External Connections Research Articles

Harnessing HPC resources for CMS jobs using a Virtual Private Network

The processing needs for the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade for the LHC require the CMS collaboration to harness the computational power available on non-CMS resources, such as High-Performance Computing centers (HPCs). These sites often limit the external network connectivity of their computational nodes. In this paper we describe a strategy in which all network connections of CMS jobs inside a facility are routed to a single point of external network connectivity using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) server by creating virtual network interfaces in the computational nodes. We show that when the computational nodes and the host running the VPN server have the namespaces capability enabled, the setup can run entirely on user space with no other root permissions required. The VPN server host may be a privileged node inside the facility configured for outside network access, or an external service that the nodes are allowed to contact. When namespaces are not enabled at the client side, then the setup falls back to using a SOCKS server instead of virtual network interfaces. We demonstrate the strategy by executing CMS Monte Carlo production requests on opportunistic non-CMS resources at the University of Notre Dame. For these jobs, cvmfs support is tested via fusermount (cvmfsexec), and the native fuse module.

The “belarusian maidan” thesaurus as media speech reaction to the political context of events manifestation

New linguistic formations in the media’s description and evaluation of the protest events in Belarus (“belmaidan”) on 09.08.2020 are considered as a thesaurus. The study is based on descriptions of the sociolinguistic and historical context of Belarusian realities, on the provisions of the reference theory (which manifests itself only in speech and represents not reality itself, but its image) and the theory of the thesaurus as a system of knowledge about the world, presented in texts and expressed in verbal signs. In the development of these theories, the main parameters of the “belmaidan” thesaurus are highlighted: subjects of speech, media texts and the thesaurus itself as a bicentric structure in the polarization of the centers we and they. New linguistic formations of the they-thesaurus are characterized in lexical-thematic, derivational and grammatical terms, as well as in their correlation with objects of reality: several synonymous variants of names that are isofunctional to a proper name correspond to the same referent, as a result these units form a structure of synonymous series different from the one in the dictionary. As a holistic mental-speech formation, the they-thesaurus, due to its communicative nature, referential orientation and attachment to reality, represents objective knowledge about a fragment of the real world and reveals its pejorative intentionality at the intertextual level. Two conclusions are drawn: the event thesaurus is a specific system with its own social time and space coordinate, having the structure and forms of expression, internal and external connections as well as capability to expand; the thesaurus analysis of media speech has explanatory power in the presentation of objective knowledge, on the one hand, and the expressive capabilities of language, on the other.

A NEW BREATH FOR TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD: COOPERATION WITH CURTISS-WRIGHT COMPANY AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE TURKISH AVIATION

Birinci Dünya Savaşı henüz devam ederken, Amerika’nın, Almanya’ya savaş açması nedeniyle dolaylı olarak kesilen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) diplomatik ilişkileri, savaş sonrasında da uzunca bir süre rayına oturtulamamıştır. Özellikle Lozan Müzakereleri esnasında Türk-Amerikan heyetleri arasında imzalanan antlaşmaların Amerikan Senatosu’nda onaylanmaması, iki devletin ilişkilerini resmi kanaldan geliştirebilme imkânına ket vururken belirli bir süre ancak Amiral Bristol gibi tanınmış şahsiyetlerin çabalarıyla yol alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Mevcut durum, 1927 yılındaki nota teatisi [modus vivendi] ile kısmen çözülürken, ilk büyükelçilerin atanması ve sonrasında gerçekleştirilen diplomatik çabalar, iki devlet arasında ekonomik ve siyasal alanda yeni bir sürecin başlamasına katkı sağlamıştır. ABD ile olumlu ilişkilerin kurulmaya çalışıldığı bu süreç, Türkiye’nin aynı zamanda askeri ve sivil havacılık kabiliyetini geliştirmeye çalıştığı bir döneme tekabül etmiştir. Gerçekten de havacılığın önemi, henüz ilk dönemlerden itibaren anlaşılsa da özellikle maddi yetersizlikler ve on yıllık savaş dönemi nedeniyle esaslı düzenlemeler hayata geçirilememiştir. Yeni devletin kuruluş sürecinde havacılığa, hem önemli bir beka unsuru hem de ülkenin iç ve dış bağlantısını sağlayacak modern bir irtibat vasıtası gözüyle bakılmış ve bir program dahilinde geliştirilmesi için yoğun çaba sarf edilmiştir. Öte yandan uçak ve motor imalinin yurt içerisinde yapılmasından, havayolu taşımacılığının milli bir havayolu şirketince gerçekleştirilmesine kadar hayli kapsamlı ve önemli bir mali kaynak gerektiren bu programın o an için ancak bu konuda teknik deneyimi olan yabancı ortaklıklarla yürürlüğe sokulabileceği düşünülmüştür. Bu kapsamda Alman Junkers Flugzeugwerke A.G firması ile Kayseri’de bir uçak fabrikası tesis edilmiş, bazı Avrupalı havayolu şirketlerine ise ülkenin dış bağlantılı havayolu taşımacılığı için imtiyaz verilmiştir. Söz konusu girişimler, savaş sonrası Türk havacılığının gelişimi açısından son derece önemli birer kilometre taşı olmakla birlikte kalıcı olamamıştır. 1920’li yılların sonuna gelindiğinde Hükümet’in havacılık alanındaki yarım kalan işlerin tamamlanması adına mal ve hizmet arayışı, ilişkilerin hızla geliştiği bir süreçte gözlerin okyanus ötesine çevrilmesine yol açmış ve nihayetinde yapılan girişimler ilk meyvesini, Türk Hükümeti ile Amerikan Curtiss-Wright Şirketi arasında yapılan iş birliği anlaşması ile vermiştir. 23 Kasım 1931 tarihli anlaşma gereğince Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikasının Amerikalı uzmanların nezaretinde tekrardan faaliyete geçirilmesi, Amerika’dan sipariş edilen bir kısım uçağın imalat ve montaj işlemlerinin fabrikada gerçekleştirilmesi, ülkede motor üretim imkânlarının incelenmesi ve havayolu taşımacılığının yeniden düzenlenmesi konularında mutabakat sağlanmıştır. Sonraki süreçte anlaşmada belirtildiği gibi önce fabrikaya işlerlik kazandırılmış ardından da 1932 yılı içerisinde siparişi verilen ilk uçakların imalat/montaj ve muayene işlemlerine geçilmiştir. Bu esnada Şirket’in görevlendirdiği havayolu uzmanları ülkeye gelerek çalışmalarına başlamışlar ve bu çalışmalar doğrultusunda yine Şirket tarafından temin edilen uçak, pilot ve teknisyenler vasıtasıyla Türk Hava Postaları adına ilk yurt içi hava taşımacılığı seferleri düzenlenmeye başlamıştır. Curtiss-Wright Şirketi ile yürütülen, yaklaşık yedi senelik işbirliği süresince 54 uçak envantere dahil edilmiş, çalışanlara yurt içi/dışı eğitimler verilmiş ve sivil hava taşımacılığının temelleri atılmıştır. Bununla birlikte bir kısmı Şirket’in kendisinden, önemli bir kısmı da 1930’lu yılların ortalarına doğru değişen ekonomik ve siyasal konjonktürden kaynaklanan olaylar, Hükümet’i farklı tercihleri değerlendirmek durumunda bırakmış ve işbirliği son bulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, genellikle iki savaş arası dönem hava harp sanayisinin gelişimi bağlamında daha çok teknik yönüyle ele alınan Curtiss-Wright Şirketi ile yapılan iş birliği, aynı dönem iki ülke arasında gelişen ilişkiler açısından da irdelenerek konuya ilişkin bütüncül bir perspektif ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Coastal Ecological Environment Monitoring and Protection System Based on Multisource Information Fusion Decision

With the problem of nuclear leakage being concerned by more and more industries, the research of coastal ecological environment monitoring has become more and more important. Therefore, it is necessary to study the current unsystematic coastal ecological environment monitoring and protection system. Aiming at the accuracy of feature fusion and representation of single short environment information, this paper compares the classification effects of the three fusion methods on four classifiers: logistic regression, SVM, random forest, and naive Bayes, to verify the effectiveness of LDA and DS model fusion and determine the consistency vector representation method of short environment information data. This paper collects and analyzes the coastal data in recent years using multisource information fusion decision‐making. In this paper, DS (Dempster Shafer) evidence algorithm is used to collect the data of coastal salinization degree and air relative humidity, and then, the DS feature matching model is introduced to fuse the whole index system. The method in the article completes the standardized and standardized processing of monitoring data digital conversion, quality control, and data classification, forms interrelated four‐dimensional spatiotemporal data, and establishes a distributed, object‐oriented, Internet‐oriented dynamic management real‐time and delayed database. Finally, this paper carries out tree decision processing on the coastal ecological environment monitoring data of multisource information fusion, to achieve the extraction and intuitive analysis of special data, and puts forward targeted protection strategies for the coastal ecological environment according to the data results of the DS algorithm. The research shows that the number of indicators in multisource information fusion in this paper is 16, a total of 3251 data, 2866 meaningful information, and 1869 data including ecological cycle. These data are the results of the collection of multi‐information data. Based on the multilevel nature of the existing marine environment three‐dimensional monitoring system, the study established a comprehensive resource‐guaranteed framework and divided it into four levels according to the level of the marine monitoring system: country, sea area, locality, and data access point. In specific analysis, the guarantee resources involved in each level are introduced. On the basis of in‐depth analysis of the requirements of the marine environment three‐dimensional monitoring system operation guarantee and the guarantee resource structure, the marine environment three‐dimensional monitoring operation comprehensive guarantee system is described from the internal structure and the external connection. The DS algorithm extracts the status information resources of various marine environment three‐dimensional monitoring systems, through the interaction of various subsystems, realizes the operation and maintenance of the monitoring system, and provides various technical supports such as system evaluation and failure analysis. After multisource information fusion and decision‐making, it is obtained that the index equilibrium module in the DS algorithm in this paper is 0.52, the sensitivity is 0.68, and the independence is 0.42. Among them, the range of sensitivity is the largest. In the simulation results, the eco‐economic coefficient can be increased from 12% to 36%. Therefore, using the method of multisource information fusion for quantitative index analysis can provide data support for coastal ecological environment detection, to establish a more perfect protection system.

Relation of cardiovascular oscillations under controlled respiration in humans

The human cardiovascular system is characterized by multi-level complex of regulatory structures with a large number of internal and external connections. In the functional aspect, the closest interaction is carried out between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, where neurogenic regulatory mechanisms play an important role due to the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of rhythmic processes and their relationships in various parts of the cardiovascular system recorded using non-invasive methods (ECG, photoplethysmography and laser Doppler flowmetry). For signal processing, wavelet analysis is used.

Effect of bone loss on the fracture resistance of narrow dental implants after implantoplasty. An in vitro study.

Background Implantoplasty (IP) involves polishing of the exposed surface of implants affected by peri-implantitis (PI). A study was made to determine whether the degree of bone loss influences the fracture resistance of implants with or without IP.Material and Methods An in vitro study was carried out on 32 narrow (3.5 mm) dental implants with a rough surface and external hexagonal connection. Implantoplasty was performed in half of the implants of the sample. Both the IP and control implants were divided into two subgroups according to the amount of bone loss (3 mm or 7.5 mm). Standardized radiographic assessment of implant width was performed using specific software. The main outcome variable was the maximum compression force (Fmax) of implants when subjected to static resistance to fracture tests. Implant fractures were subsequently analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. A descriptive and bivariate analysis of the data was performed.Results Significant changes in implant width were observed after IP (p<0.05). No significant differences between IP and control implants were recorded in terms of the Fmax values in the two bone loss subgroups (3 mm: control 854.37N 195.08 vs. IP 752.12N 186.13; p=0.302, and 7.5 mm: control 548.82N 80.02 vs. IP 593.69N 111.07; p=0.370). Greater bone loss was associated to a decrease in Fmax, which proved significant for the control implants (p=0.001). Fractures were more frequently located in the platform (n=13).Conclusions Implants with more apical bone levels appear to be more susceptible to fracture. On the other hand, IP does not seem to significantly decrease the fracture resistance of narrow (3.5 mm) platform dental implants with external hexagonal connections. The fact that most fractures occur in the platform area indicates that the latter is exposed to more mechanical stress. Key words:Peri-implantitis, dental implants, compressive strength, titanium, implantoplasty.

Instrument of communication with voice assistant and increased security

The work is devoted to the study of commercially oriented software systems for organizing people's communication and the formation of proposals for expanding their functional capabilities, including by expanding the methods of communication and increasing the level of safety of using the tool. Voice assistants or assistants are software that can perform tasks or services for the user based on given voice commands, that is, by processing and interpreting human speech. Possibilities of expanding the standard functionality of applications, which provide for communication between users and with the system, by introducing a voice assistant into the key functions of the application, are considered. To increase the level of application data security, an analysis of existing encryption tools was performed and a proprietary algorithm based on cryptographic encryption was proposed. Ensuring confidentiality and preserving the reliability of access to the program is proposed to be implemented on the basis of user identification technologies, in particular, the use of a human identification algorithm based on characteristic points on the face. To determine the effectiveness and competitiveness of the future system, an analysis of key indicators, the achievement of which must be ensured during the development process (indicators of functional completeness, portability, expansion, productivity, competitiveness in comparison with analogues) was carried out. Factors related to requirements management, change management, and documentation processes were taken into account when analyzing the commercial development and use of a product on a startup basis. The stages of the formation of the technical task for the system with the involvement of expert groups are described in detail. Ways of improvement that will ensure a high level of success of the future application are given. The architecture of the system based on the client-server approach is designed in such a way that it allows changes to be made both at the external (connection of third-party modules) and at the internal levels (modification of existing system components and addition of new ones).

Content Matters: Clustering Web Pages for QoE Analysis With WebCLUST

The properties of a web page have a strong impact on its overall loading process, including the download of its contents and their progressive rendering at the browser. As a consequence, web page content has a strong impact on the experience of web users. In this paper, we present WebCLUST, a clustering-based classification approach for web pages, which groups pages into quality-meaningful content classes impacting the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the users. Groups are defined based on standard Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) content breakdown and external subdomain connections, obtained through in-browser, application level measurements. Using a large corpus of multi-device, heterogeneous web content and QoE-relevant measurements for the top-500 most popular websites in the Internet, we show how WebCLUST can automatically identify relevant web content classes showing significantly different performance in terms of Web QoE relevant metrics, such as Speed Index. We additionally evaluate the impact of content caching and device type on the identification performance of WebCLUST, showing how content classes might look significantly different, depending on the access device type (desktop vs mobile), as well as when considering browser caching. Our findings suggest that Web QoE assessment should explicitly consider page content and subdomain embedding within the analysis, especially when it comes to recent work on Web QoE inference through machine learning models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the impact of web content on Web QoE metrics, opening the door to new Web QoE assessment strategies.

Hybrid virtual metering points – a low-cost, near real-time energy and resource flow monitoring approach for production machines without PLC data connection

Transparent energy flows within a factory are the prerequisite for energetic improvements of the involved production machines. With the ongoing digitalization of industrial production, innovative ways of creating energy transparency on the shop floor are emerging. Virtual energy metering points predict the power consumption of a regarded entity and can therefore enable a cost-effective increase in energy transparency on machine level. However, many machines, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), have no external data connection, which prevents the use of data-based energy prediction models. In this paper, a near real-time deployable approach to predict the current energy consumption of production machines without a programmable logic controller (PLC) data connection is presented. By using a Raspberry Pi as low-cost edge analytics device, its integrated camera films the optical signals from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different PLC modules, which display the switching state signals of various machine sub-units. In a next step, the filmed PLC information is translated into state signals, which are correlated with temporarily measured electric energy data of the production machine as well as its principal sub-units. After an automated model training and hyperparameter optimization process, the empirical black box model is deployed in a near real-time environment on the Raspberry Pi. Thus, a hybrid virtual energy and resource flow metering point of the production machine as well as its sub-units is generated. In addition, challenges like model training for predicting different production processes as well as the necessary data set size for VMP model generation are addressed. The approach is tested and validated for a metal cutting machine tool and a cleaning machine of the ETA Research Factory at the Technical University of Darmstadt.

The expressing value attitude with the help of paralinguistic methods

We know that in the process of communication, the external and internal features of the language are used in a mixed form and serve as the basis for a high level of meaning. Language is a system of signals (messages) with external and internal connections; therefore linguistics consists of parts of metalinguistics and micro-linguistics. Metalinguistics studies the external state of the speech behavior of a language and combines such disciplines as ethnolinguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, mental linguistics, phonetics (acoustic and articulatory features of sounds), paralinguistics (phenomena associated with language, gestures, intonation, etc.).

Research on 110kV oil impregnated paper capac-itance graded transformer bushings based on the design principle of equal capacitance and steps

The oil impregnated paper capacitance graded transformer bushings serves as the external connection device of the transformer to support and connect the insulation, and its insulation state is related to the safe and stable operation of substation equipment.In this paper, a simulation model of 110kV oil impregnated paper capacitance graded transformer bushings is constructed on the commercial finite element software platform based on the actual size of the bushing and the principle of equal capacitance and steps. The paper calculate the potential and radial electric field distribution of the bushing under the normal working voltage, and analyze the influence of the aluminum plate on the radial electric field distribution of the bushing, verifying the rationality of the design principle based on equal capacitance and steps.

Local continuous glial cell derived neurotrophic factor release using osmotic pump promotes parasympathetic nerve rehabilitation in an animal model of cavernous nerve injury induced erectile dysfunction.

BackgroundNerve injury-related erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the types that respond poorly to conventional ED treatments. Our previous experiments have demonstrated the paracrine of various neurotrophic factors (NTFs) by stem cells or other treatment modalities as a potential mechanism in the recovery of nerve injury-related ED. Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is one of the essential NTFs for the regeneration of nerve fibers, especially for parasympathetic nerves. The aim of this study is to explore if local continuous GDNF administration is beneficial for the functional and histological recovery of nerve injury induced ED.MethodsEight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Rats were randomly grouped into 5: Sham surgery (Sham), bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) and placebo treatment, BCNI and 0.1 µg/100 µL GDNF treatment (BCNI+GDNF 0.1), BCNI and 1 µg/100 µL GDNF treatment (BCNI+GDNF 1), BCNI and 10 µg/100 µL GDNF treatment (BCNI+GDNF 10). GDNF was administered using an osmotic pump technique which would deliver GDNF locally and continuously for 28 days without the need for external connections or frequent handling of animals. Recovery of sexual function, nerve fibers regeneration, and expression of neurotrophic receptors were examined and compared among groups after the treatment.ResultsLocal continuous GDNF release treatment increased the average number of intromissions in the sexual behavior test and intracavernous pressure (ICP) in the erectile function test in a dose dependent manner. Osmotic pump implantation induced increased local GDNF concentration and mild inflammatory response. Gene expression of GDNF receptors in major pelvic ganglion (MPG) and nerve regeneration along the urethra were partially promoted by GDNF. These changes were associated with increased nerve fibers especially the parasympathetic nerve fibers in dorsal nerve of penis (DNP) in GDNF treated groups.ConclusionsIn conclusion, our project illustrated the promising effects of local continuous GDNF administration for the functional and histological recovery of nerve injury-induced ED.

도수밀도(Frequency Density)의 수학적 연결성과 지도방안

This study began with the discovery of the concept of frequency density in Singapore textbooks and in a set of subject contents of the UK's General Certificate of Secondary Education. To understand the mathematical meaning of frequency density, the mathematical connection of frequency density was considered in terms of mathematics internal connections and mathematics external connections. In addition, the teaching method of frequency density was introduced. In terms of mathematical internal connections, the connections among the probability density function, relative frequency density, and frequency density in high school statistics were examined. Regarding mathematical external connections, the connection with the density concept in middle school science was analyzed. Based on the mathematical connection, the study suggested the need to introduce the frequency density concept. For the teaching method of frequency density, the Singapore secondary mathematics textbook was introduced. The Singapore textbook introduces frequency density to correctly represent and accurately interpret data in histograms with unequal class intervals. Therefore, by introducing frequency density, Korea can consistently teach probability density function, relative frequency density, and frequency density, emphasizing the mathematical internal connections among them and considering the external connections with the science subject. Furthermore, as a teaching method of frequency density, we can consider the method provided in the Singapore textbook.

Concept and application of implant connection systems: Part II. Placement and restoration of external connection implant and tissue level implant

Concept and application of implant connection systems: Part II. Placement and restoration of external connection implant and tissue level implant

The Current State of Mongolia’s Energy Sector and Prospects for Development with Entry Into the Russian and Nea Energy Markets

The paper addresses research into the prospects for the development of Mongolia’s energy sector with its gradual entry into the international energy markets of neighboring countries through the involvement of local resource potential and the expansion of energy transmission and transportation systems. Rational use of rich primary natural energy resources (coal, solar energy, and nuclear energy), in combination with a favorable geographic location of the country, should contribute to the achievement of the crucial goals to transform Mongolia into an energy exporting-importing country, which is stipulated by the raw materials and energy strategy of the country for the next 15-30 years. In this context, the research considers an integrated approach to the development of the energy system of Mongolia and highlights three hierarchical development levels of backbone transmission lines. The research outcomes are presented as a structure of Mongolia’s energy sector with internal and external functional connections. The conclusion emphasizes the need to build a scientifically grounded rational network structure of the main backbone transmission lines, which will shape the Unified energy system with developed connections to the electric power systems of Russia and China, and through them, to the super grid of the NEA countries. This will allow Mongolia to occupy its place in a successfully developing energy and economic space of the region, which is beneficial not only for Mongolia but also for the NEA countries.

Migrants and exports: Decomposing the link

Current research finds that migration and trade are positively correlated on the aggregate. In this paper, we argue that the relationship is non-uniform and show that the extent of integration of migrants into the host country and the existing exporting opportunities at home significantly explain the extent to which migrants affect trade. Our analysis of 50,000 Chinese exporters and migrants in 205 nations reveal that less-integrated migrants drive home exports, while privately owned and remotely located exporters with limited resources or external connections benefit more from migration. Further, we show that migrants significantly boost export revenue aiding long term sustainability.

Exploration of Ozokerite Deposits on the Territory of Austrian Galicia: Short Historical Survey

The article is devoted to the history of ozokerite mining in Galicia during the 19th – the first third of the 20th century. The historiography of the issue has been considered as well as the main scientists, who devoted their works to mineral description and forecasted ozokerite deposits on Galicia territory, have been highlighted. Having based on the presented studies, the volumes, technical supply and staffing of ozokerite industry have been revealed. Comparison of ozokerite deposits’ investigation in different years has been accomplished due to comparative historical method. Moreover, structure and functions of ozokerite industry in Galicia, its external and internal connections have been analyzed. It was mentioned that ozokerite mines were in Boryslaw, Truskavets, Dzvyniachi, Staruni and other towns. Deposits of ozokerite-rich mineral were estimated in 30 ml tons at the end of the 19th century. Boryslaw’s mine was actively explored: up to 1.5-5 thou mines worked yearly where 2-10 tons of pure ozokerite were mined in 1850–1900-s. The peak of development was achieved at the last quarter of the 19th century where 10-19 thou tons were mined. At the beginning of the 20th century was a gradual decay of industry where only 2.6-3.5 thou tons of ozokerite were mined. The price of pure ozokerite had been constantly soaring from 280 to 1533 corona for 1 ton of mineral from the mid of 19th century. Annual ozokerite production varied between 200 and 500 tons in Truskavets, Dzvyniachi, Staruni. Due to ozokerite deposits’ depletion and reducing demand on the international market, annual ozokerite production had decreased from 3.7 to 1.6 thou tons during 1900–1913-s and during the interwar period – up to 0.7 thou tons. Consolidation of mining companies led to production enlargement; as a result there were 20-25 mining companies and 2-3 processing plants in Galicia at the beginning of the 20th century.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО СТРУКТУРУ ЗНАКА

Робиться спроба висвітлити будову знака не лише з погляду його співвідношення з певним об’єктом поза знаком або ж його референтом, але і з погляду його внутрішньої організації та зовнішніх зв’язків. Знак розглядається як складне структурне утворення, котра має потрійну природу: однією стороною знак звернений до реальності, до предмета, на який він вказує, іншою стороною – до знакової системи, до якої він входить, третьою стороною – до суб’єкта, інтерпретатора. Структура знака складається не лише із сигніфіката і денотата, вираження і змісту, але і з кодів, тезаурусів, смислів, текстів і контекстів.

Inheritance development of compositional-spatial features of the city center

The article considers the issues of the integrity of the spatial organization of urban centers in the process of their development due to the hereditary use of the features of external and internal compositional constructions and connections. The central part of the historic city, with all the variety of its microstructures, has the unity of internal compositional-spatial solutions of the open in space and time system of the city center. Particular attention is paid to the composition of urban centers, the desire for clarity of their definition, to emphasize the internal integrity, to highlight the structure of the city. At the same time, the center should be the focus of the characteristics of the city as a whole, to determine its image, uniqueness, individuality. Determining the basic principles of hereditary development of compositional and spatial features of urban centers expands the boundaries of research on the interdependence of semantic and semiotic characteristics of their structure in the process of development and in modern conditions. The city center is a concentrated imagination of the unusualness that is so necessary for the inhabitants of cities that are too uniform in the processes of modern technical and technological progress. These processes are inseparable from the threat of erasure of individual features in the field of urban planning, which today in comparison with the historical architectural and urban heritage is characterized by much less socio-humanistic specificity in only one city, but also the country and even a number of countries. This fact underlies the emotional-aesthetic phenomenon, which is the attraction of the inhabitants of anonymous cities to the uniqueness of the environment, preserved in the central parts of historic cities. That is why the preservation of the originality of the compositional and spatial constructions of the city center acquires special significance.

Connecting Chinese cities with the global performing arts market: the geographies of performing-arts consumption in China

ABSTRACT Research on global cultural cities has been biased toward dominant global cities in advanced economies. In this paper, we present the first geographical analysis of performing-arts consumption in major Chinese cities through measuring the presence, origins and inter-city network of performing arts events. We demonstrate that the distribution of performing-arts consumption in China displays both dispersive and concentrative patterns, generating an urban network with a core-periphery, although polycentric, structure. The variant patterns of urban cultural consumption not only reflect cities’ contemporary linkages with the global economy, but also the long-term evolutionary outcomes of their cultural traditions. In addition, the external connections of China’s performing arts market reveal a rather complex structure of the current global cultural industries, which is shaped by national institutional arrangements and policy interventions. This study enriches our understanding of the complex interactions between cultural globalization, the national institutional context, and the development of local urban cultures.