External Factors Research Articles

Exploration of Potential Cyclin-dependent Kinases and their Inhibitors to Combat Abnormal Signalling and Cancer

Abstract: Regulation of cell proliferation depends on stimulatory and inhibitory factors that act in a coordinated manner in response to external signals. Various agents, including mitogens, growth factors, cytokines, and other external factors, can impact the mitotic cell cycle, resulting in either provoking growth, differentiation, or apoptosis. Many kinases, such as protein kinases, regulate mitotic cell proliferation through normal signalling. One of the major protein kinase family members is cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), which are responsible for the regulation of cell cycle progression. If the cell cycle-regulatory mechanisms are permanently altered, it can cause abnormal proliferation that leads to neoplasia. This can result in tumour development, where the availability and expression of CDKs become altered, contributing significantly to impaired cell proliferation. Changes like these are often a characteristic of cancer. CDK inhibitors have shown significant clinical benefits in treating various types of tumours in recent years. The output has been achieved by the clinical approvals of particular CDK inhibitors. Researchers have also been studying the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) molecule for the last two decades. This molecule uses ubiquitin-mediated proteasome mechanisms to break down specific targets, making it a promising method for targeted protein degradation (TPD). TPD has become a promising therapeutic option for tackling disease-causing proteins that are otherwise challenging to treat using traditional small molecules. This review provides an overview of the state of knowledge and a general understanding of selective or nonselective CDK inhibitors and PROTAC degraders currently under development or clinically approved congeners, focusing on improving cancer therapy.

Chitosan and Hyaluronic Acid Nanopolyelectrolyte Combined with Tanshinone IIA Targets Signal Transduction Pathway to Prevent Atherosclerosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro target impact of manufactured nanocarriers on vascular endothelial cells, as well as the effect of stable concentration and physicochemical properties of chitosan and hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with tanshinone IIA, on the successful adsorption of targeting antibody. Polyelectrolyte composite nanoparticles were prepared by neutralizing chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). Anti-atherosclerosis antibody was quantitatively adsorbed on CS-HA nanoparticles after 4 h in water or PBS. Nanocarriers created in a lab are put through in vivo and in vitro tests on vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. Complexation and physicochemical properties of colloids were affected by external factors including charge mixing ratio and polymer content. The aforementioned method was used to produce non-stoichiometric CS-HA nano-colloids that were stable in water or PBS (pH 7.4) for over a month. Its morphology was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Nanoparticles of the CS-HA/CD47 antibody have a positive Zeta potential. Using this nanocarriers in vivo adsorbed to endothelial cells and plaques quite efficiently. Chitosan and hyaluronic acid nanopolyelectrolyte combined with tanshinone IIA nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. Customized nanocarriers may adsorb to endothelial cell lines and atherosclerotic plaques in vitro.

Spectroscopic Analysis of the Effect of Ibuprofen Degradation Products on the Interaction between Ibuprofen and Human Serum Albumin.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly used groups of medicinal compounds in the world. The wide access to NSAIDs and the various ways of storing them due to their easy accessibility often entail the problem with the stability and durability resulting from the exposure of drugs to external factors. The aim of the research was to evaluate in vitro the mechanism of competition between ibuprofen (IBU) and its degradation products, i.e., 4'-isobutylacetophenone (IBAP) and (2RS)-2-(4- formylphenyl)propionic acid (FPPA) during transport in a complex with fatted (HSA) and defatted (dHSA) human serum albumin. The research was carried out using spectroscopic techniques, such as spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The comprehensive application of spectroscopic techniques allowed, among others, for the determination of the binding constant, the number of classes of binding sites and the cooperativeness constant of the analyzed systems IBU-(d)HSA, IBU-(d)HSA-FPPA, IBU-(d)HSA-IBAP; the determination of the effect of ibuprofen and its degradation products on the secondary structure of albumin; identification and assessment of interactions between ligand and albumin; assessment of the impact of the presence of fatty acids in the structure of albumin and the measurement temperature on the binding of IBU, IBAP and FPPA to (d)HSA. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the presence of ibuprofen degradation products and the increase in their concentration significantly affect the formation of the IBU-albumin complex and thus, the value of the association constant of the drug, changing the concentration of its free fraction in the blood plasma. It was also found that the presence of an ibuprofen degradation product in a complex with albumin affects its secondary structure.

The Impact of External Financial Factors on the Effect of Ecological Innovation on Small and Medium-Sized Businesses Performance, Capacity for the Sustainability Economy

Eco-innovation has been viewed as a tool for protecting the environment since the 1990s. The impact of external financial factors on eco-innovation is expected to reduce waste, air pollution, and the use of materials and resources. However, the effect of eco-innovation on economic and environmental performance has received little attention. More specifically, since the 1990s, eco-innovation has begun to be viewed as a tool to protect the environment. Eco-innovations are expected to reduce waste, air pollution, and the use of materials and resources. However, the impact of eco-innovation on financial and environmental performance has received little attention. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can function better, thanks in large part to the social fabric of the organization. In addition, there is a positive correlation between eco-innovation and GSCM, and these concepts significantly affect the development of CE capabilities. Our last conjecture shows a critical link between GSCM and CE skills. Our findings suggest that relationships between ideas for overarching design are more difficult to establish through more direct or indirect management of multiple tiers of suppliers and that major companies are expanding in ways that are likely to promote sustainability while bringing in sizeable New research questions.

Multiscale chromatin dynamics and high entropy in plant iPSC ancestors.

Plant protoplasts provide starting material for of inducing pluripotent cell masses that are competent for tissue regeneration in vitro, analogous to animal induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Dedifferentiation is associated with large-scale chromatin reorganisation and massive transcriptome reprogramming, characterised by stochastic gene expression. How this cellular variability reflects on chromatin organisation in individual cells and what factors influence chromatin transitions during culturing are largely unknown. Here, we used high-throughput imaging and a custom supervised image analysis protocol extracting over 100 chromatin features of cultured protoplasts. The analysis revealed rapid, multiscale dynamics of chromatin patterns with a trajectory that strongly depended on nutrient availability. Decreased abundance in H1 (linker histones) is hallmark of chromatin transitions. We measured a high heterogeneity of chromatin patterns indicating intrinsic entropy as a hallmark of the initial cultures. We further measured an entropy decline over time, and an antagonistic influence by external and intrinsic factors, such as phytohormones and epigenetic modifiers, respectively. Collectively, our study benchmarks an approach to understand the variability and evolution of chromatin patterns underlying plant cell reprogramming in vitro.

Turizm Alanında Yayınlanmış İş Tatmini Üzerine Tezlerin Bibliyometrik Analizi

İş tatmini, bireylerin bulunduğu işten memnun olma durumlarını açıklayarak içsel ve dışsal etkenlerle şekillenmekte ve buna yönelik turizm alanında çeşitli araştırmalar bulunmaktadır. Ancak yapılan araştırmalar doğrultusunda gelecek eğilimini belirleyen ve kavramsal çerçeveyi genişleten çalışmalara rastlanamamıştır. Bu kapsamda, turizm alanındaki iş tatmini konusu ile ilgili Yükseköğretim Kurumu Ulusal Tez Merkezinde yayınlanan lisansüstü tezlerini inceleyerek bibliyometrik bir analiz yapılması hedeflenmektedir. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda, erişime açık olan 103 lisansüstü teze ulaşılmış ve elde edilen veriler istatistiki programlarla analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda elde edilen veriler tablolar ve şekiller verilerek paylaşılmış olup, sonuç ve öneriler kısmı yazılarak yorumlanmıştır.

Visitors’ attraction and co-creation at World Expo – a qualitative study unveiling visitors’ delight and engagement with immersive technology

ABSTRACT Global business events like World Expo attract massive numbers of visitors to attend this event. The present study investigates internal and external factors that attracted visitors to attend World Expo – Dubai 2022 and uncovers the core elements of these factors which are important for the strategic & planning context too. To this end, the attendees of this Expo were interviewed using the in-depth interview technique. The results revealed that internal factors such as functional, mechanic, and human cues affect visitors’ perception, whereas external factors, which include technological, socio-cultural, political, economic, and environmental aspects, contribute to the collaborative process of shaping visitor experience. The results also demonstrate that strategic planning and marketing strategies align with the AIDA model and that technological integration can help attract more visitors to Business-Expo, thereby boosting local tourism. Taken together, our findings provide meaningful implications for marketers, stakeholders, and governments.

Exploring the Application Research Between Scars and Wearable Art

The research has been all about evaluating the link between scars and wearable art. The scope of this research is quite broad, and it helps people to explore positions from different perspectives. For this purpose, secondary data intervention with the help of qualitative data has been provided. The focus towards secondary data collection has involved the contribution made by victims of certain scars. This paper explored the relationship between scar and wearable art from different cultural backgrounds, medicine, anthropology, philosophy, psychology and other fields. However, it has been depicted that the link between scars and wearable art is quite strong. Still, there is a certain degree of complacency and dependency on external factors such as the perception of the society and element psychological well-being of the entities. Moreover, gender-related factors and the role of age are also very important in the impact of wearable art, and social pressure and social support also play an important role.

The Influence of Incentive-Based Mobile Fitness Apps on Users' Continuance Intention With Gender Moderation Effects: Quantitative and Qualitative Study.

A survey conducted by McKinsey & Company reported that, as of May 2022, as many as 26% of Indonesians had recently started to engage actively in physical activity, 32% undertook regular physical activity, and 9% exercised intensely. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has spurred the rapid development of mobile fitness apps (MFAs) used to track people's sports activities. However, public interest in using these apps for any length of time is still relatively low. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of incentives (eg, self-monitoring, social support, platform rewards, and external influence) on the use of MFAs and the moderating effect of gender on users' continuance usage intention. The study used a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through a web-based questionnaire and qualitative data from interviews with 30 respondents. The quantitative data, collected from 379 valid responses, were processed using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The qualitative data were processed using thematic analysis. The MFAs included in this research were those used as sports or physical activity trackers, such as Apple Fitness, Strava, Nike Run Club, and Fita. The results of the data analysis show that 3 groups of incentives, namely, self-monitoring, platform rewards, and external influence (with the exception of social support), affect the perceived usefulness of these apps. Gender was also shown to moderate user behavior in relation to physical activity. The study showed that women were more likely to be motivated to exercise by social and external factors, while men paid greater attention to the tracking features of the app and to challenges and rewards. This research contributes to the field of health promotion by providing guidance for MFA developers.

Inside and Outside the Homestay Experience: The Social and Gender Factors

Homestay is a prevalent type of residential arrangement, particularly in the realms of education and foreign exchange. This arrangement involves individuals or students opting to stay in someone else's residence, rather than their own, and typically engaging in communal living and daily activities with the host family. The paper examines the frequently neglected elements that contribute to a satisfactory homestay experience, utilising both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Specifically, it explores the impact of external social factors, such as educational institutions, communities, and organisations, as well as the influence of gender on the homestay experience. This research contends that extrinsic social elements have a substantial impact on students' perceptions of a satisfactory homestay experience. Furthermore, female and male students possess distinct standards when it comes to selecting a highly competent homestay family. The paper asserts that the consideration of social and gender variables should be given more attention when examining the perspectives of students regarding their homestay experience.

External factors affecting entrepreneurial financial governance strategies of the technical universities in Ghana

The study examined important external elements that have an impact on the technical universities (TUs) in Ghana's entrepreneurial financial governance methods. It highlights the difficulties TUs have managing their finances and the critical role that entrepreneurial finance plays in overcoming these financial limitations. A questionnaire was used by respondents as the data gathering tool in the researcher's quantitative investigation. Purposive sampling was utilised in the study to choose the 160 respondents that participated. According to the study, external environmental factors like political and economic factors, regulatory boundaries set by the state, competition between TUs, insufficient budgetary allocation, inefficient financial monitoring systems, and a lack of dynamic capabilities all have a significant impact on entrepreneurial financial governance strategies. According to the study, technical universities (TUs) in Ghana can increase revenue production, augment government financing, and satisfy their objective of offering high-quality education by applying creative initiatives and improving financial governance processes. This study offers policymakers and key stakeholders in the education sector useful insights to improve the financial sustainability and performance of Technical Universities (TUs) in Ghana. It does this by doing a thorough examination of the external environment and its impact on financial governance initiatives. Through an analysis of the effects of political and economic variables, insufficient budgetary provisions, and inadequate financial monitoring frameworks, this research highlights the imperative for Technical Universities in Ghana to give special consideration to these external elements

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF COLLEGES STUDENTS IN THE AREA OF CAN THO CITY

This article aims to analyze factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of colleges students in Can Tho City. The analysis is based on survey data collected from 350 final-year students in various colleges within the city. Analytical methods used in this study include: Method of testing the reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis method and multiple linear regression. The results reveal that factors affecting students' entrepreneurial intentions include Attitude, knowledge provided by the school, and External factors. Among these, Attitude emerges as the most influential factor shaping the entrepreneurial intentions of colleges students in Can Tho City. These findings provide a scientific foundation for educational institutions to develop strategies encouraging students to engage in entrepreneurship immediately after graduation.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERACTION OF THIRD-YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS IN SPEAKING CLASSES AT HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

This study investigates external and internal factors affecting students’ interaction in English-speaking classes to develop effective strategies to improve their interaction. The study was conducted among sixteen classes at the Faculty of English at Hanoi Open University, with 86 students in total. Questionnaires and interviews were employed as data collection instruments for the study. The results showed that there are still a large number of ‘passive’ students who are not willing to speak and participate in class activities for different reasons, both coming from external and internal ones. These factors mainly include “self-confidence”, “motivation, and interest”, “prior relationships”, “classroom environment,” “lecturers’ teaching styles”, and “technological devices”. Accordingly, different techniques and teaching methods were recommended to promote students’ interaction during speaking lessons, including “pair work,” “asking-answering questions,” “debate sessions or discussion,” and “interactive multimedia learning.” The study results are expected to help both students and lecturers identify influential factors and explore more effective strategies or teaching methods to enhance students’ participation in English-speaking classes.

Exploring the relationship between hemodynamics and the immune microenvironment in carotid atherosclerosis: Insights from CFD and CyTOF technologies.

Carotid atherosclerosis is a major cause of stroke. Hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress and oscillatory shear, play an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The alteration of the immune microenvironment is the fundamental pathological mechanism by which diverse external environmental factors impact the formation and progression of plaques. However, Current research on the relationship between hemodynamics and immunity in atherosclerosis still lack of comprehensive understanding. In this study, we combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Mass cytometry (CyTOF) technologies to explore the changes in the immune microenvironment within plaques under different hemodynamic conditions. Our results indicated that neutrophils were enriched in adverse flow environments. M2-like CD163+CD86+ macrophages were predominantly enriched in high WSS and low OSI environments, while CD163-CD14+ macrophages were enriched in low WSS and high OSI environments. Functional analysis further revealed T cell pro-inflammatory activation and dysregulation in modulation, along with an imbalance in M1-like/M2-like macrophages, suggesting their potential involvement in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions mediated by adverse flow patterns. Our study elucidated the potential mechanisms by which hemodynamics regulated the immune microenvironment within plaques, providing intervention targets for future precision therapies.

Impulsive Response Analysis of Financial Markets in QUAD Economies: A VAR Modelling Approach

Financial market integration remains a key focus in academic finance, especially given how crucial it is to portfolio diversification. The purpose of this research is to investigate a crucial yet underexplored aspect like the cointegration of economies with formal or unofficial military ties, focusing on countries within the Quad strategic forum—India, Japan, Australia, and the United States. The daily closing values of benchmark stock market indices of Quad economies viz. Nikkie 225 for Japan, S&P ASX 200 for Australia, NASDAQ composite for the United States, and S&P Sensex for India were considered. Unit root tests, Johansen Cointegration tests, VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model, and the Granger Causality statistics are computed for data analysis. Additionally, the Impulse response function and variance decomposition are computed for better financial market predictions. The result reveals intriguing dynamics: while the Indian stock market initially responds positively to shocks in the Australian market, this effect diminishes over time. Also, movements in the Australian and United States stock markets significantly contribute to predicting fluctuations in the Indian market, contrasting with the limited predictive power of the Japanese stock market. These findings carry significant practical implications for international investors, offering valuable guidance for optimizing portfolio diversification strategies amidst geopolitical and economic complexities. This paper contributes to academic literature by offering empirical insights into the short-term dynamics and causal relationships of Quad countries’ stock markets, setting a foundation for future studies on long-term trends and market responses to external factors.

ANALISIS TINGKAT KESEHATAN BANK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RGEC (RISK, PROFILE, GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, EARNING, AND CAPITAL) PADA PT. BANK PERMATA Tbk. PERIODE 2019-2021

The purpose was to find out the soundness of the bank PT Bank Permata Tbk for the period 2019-2021 using the RGEC method. The population is the financial statements of PT Bank Permata Tbk and the samples are the statement of financial position (balance sheet), income statement, and notes to the financial statements of PT Bank Permata Tbk for the 2019-2021 period. The type of data used is quantitative data with secondary data, using data collection techniques, namely documentation techniques through the website of Bank Permata. The data processing technique used is a descriptive technique using the RGEC method. Based on the results of data processing, it can be concluded that PT Bank Permata Tbk in 2019 to 2021 obtained a composite rating (PK) 1 in the very healthy category. This reflects the condition of the bank which is generally very healthy, so it is considered very capable of dealing with significant negative influences and changes in business conditions and other external factors.

Drivers of firms’ digital activities in response to the Covid-19 pandemic

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to analyse the main internal drivers of the increase and adoption of online activities carried out by firms in reaction to the Covid-19 pandemic. While the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on several measures of firm-level performance has been debated in many papers, not enough effort has been devoted to investigating its digitalization impact, especially with respect to the drivers of firms operating in transition countries. To this end, we explore a very detailed firm-level dataset, drawn from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) combined with the Covid-19-ES Follow-up Survey, for 22 Eastern European and Central-Eastern Asian countries. Our findings reveal that (i) higher online activity is associated with higher digital and technological endowment of the firm and (ii) this relationship is shaped by external factors, such as country-level digital infrastructure.

Anti-Russian Sanctions Impact Areas

Four processes occurring within the country and weakening contemporary Russian society are considered in this paper. These processes include: the reduction in income from foreign trade, the “brain drain”, the depopulation and the capital outflow. Their qualitative and quantitative characteristics are presented; the internal and external factors that contribute to the development of these processes are identified. Numerous restrictions, prohibitions, and sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation aim to stimulate the development of these negative phenomena and expand the scale of their unwanted consequences on the Russian economy and society. The results of the author’s research on the validity of Russia’s adversaries’ choice of the aforementioned processes as objects of sanctions impact on the Russian Federation are presented in this article.

Pengaruh Tingkat Pendapatan Orang Tua Terhadap Pendidikan Anak

Education is a necessity in human life. This process continues throughout life and is achieved through three ways: formal education, non-formal education, and non-informal education. The social status of parents (income level) is very important for children’s education. A family with a good income level not only fulfills daily needs such as meeting children's educational needs but of course also influences the development of attention to daily needs, including the education needs of their children. This study aims to find out the impact of parents' income rates on children's education. The research method used is a library survey. The results of this study show that parents' income rates influence their children's education. Several other factors influence, such as parents' educational levels, children's abilities, and other external factors. However, the results of this study show that the influence of parents' income rates on children's education dominates.

Expert Errors Transformation in the Context of New Digital Objects Emergence

The emergence of digital traces as potentially new and complex objects in forensic expert science has led to the natural appearance of several errors made by experts in their research. The monitoring and analysis of judicial and expert practice made it possible to formulate the most obvious subjective and objective errors of judicial experts dictated by a number of both external and internal factors. The essence of each of the errors, the content, theoretical and practical significance of their identification and elimination for expert practice and forensic expert science in general are described.