outcome measures facilitates better selection. Without evidence for content validity and measurement invariance, clinicians should consider if their chosen test accurately measures freezing of gait severity and whether it can be applied in populations different to the original study's population. Accurately assessing freezing of gait severity is important for guiding management of this disabling symptom. The best clinical assessment currently available is one that relies on the self-report of patients.

Validation of the translated and cross-culturally adapted Malocclusion Impact Questionnaire in young people seeking orthodontic treatment in Serbia

Introduction/Objective. This study aimed to translate the original disease-specific Malocclusion Impact Questionnaire (MIQ) into Serbian and validate the new version in the cohort of young Serbian orthodontic patients. Methods. At the university clinic, 154 patients filled out the MIQ in Serbian before the start of the orthodontic treatment; 112 participants filled out the same questionnaire four weeks later. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need ? Dental Health Component (IOTN-DHC) and Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) pretreatment scores were recorded. Descriptive statistic, Cronbach?s ?, Spearman?s ?, and exploratory factor analysis, followed by parallel analysis for factor reduction, were calculated and analyzed. Results. One hundred forty-eight patients with no missing responses (51 male, 97 female), of the average age of 13.3 ? 2 years, had MIQ total scores mean of 10.14 ? 7.451. Internal reliability (? = 0.913), external reliability (? = 0.906; p = 0.000), construct validity tested by MIQ total scores and two global question scores? correlations (? = 0.682; p = 0.000 and ? = 0.366; p = 0.000), as well as clinical validity tested by correlations of MIQ total scores with PAR pretreatment scores (? = 0.181; p &lt; 0.05), and IOTN-DHC scores (? = 0.192; p &lt; 0.05) were positive and statistically significant. One item factor was extracted and it explained a large part of the cumulative variance. Conclusion. Reliability and validity of the translated and cross-culturally adapted MIQ in Serbian is satisfactory. It could be used for malocclusion-related quality of life assessments in young Serbian orthodontic patients.

Электронная компонентная база космического назначения

The electrical, electronic and electromechanical parts (EEE parts) used in spacecraft onboard equipment must fully provide the target technical characteristics of radio-electronic equipment in terms of functional and electrical characteristics, as well as resistance to external factors and reliability indicators. The authors of the article analyze the current situation with the EEE parts and consider the prospects for the development and creation of the necessary electronics products. Currently, the results of the work are confirmed by the active use of the created space components in space technology.