Expressive Language Disorder Research Articles

Developmental language disorder: Maternal stress level and behavioural difficulties of children with expressive and mixed receptive-expressive DLD

PurposeThe current study aimed to compare bullying and victimisation behaviour, levels of emotional and behavioural problems and maternal stress in children with expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders. MethodsWe measured the bullying and victimisation behaviour, the emotional and behavioural problems as well as the maternal stress in a sample of 4-9-year-old children with language disorders (N = 65). ResultsOur main findings were that although bullying and victimisation were common in both groups; the children with expressive language disorders tended to be perpetrators (teacher-reported) while the children with mixed language disorders experienced more bullying and tended to be victims (self-reported); the latters’ mothers perceived significantly more stress compared to mothers of children with expressive language disorders. Furthermore, the results of the study indicate that, although the number of children within the family was identified as the strongest predictor explaining maternal stress, maternal stress is a multifactorial concept influenced by many factors. ConclusionFor a successful intervention in children with developmental language disorders, it seems to be very important to identify parental stressors beyond the treatment of the child’s problems.

Cognitive profile and disorders affecting higher brain functions in paediatric patients with neurofibromatosis type 1

IntroductionNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common neurocutaneous syndrome often associated with specific cognitive deficits that are rarely monitored during follow-up of these patients. ObjectiveThe purpose of our study is two-fold. First, we aimed to describe the cognitive profile of patients with NF1 and detect disorders in higher brain functions associated with the disease.Second, we identified the reasons for consultation associated with school performance in these patients. MethodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of 24 paediatric patients (ages 5–16) with NF1 who underwent neuropsychological assessment. ResultsThe most frequent reasons for consultation were attention deficits (58.33%), learning disorders (25%), poor motor coordination (25%), and language impairment (0.8%). Although 96% of the patients displayed impairments in at least one of the assessed areas, only 83.34% of the parents had reported such impairments. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was present in 58.33% of the patients, whereas 33.33% had nonverbal learning disabilities, 20.83% had expressive language disorder, 8.33% had borderline intellectual functioning, 4.16% had mental retardation, and only 4.16% showed no cognitive impairment. ConclusionHigher brain functions are frequently impaired in paediatric patients with NF1. Although many parents report such disorders, they can go undetected in some cases. Neuropsychological assessment is recommended for all paediatric patients with NF1 to detect cognitive impairment and provide early, effective rehabilitation treatment.

THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE DISORDER OF AN AUTISTIC SAVANT PORTRAYED IN LEVINSON’S RAIN MAN FILM (1988)

ABSTRACT Autistic savant as one of the language disorders can be found in daily life and it also can be portrayed in literary works and films. An autistic savant is a person with autism who has the limitation in most social functions but has cognitive abilities, such as possessing some outstanding memories and computational skills. This research aims to find out the types of language disorder and to find out the dominant type of language disorders found in autistic savant portrayed in Levinson’s Rain Man film. This research used a descriptive method. The data used in this research were the utterances of an autistic savant. The result of this research shows that the type of expressive language disorder was obtained with the occurrence percentage of 67.7% while the receptive language disorder type was obtained by the occurrence percentage of 32.3%. From this percentage, it can be seen that the most dominant type of language disorders experienced by autistic savant in Rain Man film is expressive language disorder. It means the autistic savant as an adult person also has difficulty in expressing or producing language. Key words: language disorder, autistic savant, expressive language disorder, receptive language disorder

Infant motor skill predicts later expressive language and autism spectrum disorder diagnosis

Motor difficulties may be an early Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk indicator and may predict subsequent expressive language skills. Further understanding of motor functioning in the first year of life in children with ASD is needed. We examined motor skills in 6-month-olds (n = 140) at high and low familial risk for ASD using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Grasping, Visual-Motor Integration, and Stationary subscales). In Study 1, motor skill at 6 months predicted ASD status at 24–36 months; ASD was associated with poorer infant motor skills. In Study 2, motor skill at 6 months predicted expressive language at 30 and 36 months. Findings provide evidence that vulnerability in motor function early in development is present in ASD. Findings highlight the importance of developmental monitoring in high-risk infants and possible cascading effects of early disruption in motor development.

Children screening positive for language delay at 2.5 years: language disorder and developmental profiles.

PurposeTo characterize language disorder and developmental profiles in children who screened positive for language delay but negative for autism at 2.5 years of age.Patients and methodsThe first 100 children who screened positive for language delay – but negative for autism – in 2016 were assessed in detail by speech language pathologists. Parents completed a newly developed questionnaire covering eight domains – Motor, Executive functions, Perception, Memory, Language, Learning, Social skills and Child’s behaviour – with impairment scored for each domain.ResultsICD-10 language disorder diagnoses were made in 87/100 children (29 girls, 58 boys). Of 52 children with mixed receptive–expressive language disorder, 32% had problems in other developmental areas according to the “global rating” in the impairment questions of the questionnaire. Of the 35 with expressive language disorder, 21% had problems in other areas according to the impairment questions. Thirteen children had isolated language delay with no other diagnoses according to the speech and language pathologists’ assessment; however, 23% of them had problems according to the parental rating on the impairment questions.ConclusionMost children screening positive for language delay but negative for autism at age 2.5 years were diagnosed with ICD-10 language disorder diagnoses. Parents in about one in four cases reported impairing problems within other developmental areas. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed.

The Prevalence of Speech and Language Disorders in French-Speaking Preschool Children From Yaoundé (Cameroon).

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of speech and language disorders in French-speaking preschool-age children in Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon. A total of 460 participants aged 3-5 years were recruited from the 7 communes of Yaoundé using a 2-stage cluster sampling method. Speech and language assessment was undertaken using a standardized speech and language test, the Evaluation du Langage Oral (Khomsi, 2001), which was purposefully renormed on the sample. A predetermined cutoff of 2 SDs below the normative mean was applied to identify articulation, expressive language, and receptive language disorders. Fluency and voice disorders were identified using clinical judgment by a speech-language pathologist. Overall prevalence was calculated as follows: speech disorders, 14.7%; language disorders, 4.3%; and speech and language disorders, 17.1%. In terms of disorders, prevalence findings were as follows: articulation disorders, 3.6%; expressive language disorders, 1.3%; receptive language disorders, 3%; fluency disorders, 8.4%; and voice disorders, 3.6%. Prevalence figures are higher than those reported for other countries and emphasize the urgent need to develop speech and language services for the Cameroonian population.

Differential diagnoses between autistic spectrum disorders and specific receptive and expressive language disorders: an integrating review

Differential diagnoses between autistic spectrum disorders and specific receptive and expressive language disorders: an integrating review

Факторы риска формирования задержки речевого развития у детей, пути оптимизации системы профилактических и реабилитационных мероприятий

The article discusses the variety of risk factors for developmental language delay, among which neurobiological and genetic components play the most important role. The results of a comprehensive survey of 65 children aged from 2 up to 3 years with expressive language disorder (ICD 10: F 80.1) are presented. It is noted that as a result of factor analysis, four sets of factors can be identified that have pathogenetic significance from the level of critical risk to the level of low risk. The resulting groups of risk factors give the opportunity to form a complete opinion regarding the etiology of the developmental language delay and the necessary corrective and preventive measures.

Analysis of the correlation between intelligence and social mood for children with expressive language disorder

Objective To explore the characteristics and correlation of intelligence development and socioemotional development in 1~3 years old children with expressive language disorder, and provide a basis for early intervention. Methods 125 cases with expressive language disorder(language disorder group) and 126 normal children (normal group) are evaluated in two parts (intelligence and social mood) with 0~6 years old neuropsychological development diagnosis scale and Chinese version of urban infant-toddler social and emotional assessment . Results (1)The scores in language disorder group were lower than normal group in the area of free movements (81.60±10.40 vs 89.62±7.94), adaptability (81.48±10.95 vs 91.25±8.89), language (67.46±7.20 vs 89.13±8.24), social behavior (76.61±9.73 vs 90.12±8.13) and total developmental quotient (80.17±6.39 vs 91.15±6.05) (P<0.05). (2) There were significant differences between language disorder group and normal group in the area of externalizing behavior(56.28±10.15 vs 53.57±7.91), deregulation (56.45±10.61 vs 51.11±9.32) and capabilities(46.79±9.08 vs 51.25±7.47) (P<0.05). The boys’ scores in internalizing behavior were lower than the girls’ (49.19±10.76 vs 54.71±9.90) (P<0.05). (3) The scores of gross motor had positive correlation with externalizing behavior (r=0.220, P<0.05). The scores of language had negative correlation with externalizing behavior and deregulation(r=-0.650, P<0.05; r=-0.470, P<0.05). The scores of social behavior had negative correlation with externalizing behavior (r=-0.208, P<0.05). There was also a negative correlation between total development and deregulation (r=-0.184, P<0.05). (4) Multiple stepwise linear regression results showed that the externalizing behavior domain and mothers’ education could predict 44.1% of variances in the language area. Conclusion The children with expressive language disorder not only show backward in level of language development, but also in the development of other areas, and also bad social behavior and emotional problems. Individualized parenting interventions should be adopted to promote these children’s intelligent development in an all-round way. Key words: Language disorder; Development quotient; Intelligence; Socioemotional

Adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Preschool Language Scale–Fifth Edition (PLS–5) in the Turkish context: The Turkish Preschool Language Scale–5 (TPLS–5)

IntroductionSpeech and language assessment is very important in early diagnosis of children with hearing and speech disorders. Aim of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of Preschool Language Scale (5th edition) test with its Turkish translation and adaptation. Methods and materialsOur study is conducted on 1320 children aged between 0-7 years 11 months. While 1044 of these children have normal hearing, language and speech development, 276 of them have receptive and/or expressive language disorder. After the English-Turkish and Turkish-English translations of PLS-5 made by two experts command of both languages, some of the test items are reorganized because of the grammatical features of Turkish and the cultural structure of the country. The pilot study was conducted with 378 children. The test which is reorganized in the light of data obtained in pilot application, is applied to children chosen randomly with layering technique from different regions of Turkey, then 15 days later the first test applied again to 120 children. ResultsWhile 1044 of 1320 children aged between 0 and 7 years 11 months are normal, 276 of them have receptive and/or expressive language disorder. While 98 of 103 healthy children of 120 taken under the second evaluation have normal language development, 8 of 9 who used to have language development disorder in the past still remaining (Kappa coefficient:0,468, p<0,001). Pearson correaltion coefficient for TPLS-5 standard gauge are; IA raw score:0,937, IED raw score: 0,908 and TDP: 0,887 respectively. Correlation coefficient for age equivalance is found as IA:0,871, IED: 0,896, TDP: 0,887. ConclusionsTPLS-5 is the first and only language test in our country that can evaluate receptive and/or expressive language skills of children aged between 0-7 years 11 months. Results of the study show that TPLS-5 is a valid and reliable language test for the Turkish children.

Pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo 1: perfil cognitivo y trastornos en funciones cerebrales superiores en la edad pediátrica

IntroductionNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common neurocutaneous syndrome often associated with specific cognitive deficits that are rarely monitored during follow-up of these patients. ObjectiveThe purpose of our study is two-fold. First, we aimed to describe the cognitive profile of patients with NF1 and detect disorders in higher brain functions associated with the disease.Second, we identified the reasons for consultation associated with school performance in these patients. MethodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of 24 paediatric patients (ages 5 to 16) with NF1 who underwent neuropsychological assessment. ResultsThe most frequent reasons for consultation were attention deficits (58.33%), learning disorders (25%), poor motor coordination (25%), and language impairment (0.8%). Although 96% of the patients displayed impairments in at least one of the assessed areas, only 83.34% of the parents had reported such impairments. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was present in 58.33% of the patients, whereas 33.33% had nonverbal learning disabilities, 20.83% had expressive language disorder, 8.33% had borderline intellectual functioning, 4.16% had mental retardation, and only 4.16% showed no cognitive impairment. ConclusionHigher brain functions are frequently impaired in paediatric patients with NF1. Although many parents report such disorders, they can go undetected in some cases. Neuropsychological assessment is recommended for all paediatric patients with NF1 to detect cognitive impairment and provide early, effective rehabilitation treatment.

SYNDROMES OF BEHAVIORAL AND SPEECH DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH BENIGN EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES OF CHILDHOOD ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

Objective : to assess the role and significance of benign epileptiform discharges of childhood (BEDC) on electroencephalogram (EEG) in development of speech and behaviorial disorders in children. Materials and methods. 90 children aged 3–7 years were included in the study: 30 of them were healthy, 30 had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 30 had expressive language disorder (ELD). We analyzed the role of persistent epileptiform activity (BEDC type) in EEG as well as frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity in the development of some neuropsychiatric disorders and speech disorders in children. Results. We suggest to allocate a special variant of ADHD – epileptiform disintegration of behavior; we also propose the strategies for its therapeutic correction. Conclusion . Detection of epileptiform activity (BEDC type) on EEG in children with ELD is a predictor of cognitive disorders development and requires therapeutic correction, which should be aimed at stimulation of brain maturation. Detection of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity in children with ELD requires neurovisualization with further determining of treatment strategy.

Motor and sensory alalia: diagnostic difficulties

Alalia is a speech disorder that develops due to organic brain damage in children with normal hearing and intelligence during the first three year of life. Systemic speech underdevelopment in alalia is characterized by violations in the phonetic, phonemic, lexical, and grammatical structure. Patients with alalia can also have non-speech related impairments, including motor (impaired movement and coordination), sensory (impaired sensitivity and perception), and psychopathological disorders. There are three types of alalia: motor, sensory, and mixed. Children with motor alalia have expressive language disorders, speech praxis, poor speech fluency, impaired articulation, and other focal neurological symptoms; however, they understand speech directed to them. Patients with motor alalia are often left-handed. Regional slowing and epileptiform activity are often detected on their electroencephalogram. Children with sensory alalia are characterized by poor speech understanding (despite normal hearing) resulting in secondary underdevelopment of their own speech. These patients have problems with the analysis of sounds, including speech sounds (impaired speech gnosis), which prevents the development of association between the sound image and the object. Therefore, the child hears, but does not understand the speech directed at him/her (auditory agnosia). Differential diagnosis of alalia is challenging and may require several months of observation. It also implies the exclusion of hearing loss and mental disorders.

Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis of Expressive Oral Language Disorders in Premature Infants

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Aude C (2016) Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis of Expressive Oral Language Disorders in Premature Infants. Clin Med Rev Case Rep 3:097 Received: February 03, 2016: Accepted: March 21, 2016: Published: March 23, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Aude C. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis of Expressive Oral Language Disorders in Premature Infants

99. Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by human syllables, musical notes/chords and animal sounds in pre-school children with specific expressive language disorders (SELDs) for assessing the selectiveness of auditory processing

Auditory ERP recordings are a useful neurophysiological means of assessing the temporal domain of the pre-linguistic and linguistic sensory deficits involved in expressive specific language impairment (SLI). We recorded auditory ERPs in 32 pre-school children aged 3–5 years with SLI before they underwent a rehabilitation programme. The ERPs were evoked using syllables (SyERPs), music (MuERPs) and animal sounds (AnERP) chosen from among those used in the trials carried out before, during and after an intensive rehabilitation programme in order assess: (a) the quality of ERP abnormalities; (b) the selectiveness of the ERP changes associated with the three types of stimuli; and (c) the changes induced by the rehabilitation programme. The SyERPs and MuERPs gave rise to four components (in P1, N1, N2 and P2) classified on the basis of their latency and polarity; the AnERPs only gave rise to P1 and N1 components. The ERPs had both common and distinctive features in terms of their waveforms and topographical distribution: the SyERPs were more left lateralised, and the MuERP more right lateralised. Later negative components were also recorded depending on the type of stimulus. In comparison with controls, P1 and P2 SyERPs were the most abnormal. As the rehabilitation led to selective SyERP changes, these may be useful for diagnosis and monitoring SLI.

DSM5 : quels changements pour les troubles spécifiques du langage oral ?

The DSM5 is more than one year old in its English version. It has just been published in French. Changes for Language disorders resulting from clinical practice of DSMIV and from advancements in research have been made in the Chapter: Communication disorders. In order to understand the way the DSM5 tackles the language disorders as Specific Language Impairments (SLI), a literature review focusing on the conceptual evolutions, in exclusion/inclusion criteria, and in the subgrouping inside the category has been made and compared with DSM IV/DSM5 changes analysis. Main changes can be summarized as follows: expressive and mixed expressive-receptive language disorders are grouped, the discrepancy with nonverbal intellectual performances and the Autism Spectrum Disorder as exclusion criteria are not mentioned anymore. The DSM5 integrates the life-span perspective which is essential in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. Literature data which have not been integrated are analyzed. The DSM5, like any test, or nosographic manual, has to be subject to the precautionary principle. Clinical practice and research, and validation of this tool, will enable to achieve a cautious and critical use in order use in order to stick as closely as possible to reality, and not to fall into the opposite trap, in the field of the Specific Language Impairments.

Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is related to many comorbidities because of the permanent effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the fetus. We aimed to identify the comorbid conditions that co-occur in individuals with FASD and estimate the pooled prevalence of comorbid conditions occurring in individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). We did a systematic literature search of studies reporting on the comorbidity and cause of death in individuals with FASD using multiple electronic bibliographic databases, searching for studies published up to July, 2012. We included original research published in a peer-reviewed journal in the English language. We used the following criteria for determining study quality: use of an established FASD diagnostic guideline, study setting, method of data collection, and sample size. All comorbid disease conditions were coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10). To estimate the pooled prevalence of comorbid conditions found to co-occur in individuals with FAS, we did meta-analyses assuming a random-effects model. Of 5068 studies found, 127 met eligibility criteria for data extraction. From those studies, we identified 428 comorbid conditions co-occurring in individuals with FASD, spanning across 18 of 22 chapters of the ICD-10. The most prevalent disease conditions were within the sections of congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities, and mental and behavioural disorders. 33 studies reported data for frequency in a total of 1728 participants with FAS. The five comorbid conditions with the highest pooled prevalence (between 50% and 91%) included abnormal results of function studies of peripheral nervous system and special senses, conduct disorder, receptive language disorder, chronic serous otitis media, and expressive language disorder. The high prevalence of comorbid conditions in individuals with FASD highlights the importance of assessing prenatal alcohol exposure as a substantial clinical risk factor for comorbidity. The harmful effects of alcohol on a developing fetus represent many cases of preventable disability, and thus, alcohol use during pregnancy should be recognised as a public health problem globally. Public Health Agency of Canada.

Answers to Your ICD-10-CM Coding Questions

Answers to Your ICD-10-CM Coding Questions

Long-Term Effects of a Parent-Based Language Intervention on Language Outcomes and Working Memory for Late-Talking Toddlers

A randomized control intervention study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the highly structured Heidelberg Parent-Based Language Intervention (HPLI). The outcomes of 43 children ( n = 23 intervention, n = 20 control) who had been identified as late talkers during routine developmental check-ups carried out in pediatric practices at the age of 2 years were examined at 4 years 3 months of age. To address these results, we used standardized instruments to assess language and memory performance. At the age of 4 years, expressive language abilities did not differ as a function of the early language intervention. Results in language comprehension, phonological memory, and episodic buffer were significantly better in the intervention group than in the control group. These findings demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of the parent-based language intervention HPLI, and have practical implications for dealing with children with specific expressive language disorder (SELD).

Otoacoustic Emissions as Cochlear Function Analyser in Children With Language Disorders

Introduction and objectivesSpeech perception that takes place in the cochlea is involved in the process of language. The objective was to describe the findings in transient otoacoustic emissions in children with language problems before and after 6 months of speech therapy. MethodsThere were 17 children with language problems between 3 and 6 years of age diagnosed with anarthric language delay (expressive and mixed language disorder). They underwent medical history, otoscopy, intelligence level testing, initial language test, tympanometry of 226Hz, audiometry and transient otoacoustic emission test. ResultsWe evaluated the 17 patients again after 6 months of attending speech therapy. The percentage of overall reproducibility of transient otoacoustic emissions in both ears was adequate to perform frequency analysis. We found a statistically significant difference (P≤.01) in the frequency of 1kHz reproducibility when comparing results before and after therapy in the right ear. There was a significant difference (P≤.05) when comparing the results of audiometry at frequencies of 0.5, 1.5, 2, 4 and 8kHz in the right ear and a highly significant difference (P=.001) in the frequency of 3kHz in the left ear. ConclusionsThe analysis of sound through the cochlea is involved in the process of language acquisition. A poor processing of speech sounds in the peripheral system could result in poor processing at the central level. Consequently, it is important to consider our results when making a diagnosis and carrying out rehabilitation treatment in children with language disorders.