External Factors Research Articles

Addressing the dollar crisis by investigating underlying causes, effects, and strategic solutions in emerging economies

Foreign exchange reserves (FER), especially dollar assets, are vital for a developing country to maintain economic stability, foster growth, and protect against unexpected amendments. In recent years, particularly since the onset of COVID-19, several emerging countries have experienced significant economic hardship due to a crisis in foreign reserves. This has led to inflation and disruptions in supply chains, healthcare, and various service facilities. Despite the gravity of this issue, previous studies have not investigated the causes and consequences of such sudden crises. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the causes and consequences of sudden FER crises in a developing country, specifically Bangladesh, through a systematic review. The study also explores innovative process-oriented policies to mitigate the immediate FER crisis. The systematic literature review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. It included 90 articles published between 2020 and 2023. The results discovered that the FER crisis in Bangladesh has been triggered by both external factors (such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, trade imbalances, and remittances) and internal factors (including large infrastructure projects, complexities in the banking sector, local project subsidies, a managed floating exchange rate, and an over-reliance on the ready-made garments sector). These factors escorted deflation of the national currency, causing further inflation, declining domestic purchasing capacity, and raising concerns about food security. Additionally, price hikes and unauthorized storage of daily necessities made accessing daily essentials challenging for locals. The government has implemented three policy interventions, including managing consumer demand, safeguarding the supply of goods, and regulating continuous market monitoring to overcome the challenges. This study proposes eight innovative process-oriented policy recommendations for mitigating the immediate foreign exchange crisis and promoting sustainable economic development. Overall, this study offers valuable contributions in developing sustainable global economic policies. It fosters improved recovery and reuse of materials and energy while advancing long-term growth in developing nations.

Prediction of external corrosion rate for buried oil and gas pipelines: a novel deep learning with DNN and attention mechanism method

Buried pipelines is easily subjected to external corrosion affected by complex underground environment, such as soil resistivity, pH, dissolved ion concentration, water content and coatings condition. Therefore, external corrosion rate prediction is essential to ensure pipelines intrinsic safety. Generally numerous researches focused on mathematical models and degradation analysis are limited to considering comprehensive corrosion factors. In this work, a novel proposed deep learning method involves a deep neural network (DNN) and attention mechanism which has good robust generalization ability. DNN was used to predict external corrosion rate of buried pipelines with extracting corrosion characteristics data, and attention mechanism is carried on weighting operations of corrosion factors furtherly. The results show that main controlling factors are pipeline age and soil bulk density, sulfate ion concentration and redox potential have less effect by analyzing external corrosion factors dataset, and data reduction and standardization of DNN-attention mechanism model are carried out. The external corrosion rate value predicted by the DNN-attention mechanism model is the closest prediction with the real truth, which the evaluation index root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.0064, and prediction accuracy is 91.91% compared with convolutional neural network (CNN), CNN-residual, DNN. It proves that it is reasonable to use DNN-attention mechanism to predict the pipeline corrosion rate by using publicly pipeline corrosion dataset.

Enhancing student career readiness: a two-decade systematic literature review

This study intends to discover the elements that impact student career readiness growth, analyze the components that dominate that growth, and identify the factors that dominate student career readiness. The methods used to review selected articles are discussed including publication standards, databases, eligibility and exclusion criteria, stages of the review process (identification, screening, feasibility) as well as abstraction and analysis of data. By following the guidelines of item preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) to produce this review. Based on the commonalities and traits of the first identified components, these factors have been separated into two categories, internal and external. Self-efficacy factors for internal factors and job training factors for external factors are the two factors with the maximum frequency and dominance over the others. Pursuing formal and non-formal education relevant to the chosen career field, making short-term and long-term career plans, establishing a strong professional network, and seeking relevant work experience through internships, part-time jobs, or volunteer work are all components of a career readiness strategy. Develop the necessary skills for an industry or career field, improve your communication skills, think positively, and be willing to confront career challenges. Maintain a balance between personal and professional life.

ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS MUTUAL FUNDS PRE AND POST RUSSIA-UKRAINIAN WAR PERIOD

In the world of money and finance, mutual funds have been a source of investment which is considered to provide consistent returns to the investors either big or small. The present article tries to provide the fluctuations in the performance of the mutual funds and the impact on them by some external factor, which is Russia-Ukraine war that affected that the world in different ways. The data used for the analysis includes closing values of the various mutual funds from 30 companies for 8 quarters, taking the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine war, and the t test is applied to scrutinize the distinctness between the performance of funds. The study concludes that there is substantial difference in the behavior of funds before and after the war.

Stock Prediction using LSTM Technique

Abstract: We attempt to use a machine learning approach to anticipate stock prices in this project. Whenit comes to stock price predictions, machine learning works well. The goal is to forecast future stock prices. make more accurate and better investment decisions We propose incorporating mathematical functions into stock prices. To arrive at an acceptable timescale, examine the prediction system, machine learning, and other external factors. delivers accurate stock predictions and lucrative trades There are some There are two types of stocks. Day trading is another name forintraday trading. The phrase "day trading"was thrown around. Interday traders invest in a diverse range ofassets. at least one day after another, and frequently forseveral days or weeks, LSTMs are quite effective in solving sequence prediction problems.because they maystore information from the past.

Literature Review on Experimental Analysis of Domestic Refrigerator

Abstract: This literature review paper delves into the experimental analysis of the performance of domestic refrigerators, a cornerstone of modern household appliances. The review synthesizes a broad spectrum of studies that examine the efficiency, energy consumption, cooling capacity, and overall performance of various domestic refrigerator models. Key focus areas include the impact of different refrigerants, advancements in compressor technology, insulation materials, and the role of smart technologies in enhancing refrigerator performance. The review highlights experimental methodologies employed to assess refrigerator performance, such as standardized testing protocols, real-world usage simulations, and advanced diagnostic techniques. It also discusses the influence of external factors like ambient temperature, door opening frequency, and load variability on refrigerator efficiency. Comparative analyses within the literature reveal trends in energy efficiency improvements, driven by regulatory standards and consumer demand for environmentally friendly appliances. The integration of alternative refrigerants, such as R600a (isobutane), is examined for its environmental benefits and performance implications. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in current research and suggesting directions for future experimental studies. Emphasis is placed on the need for continued innovation in refrigeration technologies to meet growing energy efficiency and environmental sustainability requirements. Overall, this literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the experimental evaluation techniques and findings related to domestic refrigerator performance, offering insights that can guide future research and development in this vital field.

Severe Insulin Pump-Related Adverse Events: Potential Root Causes and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To explore insulin pump-associated severe adverse events (SAEs) involving intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths and examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these SAEs. Qualitative template analysis of narrative data in reported insulin pump-associated SAEs occurring between May 1, 2019, and January 31, 2021, involving MiniMed 670G, MiniMed 630G, Omnipod, Omnipod DASH, and t:slim X2 insulin pumps. Over the 21-month measurement period, 460 SAEs involving an ICU admission and 288 SAEs involving a death were reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Problems with the pump or pod reservoir/cartridge were among the most frequently cited potential root causes in SAEs involving ICU admissions and deaths overall. However, problems with the infusion set or site and the pump battery or power emerged in the top three potential root causes of SAEs involving an ICU admission, whereas the patient sleeping at the time of the event and the tasks of changing the pod/infusion set, including reservoir/cartridge and programming the pump emerged in the top three for SAEs involving a death. The median monthly number of reported SAEs involving ICU admissions and deaths decreased during the pandemic, but their potential root causes were unchanged. Although insulin pumps are generally safe, SAEs related to their components and external factors can and do occur. By learning from the potential root causes of insulin pump-associated SAEs, providers and patients can implement corrective actions to prevent future events, thereby reducing harm.

The bright side of flight delay: How do flight delays affect auditing quality?

Purpose This study explores how auditors' emotions, specifically negative moods triggered by flight delays, impact auditing quality.Design/methodology/approach Utilizing flight delays during audit assignments as a mood indicator, weather conditions at departure airports serve as an instrumental variable to provide a robustness check between flight delays and audit outcomes, employing a two-stage least squares model.Findings The findings suggest that such negative moods improve auditing effort and quality, as evidenced by reduced future accounting restatements and increased audit fees. The positive effect of flight delays on auditing quality is consistent across different tests and measures.Originality/value This study highlights the significance of auditors' emotional states on their professional performance, indicating a unique angle on auditing quality research by focusing on the emotional well-being of auditors as influenced by external factors such as flight delays.

Research on Influencing Factors and Wind Deflection Warning of Transmission Lines Based on Meteorological Prediction

Transmission lines are affected by external environmental factors such as strong winds and ice cover. In recent years, extreme weather events have increased, leading to recurrent disturbances in transmission lines because of wind deflection. These incidents have resulted in significant financial losses and have disrupted regular industrial and domestic activities. In this paper, the ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 finite element analysis platform was used to establish a transmission line-hanging insulator string system model. Calculations on transmission lines were conducted considering variations in different stall spacing, height differences, wind speed, and the wind attack angle. The impact of these diverse factors on the wind deflection of insulators was scrutinized, leading to the derivation of patterns describing how the wind deflection angle shifts in response to changes in stall spacing, height differences, wind speed, and the wind attack angle. Based on the generalized linear regression network and particle swarm improved support vector machine algorithm, a meteorological prediction-based early warning method for wind deflection of transmission lines was proposed, a transmission line wind deflection early warning model was established, and the practical effect of the model was evaluated. The outcomes of this study provide crucial data for the formulation and development of ultra-high voltage (UHV) and extra-high voltage (EHV) transmission networks. Furthermore, they can contribute to the advanced detection of wind deflection issues.

Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells “know” where they are needed

Known for their distinct antigen-sampling abilities, microfold cells, or M cells, have been well characterized in the gut and other mucosa including the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). More recently, however, they have been identified in tissues where they were not initially suspected to reside, which raises the following question: what external and internal factors dictate differentiation toward this specific role? In this discussion, we will focus on murine studies to determine how these cells are identified (e.g., markers and function) and ask the broader question of factors triggering M-cell localization and patterning. Then, through the consideration of unconventional M cells, which include villous M cells, Type II taste cells, and medullary thymic epithelial M cells (microfold mTECs), we will establish the M cell as not just a player in mucosal immunity but as a versatile niche cell that adapts to its home tissue. To this end, we will consider the lymphoid structure relationship and apical stimuli to better discuss how the differing cellular programming and the physical environment within each tissue yield these cells and their unique organization. Thus, by exploring this constellation of M cells, we hope to better understand the multifaceted nature of this cell in its different anatomical locales.

Spatial Heterogeneity and Driving Mechanisms of Cultivated Land Intensive Utilization in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration, China

Cultivated land intensive utilization (CLIU) exhibits spatial heterogeneity that is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, with land dissected into different scale systems; however, CLIU has not yet been systematically explored. This study takes the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, a national-level model area for integrated land and sea development in China, as an example to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of CLIU and explore its driving factors through multiple econometrical and geographical methods, including identifying its underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that (1) the CLIU index is 0.334, its Gini coefficient is 0.183, and its comprehensive level has a low intensity and obvious spatial nonequilibrium characteristics. Hypervariable density (50.33%) and the intraprovincial gap (45.6%) are the main sources. (2) Among the independent effects of single factors, the multiple cropping index (0.57), labor force index (0.489), and intensification of construction land (0.375) exert the most influence on CLIU spatial variation. The interaction effects of two factors primarily manifested as nonlinear enhancements, with the interaction between the labor force index and multiple cropping index being particularly noteworthy (0.859). (3) The geographically weighted regression coefficients reveal that temperature (0.332), multiple cropping index (0.211), and labor force index (0.209) have relatively large and positive impacts on CLIU, while slope (−0.1), precipitation (−0.087), and population urbanization (−0.039) have relatively small and negative impacts; all factors exhibit spatial nonstationarity. The spatial heterogeneity of CLIU in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration is characterized by patterns’ nonequilibrium and factors’ nonstationarity. The driving mode of multiple factors on CLIU is manifested as follows: natural factors of cropland utilization provide basic guarantees, internal factors of CLIU provide positive enhancement, and external factors of land intensive utilization provide auxiliary promotion.

Effects ofAs8structure formation on the surface morphology and internal microstructure of GaAs thin films.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) materials have the advantages of high electron mobility, electron saturation drift rate, and other irreplaceable semiconducting properties. They play an important role in the electronics, solar and other fields. However, during GaAs film sedimentary growth, As atoms can undergo segregation to formAs8clusters because of the influence of external factors, which affect the surface morphology and internal structure of these films. In this study, a series of investigations on the deposition and growth of GaAs crystal films were performed. Additionally, the deposition and growth of GaAs thin films were simulated using molecular dynamics. The influence of As8clusters on the surface morphology and internal structure of GaAs films at different incidence angles, velocities and substrate temperatures was studied by using 'defect analysis technology' and 'diamond structure identification' in open source software, along with surface roughness and radial distribution function. Results show that with increasing incident angle, the number ofAs8clusters decreases and film density increases. Increasing incident velocity increases the irregular movement ofAs8clusters in air, and their deposition on the film surface affects the morphology of the film, and the surface roughness increases first and then decreases. Additionally, we investigated the effect of different substrate temperatures on the film surface. Results show that at a substrate temperature of 1173 K, the number ofAs8clusters in the film decreases or the As8clusters disappear, heterogeneous nucleation occurs in the film, and the crystallization rate increases. Although the dislocation line associated with nucleation may affect the mechanical and optical properties of the film, it considerably reduces the annealing effort after the deposition and growth.

Investigated the role of community based approaches for biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development in Bale Mountains National Park, Southeast Ethiopia

Community based conservation approaches are the holistic way to ensure appropriate biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement in many protected areas across the world. However involvement of local community in conservation activities and benefit sharing in many protected areas are not well implemented. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of community based conservation approaches for biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development. To address the stated objectives, required data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The result of the study revealed that parks provide various benefits for the local communities which are found in and adjacent to the park. Regarding perceived benefits from park, there was significant difference among community based association and non-community based association at (X2 = 92.071, df = 1, P < 0.05) while no significant difference was observed across kebeles. In spite of variation in perception among local community on park conservation, it was revealed that the communities contribute towards conservation of the park by controlling outbreak of fire and informing wildlife attack. Regarding strengths and weakness of community based conservation approaches as the finding indicated that internal factors out weight the external factors which imply that implementing the approaches is crucial for successful conservation of the park.

The Coupling Mechanism between Railway Alignment Design and Resource Environment in the Southwestern Mountainous Areas of China

Faced with the characteristics of multifactor coupling and interweaving along the railway lines in the southwestern mountainous areas of China, researching the coupling mechanism and optimizing the collaborative development path between alignment designs and the resource environment is conducive to promoting the green and sustainable development of railways in these southwestern mountainous areas. In this study, first, regarding the environmental characteristics of engineering along the railway lines in the southwestern mountainous area, the key elements of the interaction and coercion between the alignment design (internal system) and the resource environment (external system) are identified, and the interactive impact mechanism of the “alignment design–resource environment” complex is revealed. Accordingly, a nonlinear coupling mechanism between the alignment design system and the resource environment system is established using the deviation coefficient coupling degree model. Second, from a methodological perspective, following a technical path of “analyzing the coercive effects of internal and external factors–identifying coupling relationships–discovering coupling laws–screening driving factors–proposing optimization plans–achieving collaborative development goals”, we propose an overall optimization plan to solve the problem. Finally, the Chengdu Changdu section of the X railway, which is located in a southwestern mountainous area, is taken as an example for this study. The results indicate that if the state of the external system of the KL scheme is continuously improved through the regulation of the u22 (crossing the ecological protection red line length), u23 (biodiversity impact), and u24 (ecosystem impact) indicators and that the internal structure of the line design is improved by optimizing the l12 (total length of bridges and tunnels) and l13 (number of stations) indicators, effectively driving the improvement in the u31 (land resource occupation) and u43 (land development intensity) indicators, the alignment design and resource environment will exhibit a mutually reinforcing coupling evolution trend and ultimately achieve an “alignment design–resource environment” composite system with higher quality coupling.

Green supply chain management and firm sustainable performance: unlocking the role of transactional and transformational leadership in firm sustainable operations

AbstractCompanies are adopting innovative and environmentally friendly methods and technologies to mitigate the adverse effects of their products and services on the natural environment. Various internal and external factors influence a company’s ability to comply with such sustainability standards. This study specifically examines the connection between a company’s sustainable supply chain operations and a crucial internal factor, namely leadership. It focuses on comparing and contrasting the impacts of transformational and transactional leadership on green supply chain management (GSCM) and the overall sustainable performance of the company. Using a quantitative approach, the author conducted surveys among employees and managers and utilized structural equation modeling to analyze the model. The findings indicate that transformational leadership significantly impacts GSCM practices and sustainable organizational performance (OSP). However, the association between transactional leadership and GSCM is relatively weak. Additionally, it is observed that GSCM positively contributes to OSP. The results emphasize the importance of upper-level management involvement in green initiatives, particularly GSCM, to enhance the company’s environmental performance and ensure its long-term sustainability.

Multifunctional elastin-like polypeptide nanocarriers for efficient miRNA delivery in cancer therapy.

The exogenous delivery of miRNA to mimic and restore miRNA-34a activity in various cancer models holds significant promise in cancer treatment. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is often impeded by challenges, including a short half-life, propensity for off-target accumulation, susceptibility to inactivation by blood-based enzymes, concerns regarding patient safety, and the substantial cost associated with scaling up. As a means of overcoming these barriers, we propose the development of miRNA-loaded Tat-A86 nanoparticles by virtue of Tat-A86's ability to shield the loaded agent from external environmental factors, reducing degradation and inactivation, while enhancing circulation time and targeted accumulation. Genetically engineered Tat-A86, featuring 16 copies of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R)-binding peptide (AP1), Tat for tumor penetration, and an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) for presenting target ligands and ensuring stability, served as the basis for this delivery system. Comparative groups, including Tat-E60 and A86, were employed to discern differences in binding and penetration. The designed ELP-based nanoparticle Tat-A86 effectively condensed miRNA, forming stable nanocomplexes under physiological conditions. The miRNA/Tat-A86 formulation bound specifically to tumor cells and facilitated stable miRNA delivery into them, effectively inhibiting tumor growth. The efficacy of miRNA/Tat-A86 was further evaluated using three-dimensional spheroids of lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) as in vitro model and LLC tumor-bearing mice as an in vivo model. It was found that miRNA/Tat-A86 facilitates effective cell killing by markedly improving miRNA penetration, leading to a substantial reduction in the size of LLC spheroids. Compared to other controls, Tat-A86 demonstrated superior efficacy in suppressing the growth of 3D cellular aggregates. Moreover, at equivalent doses, miRNA-34a delivered by Tat-A86 inhibited the growth of LLC cells in allograft mice. Overall, these studies demonstrate that Tat-A86 nanoparticles can deliver miRNA systemically, overcoming the basic hurdles impeding miRNA delivery by facilitating both miRNA uptake and stability, ultimately leading to improved therapeutic effects.

A Study on Predicting the Deviation of Jet Trajectory Falling Point under the Influence of Random Wind

As one of the main external factors affecting the fire extinguishing accuracy of sprinkler systems, it is necessary to analyze and study random wind. However, in practical applications, there is little research on the impact of random wind on sprinkler fire extinguishing points. To address this issue, a new random wind acquisition system was constructed in this paper, and a method for predicting jet trajectory falling points in Random Forest (RF) under the influence of random wind was proposed, and compared with the commonly used prediction model Support Vector Machine (SVM). The method in this article reduces the error in the x direction of the 50 m prediction result from 2.11 m to 1.53 m, the error in the y direction from 0.64 m to 0.6 m, and the total mean absolute error (MAE) from 31.3 to 23.5. Simultaneously, predict the falling points of jet trajectory at different distances under the influence of random wind, to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in practical applications. The experimental results show that the system and method proposed in this article can effectively improve the influence of random wind on the falling points of a jet trajectory. In summary, the image acquisition system and error prediction method proposed in this article have many potential applications in fire extinguishing.

Hacking Profits in Real Estate: The Influence of Capital Structure, Liquidity, and External Factors

This study seeks to empirically examine the influence of capital structure, liquidity, firm value, firm size, and external factors on profitability within companies operating in the property and real estate sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, utilizing sample data from 2018 to 2022. Through purposive sampling, 10 companies were selected as research subjects, employing panel data regression analysis. The findings indicate that liquidity and company size have a negative and significant impact on profitability. Conversely, inflation exerts a positive and significant influence on profitability. However, neither capital structure nor firm value significantly affect profitability. These results contribute to understanding the factors influencing the profitability of property and real estate sector companies within the Indonesian capital market context.

Physiological, molecular, and environmental insights into plant nitrogen uptake, and metabolism under abiotic stresses.

Nitrogen (N) as an inorganic macronutrient is inevitable for plant growth, development, and biomass production. Many external factors and stresses, such as acidity, alkalinity, salinity, temperature, oxygen, and rainfall, affect N uptake and metabolism in plants. The uptake of ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 -) in plants mainly depends on soil properties. Under the sufficient availability of NO3 - (>1mM), low-affinity transport system is activated by gene network NRT1, and under low NO3 - availability (<1mM), high-affinity transport system starts functioning encoded by NRT2 family of genes. Further, under limited N supply due to edaphic and climatic factors, higher expression of the AtNRT2.4 and AtNRT2.5T genes of the NRT2 family occur and are considered as N remobilizing genes. The NH4 + ion is the final form of N assimilated by cells mediated through the key enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. The WRKY1 is a major transcription factor of the N regulation network in plants. However, the transcriptome and metabolite profiles show variations in N assimilation metabolites, including glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, under abiotic stresses. The overexpression of NO3 - transporters (OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT1.1b) can significantly improve the biomass and yield of various crops. Altering the expression levels of genes could be a valuable tool to improve N metabolism under the challenging conditions of soil and environment, such as unfavorable temperature, drought, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient stress.

A Study on the Impacts of ‘Youtube’ as an Earning Platform on the Motivation Factors of Generation Z in the Workplace

Motivation’ has been proposed as one of the significant and effective methods for handling employee related issues in an organization since the 18th century, when Industrial Revolution (IR) 1.0 transformed the livelihood of people. Human resource practitioners and scholars, through their past studies and research from different eras of time, have identified various factors that motivate the employees. As humans are complex, various motivation theories have been developed by the researchers to understand people’s motivation better from different perspectives including their needs. Studies have indicated that various employee-related issues including employee turnover, organizational commitment, employee retention have been resolved through implementing the recommended motivation factors. This whole scenario was effective enough for the prevailing generations including Baby boomers, Gen X and Gen Y, as in most of the cases, issues arise from either the employees or the management where there was a gap of expectation fulfillment between these two parties only. The key question is, apart from these two parties, how if an external environment factor (refers to social media – YouTube in this study), leave an impact on the motivation factors of employees, especially the Gen Z, who is the first generation stepped onto the globally connected world. The focus of this study is centered on exploring the impacts of ‘YouTube’ as an earning platform on the motivation factors of Gen Z in their workplace.