Extension Of Legs Research Articles

Effects of complex-contrast training on physical fitness in male field hockey athletes

Abstract Study aim: This study aimed to examine the effects of a six-week complex-contrast training (CCT) intervention on the physical fitness of male field hockey athletes. Material and methods: Participants were randomized into a CCT (n = 8) or control (CG; n = 6) group. Physical fitness was assessed pre- and post-six-week intervention using a 30 m linear sprint test, medicine ball throw, standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), modified T-test (MAT), and unilateral isokinetic maximal strength test (knee flexion and extension) of both legs. The six-week CCT intervention was integrated as three weekly sessions within the sport-specific training schedule of field hockey athletes. Each session included four contrast pair exercises (e.g., squat + squat jump). ANCOVA with baseline scores as a covariate was used to analyze the specific training effects. Results: Significant differences between CCT and CG were observed in the 30 m sprint, CMJA, MAT, and isokinetic strength (p < 0.001–0.013) after the intervention, favoring the CCT group. Further, post-hoc analyses revealed significant pre to post improvements in all dependent variables for the CCT group (p < 0.001–0.001; effect size [g] = 0.28–2.65; %Δ = 3.1–16.3), but not in the CG (p = 0.169–0.991; g = 0.00–0.32; %Δ = 0.0–2.6). Conclusion: Supplementing regular field hockey training with CCT is recommended as an effective training strategy to improve the performance of linear sprints, vertical jumps, changes of direction, and muscle strength in amateur male field hockey athletes.

Divertor leg control of a quasi‐symmetry stellarator with external coils and its consequences for transport

AbstractA control method of the divertor configuration using external saddle loop coils is investigated for a quasi‐symmetry stellarator device. Multiple coils are used to modify the divertor configuration while keeping the rotational transform distribution in the core region the same. The external coils successfully shrink the core plasma region and extend the divertor legs. From the transport analysis with the EMC3‐EIRENE code, it is confirmed that the dependence of the electron temperature of the core plasma on the position of the plasma‐facing walls is weakened by the extension of the divertor legs. The increase of the divertor particle flux and the increase of energy loss due to radiation and charge exchange processes are also confirmed.

Extension of Dancer's Legs: Increasing Angles Show Motion.

Usain Bolt’s Lightning Bolt pose, one arm highly extended to one side, suggests action. Likewise, static pictures of animals, legs extended, show animation. We tested a new cue for motion perception—extension—and in particular extension of dancer’s legs. An experiment with pictures of a dancer finds larger angles between the legs suggest greater movement, especially with in-air poses and in lateral views. Leg positions graded from simply standing to very difficult front and side splits. Liking ratings (a small range) were more related to Difficulty ratings (a large range) than Movement ratings (a moderate range).

ASSESSMENT OF THE CORRELATION OF INTERRELATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN SORGHUM

In modern conditions, the need for cultivation of grain sorghum in regions with insufficient moisture is determined by its high yield and grain quality. For practical breeding, with the objective of assessing linkages 19 morphological and physiological traits model of the population including 15 varieties and 2 promising lines of grain sorghum that is created in the Russian Research and Design Technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize. The biochemical composition of the grain of the objects of research is presented graphically.
 A different degree of variation in the characteristics of grain sorghum was revealed: very strong (V> 40,0%) - productive bushiness, number of grains from 1 panicle; strong (20,0% <V <40,0%) - the width of the panicle, the extension of the panicle leg, the thickness of the upper internode, the area of the flag leaf, the area of the fourth on top of the leaf, the mass of the grain from 1 panicle; weak (V <10,0%) - the height of the plants after 30 days, the height of the plants during maturation. The group with an average degree of variation (10.0% <V <20.0%) includes all other signs measured in the experiment. Factor analysis was used to optimize, interpret the calculated matrix of correlation coefficients. In the analysis of the correlation coefficient matrix, hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance are calculated. The first hypothetical factor is determined by the high effects of morphophysiological features. The second factor is largely due to the contribution of plant height 30 days after germination and the extension of the panicle legs. Plant height at maturity, weight of 1000 grains make the greatest contribution to the third factor. The width of the panicle makes the greatest contribution to the accumulated dispersion of the fourth factor. The fifth factor is determined by the effects of plant height at the beginning and end of vegetation, as well as the total contribution of all studied features.

Waist-assistive exoskeleton powered by a singular actuation mechanism for prevention of back-injury

This paper proposes the design of an electrically-powered waist assistive exoskeleton wire-driven only by one actuator and its control method. The developed exoskeleton is intended to reduce muscle fatigue and further prevent back-injury of industrial workers who undergo repeated, intensive waist motions. Considering requirements specially for industrial purposes, system performances related to cost, weight, operational time, and system endurance & maintainability of the robot have to be specially pursued. Therefore, reduction in the number of actuators without deteriorating the robot’s main function can be an effective approach. Along with this concept, only the single actuator mounted on the back part of the robot is proposed to simultaneously drive both legs by wire through a differential gear mechanism. The applied differential mechanism allows natural motions generally observed in human walking with almost zero mechanical impedance, but the waist motion for lifting-up heavy objects can be assisted by the powered extension of both legs. A current control algorithm embedded in a micro-controller is specially designed to achieve objectives of the robot.In order to evaluate the waist assistance provided by the developed robot, activation signals of electromyography (EMG) on main muscles of working wearers related to waist motions were measured. Further, the usability was evaluated using the responses of a questionnaire survey. Thus, the proposed method for waist assistance by a singular actuator is verified to be conclusively effective.

Self-righting potential and the evolution of shell shape in Gal\xe1pagos tortoises

Self-righting, the capacity of an animal to self-turn after falling on its back, is a fitness-related trait. Delayed self-righting can result in loss of mating opportunities or death. Traits involved in self-righting may therefore be under selection. Galápagos giant tortoises have two main shell morphologies - saddleback and domed – that have been proposed to be adaptive. The more sloped shape on the sides of the shell and the longer extension of neck and legs of the saddlebacks could have evolved to optimize self-righting. The drier environments with more uneven surfaces where the saddleback tortoises occur increases their risk to fall on their back while walking. The ability to fast overturn could reduce the danger of dying. To test this hypothesis, we used 3D shell reconstructions of 89 Galápagos giant tortoises from three domed and two saddleback species to compare self-righting potential of the two shell morphotypes. Our results indicate that saddleback shells require higher energy input to self-right than domed ones. This suggests that several traits associated with the saddleback shell morphology could have evolved to facilitate self-righting. Studying the functional performances of fitness-related traits, as in this work, could provide important insight into the adaptive value of traits.

Sand transport and burrow construction in sparassid and lycosid spiders

A desert-living spider sparassid (Cebrennus rechenbergi Jäger, 2014) and several lycosid spiders (Evippomma rechenbergi Bayer, Foelix & Alderweireldt 2017, Allocosa senex (Mello-Leitão, 1945), Geolycosa missouriensis (Banks, 1895)) were studied with respect to their burrow construction. These spiders face the problem of how to transport dry sand and how to achieve a stable vertical tube. Cebrunnus rechenbergi and A. senex have long bristles on their palps and chelicerae which form a carrying basket (psammophore). Small balls of sand grains are formed at the bottom of a tube and carried to the burrow entrance, where they are dispersed. Psammophores are known in desert ants, but this is the first report in desert spiders. Evippomma rechenbergi has no psammophore but carries sand by using a few sticky threads from the spinnerets; it glues the loose sand grains together, grasps the silk/sand bundle and carries it to the outside. Although C. rechenbergi and E. rechenbergi live in the same environment, they employ different methods to carry sand. Geolycosa missouriensis lives in a moister habitat and produces solid sand pellets in which sand grains are caked together (without silk threads); the compact pellets are flung away from the burrow entrance by a rapid extension of the first legs. The spiders stabilize the developing tube inside by repeatedly adding silk rings, while digging down. This wall is very thin, consisting of only a few layers of crisscrossing silk threads. An excavated burrow collapses immediately, indicating that the stability is not due to the silk. Instead, the tight interconnection of neighboring sand grains—as in a vault—yields the necessary solidity to the burrow.

Effect of combination of ozonation and vacuum packaging on shelf life extension of fresh chicken legs during storage under refrigeration

The objective of the present study was to investigate the combined effect of different ozone dose (2, 5, and 10 mg/L) and of vacuum packaging on shelf life extension of fresh chicken legs, packaged with polyamide/polyethylene bags and stored at 4 ± 1 °C, for 16 days. Parameters considered were: microbiological (TVC, Pseudomonas spp., LAB, Yeasts and moulds, and Enterobacteriaceae), physicochemical (pH, colour parameters) and sensory (odour, appearance, texture, and taste) attributes. The results obtained in this study showed that physicochemical parameters varied significantly (P < 0.05) depending on ozonation dose and storage time. Populations of spoilage flora along with sensory properties, were affected by packaging technology and storage time (P < 0.05). Conclusively, the combination of gaseous ozone of 10 mg/L and vacuum packaging, under refrigeration, resulted to a 6 days shelf life extension of chicken legs, as compared to single vacuum packaging. The modeling of microbial growth, resulted in the collection of positive results (P < 0.05).

Combined effect of ozonation and packaging on shelf life extension of fresh chicken legs during storage under refrigeration

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different ozone doses (2, 5, and 10mg/L) on shelf life extension of fresh chicken legs, packaged in polyamide/poleyethylene bags and stored at 4±1°C, for a period of 12days. Parameters taken into account were: microbiological (Total viable count, Pseudomonas spp., Lactic acid bacteria, Yeasts and molds, and Enterobacteriaceae), physicochemical (pH, colour) and sensory (odor, appearance, texture, and taste) attributes. Results showed that colour parameter values (L*, a*, and b*) were not affected by the gaseous ozone dose, whereas only L* and b* were reduced during storage in all samples. pH was reduced by storage time but was not affected by ozonation dose and packaging. Total viable count and Pseudomonas spp., increased statistically significant with ozonation dose and storage time, but were not affected by packaging. Yeasts, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactic acid bacteria, were decreased during storage, packaging and ozonation dose. Finally, sensory examination (appearance, texture, odor and taste) showed that samples treated with ozone concentration of 10mg/L retained the original characteristic features of fresh chicken legs as compared to the control samples. The gaseous ozone treatment of 10mg/L for 1h, to chicken legs packaged in plastic containers of polyamide/polyethylene under refrigeration, is appropriate for maintaining freshness and quality of chicken, since their shelf life was extended by 4days, as compared to the control samples.

A new clinical test for measurement of lower limb specific range of motion in football players: Design, reliability and reference findings in non-injured players and those with long-standing adductor-related groin pain

ObjectiveThe association between groin pain and range of motion is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to develop a test to measure sport specific range of motion (SSROM) of the lower limb, to evaluate its reliability and describe findings in non-injured (NI) and injured football players. DesignCase-controlled. Setting6 Dutch elite clubs, 6 amateur clubs and a sports medicine practice. Participants103 NI elite and 83 NI amateurs and 57 football players with unilateral adductor-related groin pain. Main outcome measuresSport specific hip extension, adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation of both legs were examined with inclinometers. Test-retest reliability (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated. Non-injured players were compared with the injured group. ResultsIntra and inter tester ICCs were acceptable and ranged from 0.90 to 0.98 and 0.50–0.88. SEM ranged from 1.3 to 9.2° and MDC from 3.7 to 25.6° for single directions and total SSROM. Both non-injured elite and amateur players had very similar total SSROM in non-dominant and dominant legs (188–190, SD ± 25). Injured players had significant (p < 0.05) total SSROM deficits with 187(SD ± 31)° on the healthy and 135(SD ± 29)° on the injured side. ConclusionThe SSROM test shows acceptable reliability. Loss of SSROM is found on the injured side in football players with unilateral adductor-related groin pain. Whether this is the cause or effect of groin pain cannot be stated due to the study design. Whether restoration of SSROM in injured players leads to improved outcomes should be investigated in new studies.

Application of the SPH method to solitary wave impact on an offshore platform

This paper investigates the interaction between large waves and floating offshore structures. Here, the fluid–structure interaction is considered using the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. To ensure the applicability of this method, we validate its prediction for fluid forces and rigid-body motion against two sets of experimental data. These are impact due to dam break, and wave induced motion of a floating cube. For the dam break problem, the SPH method is used to predict impact forces on a rectangular column located downstream. In the second case of a floating cube, the SPH method simulates the motion of a buoyant cube under the action of induced waves, where a wall placed upstream of the cube is displaced sinusoidally to induce waves. In both cases, the SPH framework implemented is able to accurately reproduce the experimental results. Following validation, we apply this framework to simulation of a toy model of a tension-leg platform upon impact of a large solitary wave. This analysis shows that the platform may be pulled into the water by stretched tension legs, where the extension of the tension legs also governs the rotational behavior of the platform. The result also indicates that a tension-leg platform is very unlikely to topple over during the arrival of an extreme wave.

Visual display in Blanchard's cricket frogs (Acris blanchardi)

Abstract Most reports of anuran visual displays (especially those involving extension of the back legs) are of tropical species living within noisy habitats. Here, we provide a descriptive report of visual displays involving back leg extension in a temperate anuran, Blanchard's cricket frog (Acris blanchardi). We observed male cricket frogs engaging in bouts of display, lasting an average of 2.9 min and incorporating both visual and acoustic signals. In a typical display bout, frogs near each other began circling (during a chorus at the pond) within a small area while extending their back legs and occasionally vocalizing. Rarely, the frogs would attack one another by hopping onto, then off, an opponent. Bouts ended when individuals stopped displaying while remaining near each other. The most common behaviors observed during a display bout, in order of decreasing frequency, were leg extensions, direction changes, forward movements, and vocalizations. These observations increase prospects for the study of e...

Technology Focus: Multilateral/Extended Reach (May 2014)

Technology Focus The oil industry has always been innovative, even under adverse and challenging conditions imposed by the nature of upstream projects. In the past, drilling and completion activities have faced the complexity of the wells and tougher operational and environmental regulations with ingenuity and efficiency. Some prospects considered not feasible 5 years ago are delivering an attractive rate of return to shareholders after the implementation of new techniques. On a day-by- day basis, deepwater, extended-reach, slimhole, and environmentally sensitive drilling projects are reaching the limit of industry capability and pushing for faster evolution in terms of technology, equipment, and procedures. It is not rare anymore to deal with prospects that require pressure ratings of 20,000 psi, temperatures greater than 350°F, and measured depths to 40,000 ft. These challenging project characteristics are leading to a review of conventional techniques and the use of innovative technology for wellbore positioning in a thin oil column, long horizontal drilling and completion legs, extremely low fracture margin in deepwater wells, and downhole tool telemetry. In the case of extended-reach wells (ERWs), the extension of horizontal legs aligned with low gradient fracture in deepwater projects requires an appropriate pressure-management system to mitigate the effect of friction losses at bottomhole conditions. The horizontal legs of multilaterals and ERWs are reaching lengths of 11,000 to 12,000 ft, with corresponding high friction losses that preclude the setting of casing shoes at planned depth in conventional drilling methods because of the equivalent circulating density (ECD). This challenge becomes even more critical when dealing with deepwater environments. Techniques such as the Reelwell drilling method (RDM) and managed-pressure drilling (MPD) have advanced considerably in recent years and are now feasible alternatives to mitigate the ECD and, consequently, are helping the execution of ERWs onshore and offshore. For example, RDM has a unique flow architecture that uses a conventional drillstring combined with an inner string to form a dual-conduit drillstring. This arrangement allows the return fluid containing cuttings to be transported back through the inside of the drillstring, thus eliminating the ECD. RDM also has the advantage of increasing the drilling envelope for ERWs because of torque and drag reduction and optional hydraulic weight on bit caused by a piston-type arrangement at the drillstring. It is difficult to comment about all the new available technologies in this summary, but the following papers address other advancements that are making possible the continuity of drilling and completion activities in a responsible, safe, and feasible way. JPT Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 166143 Multilateral Wells in the Urucu Field of Western Brazil: Reducing Environmental Impact in the Amazon by Sandro Mendes, Petrobras, et al. OTC 23985 Combining Contemporary and Tested Technologies To Achieve Successful Deepwater Extended-Reach Completions by Ray Brister, Chevron, et al. SPE/IADC 168049 New Rotary- Shouldered Connection Expands the Capability of World-Record ERD Operation by S.R. Sanford, ExxonMobil, et al.

A cockroach that jumps

We report on a newly discovered cockroach (Saltoblattella montistabularis) from South Africa, which jumps and therefore differs from all other extant cockroaches that have a scuttling locomotion. In its natural shrubland habitat, jumping and hopping accounted for 71 per cent of locomotory activity. Jumps are powered by rapid and synchronous extension of the hind legs that are twice the length of the other legs and make up 10 per cent of the body weight. In high-speed images of the best jumps the body was accelerated in 10 ms to a take-off velocity of 2.1 m s(-1) so that the cockroach experienced the equivalent of 23 times gravity while leaping a forward distance of 48 times its body length. Such jumps required 38 µJ of energy, a power output of 3.4 mW and exerted a ground reaction force through both hind legs of 4 mN. The large hind legs have grooved femora into which the tibiae engage fully in advance of a jump, and have resilin, an elastic protein, at the femoro-tibial joint. The extensor tibiae muscles contracted for 224 ms before the hind legs moved, indicating that energy must be stored and then released suddenly in a catapult action to propel a jump. Overall, the jumping mechanisms and anatomical features show remarkable convergence with those of grasshoppers with whom they share their habitat and which they rival in jumping performance.

Impacto del cuidado canguro en el estrés del neonato prematuro

Objective To assess the efficacy of Kangaroo Care (KC) in decreasing stress in newborns of 29-34 weeks’ post-menstrual age (PMA). Methods Quasi-experimental pre-post without control group analytical study conducted in the Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Neonatal Unit. The inclusion criteria were: infants 29 to 34 weeks’ PMA, in an incubator, did not have neurological pathology, were not post-surgical, and with a Spanish-speaking mother and/or father. The sample size was fifty-one premature infants. The study variables selected were: clinical variables (additional oxygen and pathology), socio-demographical variables (PMA, KC duration) and the outcome variable, premature infant stress, which consisted of two variables: the physiological stress signal and the behavioural stress response. The variables were collected at three different times: basal stress, during KC and after KC completion, making a comparison analysis between the basal stress and after KC. Results The response rate was 100%, without registering any loss. The stress variables that changed after the intervention (statistically significant) were: irregular breathing, trunk arching or hyperextension, very open fingers, contraction of the face muscles, apnea, irritability and exaggerated and sustained extension of arms and legs. O 2 saturation was 94.73% ± 3.05% before KC and 95.92% ± 2.97% after the intervention. The heart rate (HR) ranged from 158.14 ± 17.48 bpm (beats per minute) before the KC to 151.47 ± 4.47 bpm after it. Conclusions KC is related to the decrease in the occurrence of neonatal variables of stress, helping to organize motor and physiological systems to achieve a state of tranquillity.

Using CAD geometric variation approach machining complex workpiece by a 3-SPR parallel machine tool

A novel CAD geometric variation approach is proposed for machining the complex workpiece, caving letter on a 3D free-form surface, and milling cam by a 3-SPR parallel machine tool. First, a simulation mechanism of the 3-SPR parallel manipulator is created, and a workspace of the moving platform is constructed by the 3-SPR simulation mechanism. Second, the tool path guiding plane with complex workpiece and the simulation mechanism of the 3-SPR parallel machine tool are combined to form the whole simulation mechanism. Third, the extension of the active legs and the position of the moving platform are solved automatically and visualized dynamically by using simulation mechanism. Finally, the formulae for solving displacement kinematics of the 3-SPR parallel machine tool are derived. The results of the simulation mechanism are verified by kinematic analytic results. The CAD geometric variation approach is straightforward without compiling any program.

Escape flight initiation in the fly

Visually evoked escape flight initiation in Drosophila, according to the accepted account, involves a rapid extension of the middle legs that propels the fly into the air while the wings are still folded. This description has remained unchallenged and is accounted for in terms of the activation of a simple neural circuit, the Giant fibre (GF) system. The accepted description of escape is however inconsistent with the sequence of events recorded when the GF system is stimulated. Specifically, previous electrophysiological recordings have shown that the wing depressor muscles are activated before the wings are in a position to be depressed because they have not yet been elevated. Here we show that the accepted behavioural description is wrong. Escape flight initiation actually begins with wing elevation. The current model of the GF system is revised to account for the actual sequence of events that occur when a fly escapes.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRADITIONAL ACUPUNCTURE POINT, ST. 36 AND OMURA's ST.36 POINT (TRUE ST. 36) NEEDLING ON THE ISOKINETIC KNEE EXTENSION &amp; FLEXION STRENGTH OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the Traditional acupuncture point ST.36 and 'Omura's ST.36 Point' ("True ST.36") needling on the isokinetic knee extension & flexion strength of young soccer players. The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (B.D.O.R.T.) of Yoshiaki Omura, M.D.,Sc.D. was used to determine the "True ST.36". Young soccer players (N = 24) between 16-18 years of age (Mean = 16.92 +/- 0.65) were involved in the study. The extension & flexion strengths of dominant legs were measured with Cybex 350 Extremity System isokinetically. The testing velocity was 60 degrees/sec. The peak torque value in Newton meters (Nm) was evaluated. Subjects were tested 3 times. Extension & Flexion 1 (EXT1, FLEX1) without acupuncture application, EXT2 & FLEX2 after application on the traditional acupuncture point, ST.36 and EXT3 & FLEX3 after application onto the 'Omura's New Foot-point' ("True ST.36"). Before each test, subjects warmed up for 10 minutes by cycling on an isokinetic ergometer at 50 RPM, 75 Watts load followed by stretching exercises of lower extremity. Mean EXT1, EXT2, EXT3 values were 196.92 +/- 28.70: 210.00 +/- 23.00; 224.42 +/- 21.70 respectively, where FLEX1, FLEX2, FLEX3 were 140.88 +/- 22.45; 151.13 +/- 21.27; 161.00 +/- 22.23. Comparisons of EXT1-EXT2, EXT1-EXT3, EXT2-EXT3, FLEX1-FLEX2, FLEX1-FLEX3, FLEX2-FLEX3 strength values showed all very high significance (P < 0.001) in favor of 1) Needling on relevant points and 2) Omura's ST.36 Point ("True ST.36"). We conclude that B.D.O.R.T. can help to determine new (True) Acupuncture points and, both points were effective for increasing the isokinetic knee extension & flexion strength of young soccer players very significantly where as Omura's ST.36 Point ("True ST.36") was more effective than Traditional Acupuncture point, ST.36.

Unified Solving Jacobian∕Hessian Matrices of Some Parallel Manipulators With n SPS Active Legs and a Passive Constrained Leg

Some parallel manipulators with n spherical joint-prismatic joint-spherical joint (SPS)-type active legs and a passive constrained leg possess a larger capability of load bearing and are simple in structure of the active leg. In this paper, a unified and simple approach is proposed for solving Jacobian∕Hessian matrices and inverse∕forward velocity and acceleration of this type of parallel manipulators. First, a general parallel manipulator with n SPS-type active legs and one passive constrained leg in various possible serial structure is synthesized, and some formulae for solving the poses of constrained force∕torque and active∕constrained force matrix are derived. Second, the formulae for solving extension of active legs, the auxiliary velocity∕acceleration equation are derived. Third, the formulae for solving inverse∕forward velocity and acceleration and a Jacobian matrix without the first-order partial differentiation and a Hessian matrix without the second-order partial differentiation are derived. Finally, the procedure is applied to three parallel manipulators with four and five SPS-type active legs and one passive constrained leg in different serial structures and to illustrate.

Cardiovascular responses to static extension and flexion of arms and legs

This study compared cardiovascular responses to static extension and flexion exercises at four upper and lower limb joints. Eight males performed a 2 min static contraction at 30% of maximal voluntary torque followed immediately by 2 min post-exercise muscle ischaemia (PEMI) using each of four joints: the wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee. In the PEMI, an occlusion cuff placed around the proximal portion of the exercising muscle was inflated to 250 mmHg immediately before the cessation of exercise. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), calf blood flow, and calf vascular conductance (CVC) in the non-exercised calf were measured. There was a significant interaction for direction of movement (extension vs. flexion) and limb (upper vs. lower) in HR and CVC during both exercise and PEMI; extension in the wrist and elbow evoked a greater increase in HR and a greater decrease in CVC than flexion, whereas flexion in the ankle and knee elicited a greater increase in HR and a greater decrease in CVC than extension. These results suggest that the cardiovascular responses to extension and flexion differ between arms and legs, partly arising from the activation of the muscle metaboreflex.