External Conflicts Research Articles

The Cultural Determinants of FDI Inflows in Tourism: Global Evidence

This study analyses the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI inflows in tourism with an emphasis on the cultural determinants for a global sample of countries. More specifically, we examine the role of the presence of UNESCO heritage sites as a factor of tourism FDI. The results show that the recognition of UNESCO heritage sites, along with domestic tourism demand are leading factors of tourism FDI. In addition, we document some interesting findings regarding the traditional determinants of tourism FDI. Economic growth, trade openness, and depreciation of the domestic currency are found to have a positive impact, while labor force participation rate, and agricultural share in total output have a negative impact. The study also documents detailed effects of various aspects of institutional quality on tourism FDI. We find a rich set of results, including a positive impact by better government stability, voice, and accountability, and low risk of external conflict, and mixed effects by the other aspects of institutional quality. The results imply that FDI inflows in tourism reflect both common FDI features and tourism-specific FDI motivations.

Digital economy, resource richness, external conflicts, and ecological footprint: Evidence from emerging countries

The overexploitation and unsustainable utilization of important natural resources owing to economic progress have accelerated the negative externalities of overwhelming consumption leading to massive increases in ecological footprint. In addition, the situation of increasing conflicts poses severe challenges, such as energy insecurity, increased fossil fuel use, and environmental unsustainability. However, the transformation of energy systems and economic processes by stimulating clean energy utilization and supporting the process of digitalization may influence resource usage and environmental footprints. Accordingly, this study investigates the impact of natural resources, digital economy and clean energy on ecological footprint in emerging countries from 2003 to 2018 by including external conflicts in the model. The Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) method is employed which produces panel estimates robust to cross-sectional dependence (CSD) and slope heterogeneity. The empirical results indicate that natural resources expand footprints in emerging economies and pose serious threats to ecological quality. However, the digital economy and clean energy help to reduce ecological footprint. In addition, decreasing conflicts curtail ecological footprint while economic progress worsens environmental quality. Based on these estimates, comprehensive policies for energy transition, sustainable natural resource use, and digitalization are directed to support environmental quality.

CONFLICT AND MORALITY OF CHARACTERS IN NOVEL

This study aims to describe the conflict and morality contained in the novel Rumahtanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia. The theory used is the opinion put forward by Ahadiat(2017) on the theory of ”Language Style”, Nurgiyantoro (2013) on ”The Meaning ofNovels”, Nuriyatin (2016) on ”Conflict”, and Putra (2021) on ”Moral Values”. This type ofresearch is a qualitative research using descriptive method. Based on data analysis,the characters in the novel Rumah tanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia experienced internalconflict consisting of 25 data and experienced external conflict consisting of 25 data.Based on the amount of data on internal conflict and external conflict, it is found that theconflict is equally dominant, because the amount of data shows the balance betweeninternal conflict and external conflict contained in the novel Rumah tanpa Jendela byAsma Nadia. Moral values in the novel Rumah tanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia, thereare good values and bad values. Good value is found in the character Rara who nevergives up in realizing her dreams, so that Rara can finally realize the dream that Raracontemplates every day. While bad scores were found in the characters of Abah andUmmi Alia who forced their will without thinking about Alia’s feelings, and bad scoreswere also found in the characters of Bude Asih who initially worked as prostitutes.From these results it can be concluded that there are 21 characters in the novel Rumahtanpa Jendela by Asma Nadia, but only 8 characters have conflict and morality. Themost dominant conflict is found in the main character, namely Rara which consistsof 26 data, while the most dominant moral value is good value which consists of 31 data.
 Keywords: conflict, morality, character, novel, rumah , tanpa jendela

Analisis Tokoh dan Latar Belakang Terjadinya Konflik dalam Novel Kudasai Karya Brian Khrisna

<p><em>This study aims to: 1 Know the analysis of the characters contained in the novel Kudasai by Brian Khrisna. 2. Describe the conflicts that occur in the novel Kudasai by Brian Krishna. The method used in this research is descriptive method. This method is used to analyze the characters and conflicts in the novel Kudasai by Brian Krishna. The results of the analysis show that the main character in the story is Chaka and additional characters Twindy, Anet, Romi, Deni, Ryan, Dimas who are the supporters of the story. To describe the conflict problems contained in the novel using data based on quotations that contain internal and external conflicts. The results of the conflict research show that internal conflicts in the novel Kudasai consist of: nervous feelings, forced feelings, feelings of love or affection, feelings of suspicion, feelings of anger, feelings of fear, feelings of guilt, feelings of anxiety, feelings of disappointment, feelings of sadness, feelings of hatred, and feelings upset, and external conflicts include physical conflicts and social conflicts.</em></p><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong><em>: Novel, Character, Conflict</em>

How can small businesses strengthen their resilience to unexpected crises?

Small firms are increasingly exposed to external shocks, like pandemics, inflation surge, global and local conflicts, natural disasters. A common issue is how to address these shocks and how to enable the organization to survive and continue doing business. This study explores responses to crises in some firms along a particularly challenging period, how they responded to external shocks and finds out which factors help in building their resilience.

LGBQ+ college students’ expressions of grief during sexual identity development: photographic insights from a qualitative study

Featuring the experiences of 14 LGBQ+ college students at U.S. institutions across the country, this paper centers on photographs participants took and reflected on as they described expressions of grief relative to their sexual identity development (SID). Drawn from an interview-based narrative inquiry study focused on how LGBQ+ students detail ambiguous loss in SID by considering stories and photos, we employed narrative analysis to examine their photos and data gathered through two individual interviews with each participant. Guided by a conceptual framework integrating literature on SID and scholarship on the social constructionist model of grief, we identified four thematic expressions of grief: Navigating External and Internal Conflicts Shaped by Oppressive Structures, Articulating Varied Emotional Responses in SID, Processes Associated with Coming into Queerness, and Engaging with the Future as Unknown, Yet Filled with Hope. We provide implications for research, as well as for practice targeted at educational and counseling professionals.

ANALISIS KONFLIK SOSIAL DALAM CERPEN “CINTA LELAKI BIASA (Asma Nadia - True Story)”

A conflict is an argument or disagreement between two or more people. Political conflicts arose from the existence of political power. The essence of political power is society as an object. Conflict is part of social life and arises from personality differences arising from human interactions. The social conflict in this (Asma Nadia - true story) short story "cinta lelakibiasa" refers to external conflicts, especially social conflicts. This conflict initially arises due to the social status and social class conflict between the wealthy Nania and the poor Lafri. Nania's parents do not bless Rafli to live with Nania because because of this status Nania and Rafli's love becomes an obstacle. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Information is provided in the form of words and quotes

EU cultural heritage protection actions in post conflict countries

This article provides an overview of EU policy in the field of cultural heritage protection with particular emphasis on post conflict countries. The analysis describes and evaluates the overall EU’s approach in all areas of EU engagement in this domain, towards the subject of effective mandate implementation of civilian CSDP Missions with the protection of cultural assets in their field of operation. The concluding remarks compare achievements and shortcomings of ongoing missions against their mandates and objectives, outlining some selected EU initiatives which aim at improving the EU’s performance and propose further steps in the protection of cultural heritage.The EU has contributed to reconstruction, restauration or revitalisation of cultural heritage affected by recent conflicts and crises in Libya, Iraq, Yemen, promoting at the same time social cohesion, new job creation and reconciliation. Part of recovery processes, the projects in Cameroon, Somalia, Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Kosovo, Republic of Moldova, etc. have contributed to improved inter-community trust through cultural heritage protection. Resent Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has caused thousands of deaths and major economic damages, brought destruction of civilian infrastructure and considerably affected cultural heritage. Monuments, museums, archaeological sides and archives, etc. were fully destroyed or brutally damaged. This triggered EUto recognise the importance of ensuring synergies and coordination between the EU and its Member States for maximization of the impact of our actions in support for cultural heritage in conflicts and crises, and in line with the EU Integrated Approach to External Conflicts and Crises.

Političko liderstvo i očuvanje nacionalnih prioriteta (na primjeru Generala Primo de Rivera)

Spain did not take part in the First World War (1914-1918), but its political consequences were reflected in the subsequent crisis that gripped the entire Spanish society. The post-war economic crisis led to an increase in social tension (emergence of inflationary processes, reduction in the supply of basic necessities, low wage growth) and to the strengthening of nationalism. The economic crisis further exacerbates social conflicts and disrupts the social structure of society. The problem in Morocco is also contributing to the country's financial deficit and exacerbating existing problems. Added to this was the political instability and ministerial crises of the period 1917-1923. The constitutional monarchy made efforts to maintain the status quo, but internal and external conflicts strongly affected the stability of the institution. General elections were held four times and eleven different governments were formed. It is the crisis of the parliamentary system that creates opportunities for changes in the Spanish political system. All this leads the country to a political impasse, which the military in the person of General Primo de Rivera takes advantage of. The intervention of the army in the political life of Spain is an attempt to resolve the conflicts among the rulers, but the crisis deepens not only in Parliament, but also in society. Constant contradictions give rise to hatred of politics. The army takes the responsibility (thus the king hides from the responsibility) of rearranging the political system or building a new one and meets the approval of the majority of the society, which is ready for political reorganization. The conditions in the country are ready for a coup, the main actors are needed who will go down in history and who will take advantage of the situation to take power. The man who takes a tougher stance, as well as the challenge of running the country after a series of failed governments, is General Primo de Rivera. He established a dictatorship and ruled Spain from 1923-1930. The coup was carried out on the 13th of September 1923. Then General Primo de Rivera issued a Manifesto, which was an address to the army and society and marked the main responsibilities and commitments that were undertaken for implementation. The civilian government of the dictatorship began an active economic and social policy. It was largely successful and coincided with the worldwide economic boom of the mid-1920s. Reforms were also undertaken in the social, educational and military systems. Changes are taking place in both political and ecclesiastical life. Attempts are being made to resolve the regional problem and the existing situation in Morocco. There are also innovations in relations with the republics of Latin America. In view of later historical developments, it is clear that this regime could not have lasted long, but in a sense it became the basis of the subsequent “new state” regime after 1939. The time frame of the two dictatorships is long enough and the parallels and the events are different, but some ideas, institutions and even politicians in power in 1939 inherited the dictatorial years of 1923-1930. This coincides with the transformations that occurred in many European countries after the end of the First World War. The administration of General Primo de Rivera left an imprint on the historical development of Spain and served as an example for many European countries, including the Balkans.

PERAN TOKOH ELIS DAN KONFLIK SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL ELIS TANDIGO KARYA ERLINA MAMUS

The problems discussed in this study are (1) How is the role of Elis character in the novel Elis Tandigo by Erlina Mamus? (2) How is the internal conflict in the novel Elis Tandigo by Erlina Mamus? (3) How is the external conflict in the novel Elis Tandigo by Erlina Mamus?. The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) the role of Elis character in Elis Tandigo novel by Erlina Mamus (2) internal conflict in Elis Tandigo novel by Erlina Mamus (3) External conflict in Elis Tandigo novel by Erlina Mamus. In conducting this research, the method used is descriptive qualitative method. The main data source in this research comes from the novel Elis Tandigo by Erlina Mamus. Data collection in this research uses literature study technique by reading and understanding the novel. The data analysis technique uses a flowing analysis technique which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on the research conducted, it is concluded that this novel tells the story of Elis who plays a very important role because she is often the person in solving problems or solving problems in society.

Panel data analysis of internal conflict and income inequality

The study determines how worsening internal and external conflict affects income inequality. The paper accounts for contributing variables and analyzes panel data in an unbalanced panel of 106 countries from 1988 to 2018—the panel data model groups by development status. The econometric model uses Driscoll and Kraay standard errors to account for heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional dependence, and autocorrelation. Worsening internal conflict increases income inequality in developing countries but not in developed countries. Worsening of internal conflict by one standard deviation increases income inequality by 0.068 in developing counties. External conflict does not noticeably affect income inequality in developed or developing panels.

Crypto-asset market development: the role of country’s institutional quality

PurposeCrypto-asset can be traded on many different exchanges worldwide with servers located in countries with different financial characteristics and institutional surroundings. Trading volume on these servers varies considerably regarding the server’s location, even though the prices do not differ greatly. Crypto-asset markets are poorly regulated and, as such, may leave a place for potential fraudulent activities and be linked to corruption. This paper aims to examine the role of country’s institutions in attracting Bitcoin traders.Design/methodology/approachAssuming heterogeneity between countries where crypto-asset exchange servers are located, the Pool Mean Group Estimator is used.FindingsResults indicate that, from institutional variables, corruption in the country attracts while internal and external conflicts repel investors. Additionally, the growth of global uncertainty and the decline in the local stock markets motivate investors to trade Bitcoin.Originality/valuePrevious research has empirically proved the importance of institutions’ quality for financial market development. This paper goes one step further and tries to empirically confirm the theoretical assumptions and investigate in detail the role of institutions in choosing servers in a particular country for Bitcoin trading.

THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE GOVERNOR OF SIJISTAN, PRINCE KHALAF BIN AHMAD AL-SIJISTANI (350_399 AH / 961_1003 AD)

Prince Khalaf bin Ahmed was born in the year (326 AH / 938 AD), and he is from a family of Persian origins. His lineage goes back on the mother’s side to the falconers who ruled the Islamic East after they took Sijistan as their capital. After several decades, Prince Khalaf bin Ahmed was able to take over with his cunning and political sophistication. And administrative, he ruled the province of Sijistan, as he continued to rule this region for several decades from (355 AH / 961 AD) to (393 AH / 1003 AD), as his rule ended at the hands of Sultan Mahmud al-Ghaznawi after the latter invaded the region in the year (393 AH / 1003 AD) and arrested its governor Khalaf bin Ahmed He exiled him to the city of Al-Jawzjan, then he passed the term for a year (399 AH / 1009 AD). The governor Khalaf was able to rule the city with fire and iron because of the large number of internal rebellions that directly affected political life, especially the conflict that took place between members of his family, as well as the external conflict. To secure his relations with the Samanids and the Ghaznavids, and to extend his authority to the cities of his neighboring regions, such as Kerman, Quhistan, and Busheng. However, this policy of his did not succeed and last, as it soon turned against him because of his misbehavior with his subjects, especially his sons.

Interpolity Law and Jurisdictional Politics

AbstractChallenging the common assumption that legal misunderstanding was pervasive, this article analyzes jurisdictional politics as an element of “interpolity law”—a broad framework for legal interactions across polities and regions in the early modern world. It draws on recent research on jurisdictional politics to show how such an approach allows historians to avoid some of the familiar pitfalls associated with studies of legal pluralism. This approach provides clear methodological advantages over the study of global legal history as a function of multi-normativity. Political communities across the globe centered on internal and external conflicts on the nature and reach of legal authority. By focusing on jurisdiction as a touchstone of legal action and tracing how legal authority was produced through conflict, our approach treats legal pluralism as a valuable descriptive term rather than an analytical framework. The study of jurisdictional politics portrays state authority as potentially one among many forms of legal authority, and it brings into sharp focus continuities within and across pluri-political regions. By tracking broad institutional shifts that occurred when empires and states moved to assert power over multi-jurisdictional orders, the perspective informs new narratives about trajectories of regional and global legal order.

Examining Student Testing and Debugging Within a Computational Systems Modeling Context

Interpreting and creating computational systems models is an important goal of science education. One aspect of computational systems modeling that is supported by modeling, systems thinking, and computational thinking literature is “testing, evaluating, and debugging models.” Through testing and debugging, students can identify aspects of their models that either do not match external data or conflict with their conceptual understandings of a phenomenon. This disconnect encourages students to make model revisions, which in turn deepens their conceptual understanding of a phenomenon. Given that many students find testing and debugging challenging, we set out to investigate the various testing and debugging behaviors and behavioral patterns that students use when building and revising computational system models in a supportive learning environment. We designed and implemented a 6-week unit where students constructed and revised a computational systems model of evaporative cooling using SageModeler software. Our results suggest that despite being in a common classroom, the three groups of students in this study all utilized different testing and debugging behavioral patterns. Group 1 focused on using external peer feedback to identify flaws in their model, group 2 used verbal and written discourse to critique their model’s structure and suggest structural changes, and group 3 relied on systemic analysis of model output to drive model revisions. These results suggest that multiple aspects of the learning environment are necessary to enable students to take these different approaches to testing and debugging.

A validation of the religious and spiritual struggles scale among young people living with HIV in Zimbabwe: Mokken scale analysis and exploratory factor analysis.

Religious/spiritual convictions and practices can influence health- and treatment-seeking behavior, but only few measures of religiousness or spirituality have been validated and used outside of the US. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles scale (RSS) measures internal and external conflict with religion and spirituality and has been validated mainly in different high-income contexts. The aim of this study was the validation of the RSS in the Zimbabwean context and among young people living with human immunodeficiency virus (YPLHIV) aged 14-24. Data collection with an Open Data Kit (ODK) questionnaire with 804 respondents took place in 2021. The validation was performed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using statistical equation modeling (SEM), and Mokken scale analysis (MSA). After the low confirmability of the original scale sub-dimensions exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied. The EFA resulted in four new sub-domains that were different from the original six domains in the RSS but culturally more relevant. The new sub-domains are significantly related to health. The findings support the validity and relevance of the RSS and the new sub-domains in this context. As our study was limited to YPLHIV, further validation of the RSS among different population groups and contexts in the sub-Saharan region is encouraged.

Erzwungene Neutralität? (Deutsch-)Österreichs Verhältnis zu Polen während des Polnisch-Sowjetischen Krieges 1919–1921

The article examines the political as well as economic relations of (Deutsch-) Österreich with Poland during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1921. The economic relations of the two newly founded states began as early as November 1918 and were shaped by different needs of Poland and Deutsch-Österreich: While Poland needed weapons for its numerous border conflicts, (Deutsch-)Österreich had a massive supply crisis due to the lack of coal and food. Soon, Austrian countertrade in the form of military equipment from the former Austro-Hungarian Army in exchange for coal and food from Poland led to serious internal and external political conflicts. The article therefore shows not only how Austrian armaments found their way to Poland, but also how Austria pragmatically used its own neutrality before being forced by Soviet Russia to declare neutrality in the Polish-Soviet War. Finally, the article presents the contemporary perception of the Polish-Soviet War in Austria as an integral part of the “Greater War” that has been ongoing since 1914.

Regional and spatial impacts of external and internal conflicts on ecological footprint: the case of Middle East and Africa.

The economic and environmental structures of countries are greatly impacted by domestic and foreign conflicts. To promote sustainable development, it is crucial to understand the spatial impact of these conflicts on the ecological footprint of a region. With a focus on Middle Eastern and African countries, this paper investigates the impact of such conflicts on their environments, taking into consideration the unique spatial features of their ecological footprints. Using a spatial econometric model, the study assesses the contributions of ecological footprint determinants, particularly internal and external conflict indicators, across 46 Middle Eastern and African countries from 2001 to 2019. The results indicate that internal conflict can lead to increased pressure on natural resources and ecological systems in neighboring countries, while energy use and economic growth impose a significant ecological burden both domestically and abroad. While urbanization and resource rents were found to reduce the ecological footprint, trade openness was found to be nonsignificant. Conflicts such as war, foreign pressure, civil war, and civil disorder were found to have a significant negative impact on the environment, suggesting that reducing these conflicts would improve environmental circumstances. The findings highlight the need for conflict resolution measures to achieve a sustainable environment in the Middle Eastern and African regions and have implications for other countries facing similar issues.

Stakeholders in venues of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games: a critical analysis

The aim of this study was to identify and classify stakeholders in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic venues and to examine the stakeholders’ interest demands and work relationships with other entities as they pursue effective strategies of cooperative governance. We conducted an extensive literature review, analyzed documents related to the Games and other related international sporting events, investigated the financial statements of the 2022 Games venues, and used semi-structured interviews (n = 7) to address the research questions. Findings show that key stakeholders in venues for the 2022 Games include the following: central government, local government, International Olympic Committee, organizing committee of the 2022 Games, financial investors, infrastructure builders, event operators, financing companies, marketing firms, media companies, professional experts, non-governmental organizations, and the general public. The conflicts among stakeholders exist between government departments and market players, between government departments and the social public, and between the central government and local governments. Internal and external conflicts exist in contractual relationships, internal contractual relationships, and operational contractual relationships. Resolving these issues is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of venue operations and preparedness for the 2022 Games.

REFUSAL OF UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS FOR SECURITY MISSIONS IN CONFLICT COUNTRIES AS A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Arrangements for peacekeeping forces can be found in the UN Charter, in particular Article 1 of the Charter, which sets out its mission objectives as a form of world peace. As the oldest subject of international law, the state, in the essence of international relations, cannot be separated from internal and external conflicts. Thus, this kind of conflict could threaten international peace and security. Therefore, it is important to study international legal review of the rules of world peacekeepers in conflict countries and the rejection of world peacekeepers in conflict countries within the framework of international law. The research method used is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concluded that These peacekeepers could participate in countries experiencing conflict, regulated by UN Security Council decisions through their resolutions. The peacekeeping force also has several main principles, such as the agreement of the parties, impartiality, and not using force except for self-defence and maintaining the mandate of resolutions and a state that rejects the presence of peacekeepers is included in violations of international law; rejecting the results of a joint agreement against UN Security Council resolutions. The UN Security Council resolutions have been considered customary law and a source of international law with binding legal force.