Export Structure Research Articles

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ПРОДУКЦИЕЙ КИТАЯ НА ФОНЕ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ НЕСТАБИЛЬНОСТИ

The problems and prospects of development of international trade in agricultural products of China at the present stage in the conditions of global instability are revealed. Today, countries have to face sudden crises. Military conflicts, sanctions wars caused by anthropogenic factors, or natural disasters or epidemics caused by natural factors are possible. The article reflects the current conditions for the development of China's international food trade, formed as a result of the aggravation of the geopolitical situation in the world, the incompleteness of the processes associated with the COVID 19 epidemic, the existence of threats to break the country's established integration ties with Western partners. The dynamics of the international trade turnover of agricultural products of China for 2021-2022 has been revealed. The geographical structure and size of both exports and imports of agricultural products from China by continent are analyzed. A SWOT analysis of China's foreign economic relations was carried out, external threats and opportunities for the development of international trade in Chinese agricultural products were identified, as well as an assessment of global threats, the main of which is macroeconomic instability. Shortcomings in the development of international trade in Chinese agricultural products are highlighted, including a relatively low level of self-sufficiency in some important agricultural products of the Chinese population (soybeans, sugar and dairy products); the high cost of agricultural production in China and the relatively low quality of agricultural products, the narrowness of the range of export products. The ways of further development of international trade in agricultural products of China are revealed. The solution to this problem is possible on the basis of digitalization of international food trade, improvement of China's transport and logistics infrastructure, which provides more opportunities for expanding agricultural trade and cooperation between China and countries along the Silk Road. At the present stage, in the context of the escalation of tough economic sanctions by Western countries against the Russian economy, the development of the Sino-Russian bilateral food trade is of particular relevance.

Состояние и динамика развития сельского хозяйства в Краснодарском крае

The article analyzes the state and dynamics of development in the modern period of agriculture in the Krasnodar Territory, which occupies a leading position in this industry in the country. The dynamics of the volume of production and the index of agricultural production, the balanced financial result – profit for the agro-industrial complex of the region as a whole are studied. The dynamics and structure of grain exports from the region have been studied. Federal and regional agricultural support programs are considered. In general, according to the results of the analysis, there are good results of the development of agriculture in the Krasnodar Territory in recent years, especially in 2022.

ОЦІНКА ФАКТОРІВ ВПЛИВУ НА РОЗВИТОК ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

In determining the influence of factors on the development of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises, the index method, which is one of the main methods of statistical analysis, is used. It has been established that the largest share in the commodity structure is occupied by: cereals, oilseeds, vegetable oil, meat and meat products, and milk and dairy products. Therefore, it is advisable to use these products for factor analysis of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises. The article examines changes in the value, physical volume, and commodity structure of agricultural exports and calculates the absolute change in exports, the growth rate and the growth rate of exports, and its commodity structure. Among the calculated indicators of the factor analysis of export efficiency, the most significant was the contract price index, and the least significant was the physical volume index, i.e., the efficiency of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises is most affected by the cost of exported products, not their volume. Most of the interviewed experts from among the managers of agricultural enterprises in Lviv region engaged in foreign economic activity identified the factors that determine the political situation in the country and its stability, the level of competitiveness of domestic goods and the complexity of the foreign economic activity procedure as the most important factors affecting the success of the implementation of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises in general. It is proved that the results obtained in assessing the factors influencing the foreign economic activity of agrarian enterprises in Lviv region, in terms of their significance, can be trusted and used in further research. The standard deviation for the mean values presented in the analysis is 15.4% of the mean value. Thus, expert estimates vary on average by 14-15%, which proves a high level of consistency in the opinions of the surveyed experts. This, in turn, confirms the statistical significance of the study and the fact that the weighting factors obtained as a result of further calculations can be used in practice.

Virtual Water Trade in Egyptian Agricultural Sector in the Light of Scarcity of Water Resources

Agricultural foreign trade has taken many recent trends in light of many changes and developments affecting the global economic environment. Countries have resorted to adjusting their trade policies and reconsidering the commodity structure of their exports to suit their resources, especially water resources, in order to maintain the efficiency of the use of these resources and at the same time increase the export return. The water issue in Egypt faces major challenges on the demand side of water in light of the relative stability on the supply side. The state is working to increase the supply side through the reuse of agricultural wastewater, seawater desalination, and wastewater treatment. On the demand side, it is working to develop systems Irrigation, reducing wastage in the use sectors, moving towards foreign trade by importing basic crops, and limiting the export of water-depleting crops to find a balance between the water balance and the agricultural trade balance, in which the deficit amounted to about LE 182.5 billion, representing about 23.5% of the deficit in the total trade balance of about LE 777.42 billion in 2019. The problem of the research is inefficiency of using the water resource in agricultural exports, as most components of the Egyptian agricultural exports structure are water-intensive fruit and vegetable crops, while the contribution of agricultural commodities that is less in the use of the water resource and the best in the export return is somewhat limited, which indicates the importance of working on modifying the structure of Egyptian agricultural exports and re-planning them in line with the variables related to the scarcity of water resources in Egypt. The main objective of the research is to propose different alternatives for the optimal planning of Egyptian agricultural exports, which are characterized by high export returns and low needs of water resources. The research depends on the linear programming method as a quantitative method to measure the phenomena and variables related to the research problem. Related to the research results, the following can be recommended: 1) Supporting the productive capacities of producers to export crops that use less water; 2) Reducing the expansion of exports that use the most water resource by limiting the volume of export support for these commodities; 3) Working to increase the Egyptian exports of dates, pomegranates, olives, grapes, fresh kernels, potatoes, eggplant, coriander, jasmine paste and marjoram, as they are among the agricultural exports with high export returns and the least in their needs for water resources; 4) Working to reduce or stabilize the exported quantities of bananas, citrus fruits, mangoes, onions, garlic, tomatoes, mint and fennel as they are among the agricultural exports with high average returns and the highest in their needs for water resources.

Розвиток машинобудування в Україні: тенденції і загрози

The article provides a comprehensive scientific and analytical justification of the causes and consequences of problematic functioning of machine-building industries in Ukraine. The negative impact of economic globalization (the manifestations of which were the expansion of free trade zones, that is, the reduction or abolition of tariff and non-tariff barriers between countries, the promotion of offshoring and the increase of tolling operations) on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the activity of domestic machine-building enterprises, in particular: gross added value, production, export and import. The destructive transformation of the structure of the Ukrainian machine-building industry since 2014 in terms of machine-building industries is shown. The sharp reduction (almost by 50%) of high-tech exports from Ukraine and, at the same time, the growth of the share of products manufactured on the basis of raw materials are emphasized. A comparative (with some EU countries) assessment of investment and innovation processes in Ukrainian engineering was carried out, in particular, the technological structure of capital investments, production and export of innovative engineering products were investigated. The gradual transformation of the Ukrainian engineering industry from an integral strategic sector of the national economy to separate segments of the supply of intermediate consumption products and services to foreign markets has been established. It has been empirically proven that a direct consequence of the negative trends in the development of domestic machine-building industries was the deterioration of socio-economic indicators, in particular, a reduction in employment, a decrease in the level of labor productivity, and a decrease in wages. The urgent need for active actions of the state in the direction of ensuring the development of mechanical engineering in Ukraine (primarily its defense segment) in order to counteract the further "agrarianization" of the national economy, and instead to rebuild it on the basis of neo-industrialization and technological self-sufficiency, is substantiated.

ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО РОССИИ И КИТАЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ ЗАПАДА

The article is devoted to the problems and prospects for the development of trade and economic relations between Russia and China under the sanctions pressure of the West. The dynamics of trade between Russia and China, the commodity structure of Russian exports and imports are considered. It is emphasized that the growth of trade exchange between the two countries does not mean that Chinese companies refuse to trade with Western countries. By expanding trade with Russia, Chinese firms are interested in minimizing the risks of falling under secondary Western sanctions. Russia's intention to implement the policy of "pivot to the East" is proved. The ability of Russia, despite sanctions, to find markets for energy resources, to reorient Russian oil and gas supplies from the European to the Asian market, where China is the main buyer of Russian energy resources, is emphasized, purchasing Russian oil at low prices. The desire of Chinese companies in the conditions of leaving the Russian market of Western firms to occupy the vacated product niches is noted. The features of the development of investment cooperation between Russia and China are revealed. Emphasis is placed on reaching a qualitatively new level of economic interaction between the border regions of the two countries. It is concluded that Russia plans to expand economic cooperation with China in the future.

Intenzitet uspostavljanja trgovinskih relacija SSSR-a sa svetom tokom vladavine J. V. Staljina do početka Drugog svetskog rata

Trade policy of the Soviet Union during the governance of J. V. Stalin moved in the direction of opening up to the world, which was somewhat atypical for the political regimes of that time. By emphasizing the establishment and development of trade relations with countries around the world, the Soviet leader enabled a more adequate use of the comparative advantages of the Soviet country and the reduction of the shortcomings accumulated during the previous years, which represented an obstacle to success. Abandoning such an autarkic system in conducting the country's foreign trade policy, which was in force before Stalin's arrival, made it possible to realize fruitful trade cooperation with countries with similar or diametrically different economic systems without much effort. The country's progress in conducting foreign trade policy led to positive changes in the product structure of Soviet exports (and imports), which could best be seen through the qualitative and quantitative presentation of goods and services of Soviet origin, which were placed on foreign markets starting from the period before the beginning of the Second World War. All this led to a better position of the Soviet country on the international stage, which enabled greater power in deciding crucial issues concerning world trade.

Міжнародна торгівля в контексті сталого економічного розвитку країн світу

There are many mechanisms in the world that ensure the economic development of states. One of them is international trade, which plays an important role in supporting the economic development of individual countries, regions and the world as a whole. This article examines the role of international trade in economic development, its impact on national economies, and the consequences for countries that freely practice international trade. To ensure economic development, the importance of international trade is obvious, and therefore it needs support at the level of states and regions. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign scientists. The results were obtained due to the application of a system of methods. In particular, the methods of grouping, classification and quantitative comparisons were used in the study of the commodity and geographical structure of world exports and imports. The methods of structural and economic-statistical analysis were used to assess the main results of international trade and determine their impact on the development of both individual countries and entire regions. The graphic method was used to visualize the results of the analysis of international trade during the specified periods. The article is devoted to a detailed study of the prospects of international trade as a means of strengthening progress in the country's achievement of sustainable development goals. The article examines the state of international trade, considers the dynamics of export-import operations during the specified period. The consequences of foreign trade both for individual states and the world as a whole are considered. International trade is a significant impetus for development, as a result of which the economy of a single country develops more actively. The study of trends in the field of international trade makes it possible to predict the directions of development of the world economy.

Outstanding issues in ensuring more stable international deliveries of Russian fuel and energy resources to the segments of the world economy available for exports

Relevance. The paper discusses the digital ontology-driven approach to the development of a quasi-integrated supersystem. The supersystem includes the energy sector and its supporting elements of the financial and economic system of Russia and a group of friendly countries who are consumers of Russian fuel and energy resources (FER). The approach is employed to develop measures that ensure national and international economic and energy security. International deliveries of Russian fuel and energy resources to the segments of the world economy available for exports can become unstable due to the current crisis in international economic relations. The use of the digital ontology-driven approach is a response to the need to analyze the underlying processes and predict whether such instability can become critical in the future. This is done in conjunction with configuring properly the operation of the Russian infrastructure of production, transport, storage, processing, and deliveries of fuel and energy resources. To that end, they are to be adjusted so as to align with the transformation that the destinations and structure of Russian exports are undergoing. Problem statement. We argue for the adoption of the digital ontology-driven approach to the development of a quasi-integrated supersystem. The supersystem includes the energy sector and its supporting elements of the financial and economic system of Russia and a group of friendly countries who are consumers of Russian fuel and energy resources being parties to economic unions and bilateral agreements between the countries. We identify different variants of the impact of effected discriminatory practices and the state of commodity and financial markets. We study this impact as applied to 1) Russian energy companies supplying FERs abroad, 2) consumers of Russian FERs in Russia and abroad, 3) companies transporting FERs abroad and using other countries for transit through them, and 4) manufacturers of equipment for the energy sector. Purpose of the study. We aim to identify conceptual approaches clarifying the effect of macroeconomic factors on 1) Russian energy companies

Possibilities of realization of Ukraine’s export potential on the world market

In the article, the author calculated and analyzed the dynamics of indicators of Ukraine's export potential for the period 2016–2021. The product structure of Ukraine's exports in 2021 was determined and the share of goods exports in Ukraine's GDP was calculated for 2016–2021, which provided an opportunity to summarize existing trends and to present certain practical proposals. It was established that, despite the crisis conditions of 2020–2022, the trends demonstrate the activation of Ukrainian exporters on the world markets, but the structure of trade in itself somewhat inhibits the processes, which is reflected by a negative indicator of trade turnover. It was determined that the possibilities of Ukraine's export potential demonstrate that in 2021, ferrous metals and grain products will account for larger sales volumes on foreign markets. It is noted that Ukraine's exports are growing faster than imports, and the country's high dependence on imports is a negative factor. It was established that Ukraine remains a raw material appendage. Therefore, from a strategic perspective, Ukraine aims to change this trend through the active development of industrial processing, which will change the shares exactly the opposite: to export 75% of finished products and services and only 25% of raw materials. It has been found that the impact on the opportunities of Ukraine's export potential is exerted by a complex of internal and external factors, which are of an acute problematic nature. Based on the results of the calculations, it was established that an urgent issue in order to expand the possibilities of realizing the export potential of Ukraine on world markets is the implementation of a balanced foreign economic policy of the state regarding the support of national producers, the stimulation of export-oriented products and increasing their competitiveness, bringing the legislative framework in the field of foreign economic activity to meet world standards. It was determined and proposed that to optimize the commodity structure of foreign trade, a strategic measure is the transition from a focus on raw material exports to the export of processed, processed or finished products with high added value, as well as supplementing the existing dominant export industries with other promising directions.

ФАКТОРИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТА ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РІВНЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПРОВІДНИХ ТНК – ВИРОБНИКІВ СТАЛІ

The factors of supply and demand formation in the world steel market were determined, taking into account the principles of the system approach. The author singled out traditional economic factors that shape supply and demand on world markets, as well as factors of technical development of production that affect the volume of deliveries of certain types of products. The analysis showed that steel production is one of the fastest-growing areas of world industry, making a significant contribution to the growth of the gross domestic product in various regions of the world. Preference is given to the strongest materials with innovative properties and a low price. Steel-based materials are more adapted to these conditions, which is confirmed by the growth of their global production. The study also revealed the causes of price instability on the global steel market. At the same time, it was determined that steel prices are due primarily to the growth of its global consumption in the dynamics of the last 10 years, which is connected with the construction boom in Southeast Asia and the development of industry in other countries. It has been proven that in recent years there has been volatility in the rate of growth of the structure of steel exports, which in general made it possible to form factors that influenced the intensity of changes taking place in the steel market. Among them, the author singles out: needs for nanostructured materials, integration of modern digital technologies of neural networks and automation systems in production. An important factor in the competitiveness of steel on the world market is the expansion and introduction of new financial instruments that increase the degree of independence of the metallurgical industry from price fluctuations and other external influences, including new banking and insurance products with state participation. Such a policy will allow attracting foreign investments to the industry, which will significantly strengthen the position of Russian manufacturers on the international market. Factors of competitiveness of steel in the world market were systematized. In particular, among them, the author focused on the growth of domestic consumption of metals in the form of general development and support for the growth of all industries in the country.

STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN GREEN COURSE

Purpose. The aim of the article is to generalize the trends in the development of agro-industrial production and to substantiate the strategic imperatives of the implementation of the European green course policy by economic subjects of the agrarian sphere. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is: system analysis to assess the state and identify the endogenous potential for the development of agro-industrial production on the basis of the green course; structural analysis – for identification of institutional and evolutionary limitations of innovative modernization of agricultural production and activation of innovative activity of agricultural enterprises; evolutionary approach – for summarizing the trends of global development and prospects for the formation of a green economy. Findings. It was emphasized that during the times of favourable price conditions, agricultural producers failed to change the trend of development, and the desire to expand the export potential was manifested in its raw material focus. It was established that, considering the structure of crop rotations and the structure of marketable products directed to the global market, the export agro-food specialization of agriculture is raw and narrow-ranged. It is argued that the involvement of agricultural enterprises in the implementation of the principles of the green course will contribute to: reducing environmental and climatic negative manifestations; sustainability of the national food system and agro-industrial production; standardization and unification of sustainability indicators of agro-food products; implementation of the requirements of the green course into domestic agricultural policy and practice; implementation of structural changes in agro-industrial production; introduction of new approaches to financing state programs and supporting farmers from the standpoint of compliance with environmental requirements. Originality. It is substantiated that the post-war recovery of the agrarian sphere and its further development cannot be based on the outdated structure and raw material orientation of export. Modernization changes and a new strategy for the development of agro-industrial production require taking into account exogenous and endogenous factors that oppose progressive changes and the existing bifurcation state of the agrarian sphere, taking into account the limitations and effective institutional influences, forms prospects for the recovery and development of the industry in a qualitatively different state. It was emphasized that in order to implement the principles of the European Green Course, it is important to adapt the trends of global agro-food specialization according to such components as: diversification of agricultural products; growth of the share of products with higher added value; integration into production processes with advanced processing; involvement in closed production cycles; expansion of biofuel production. Practical value. The theoretical and methodological provisions of the study generalize and deepen the conceptual and practical aspects of the implementation of the European green course policy. Key words: agro-industrial production, agro-innovation, green course, green economy, agricultural enterprises, strategy, innovative development, modernization, transformation.

Expanding of the, food industry participation in foreign economic activity of the food complex

The processes of structure formation of agricultural products exports by three main components - primary products, finished products and processed products are analyzed. It is established that in 2009-2021 the volume of exports increased almost three times, but the primary production - more than three times, finished - less than three times, processed - almost twice. The different rates of growth of exports of various components of agricultural products led to the fact that the share of primary production in the structure of exports increased slightly and amounted to more than half, the other two groups - decreased, of which the share of processed products - one and a half times. The strategy for the exports development of agricultural products for the period up to 2026 provides for bringing the proportions of components (primary / finished / processed) to 39/40/21, but last year we have 54/39/7. In order to ensure the achievement of the planned indicators, it is necessary to carry out innovative and technological modernization of processing facilities of the food industry, complete the implementation of permanent safety procedures based on HACCP principles in primary production, ensure strict compliance with regulations primary products, etc.

Problems of development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy on the way to European integration

Introduction. The path to European integration is currently a conscious choice of Ukraine. The consequences of a full-scale war have led to the outflow of a significant number of people abroad, a decrease in real incomes, a reorientation of consumers to meet basic needs, and the curtailment of investment programmes by most enterprises, which has resulted in a narrowing of the domestic market. Starting from 24 February 2022, Ukraine's European integration processes gained a new level of relevance and intensity. Ultimately, this resulted in Ukraine being granted the status of a candidate for membership of the European Union on 23 June 2022. Therefore, from now on, in order to speed up the process of Ukraine's accession to the EU, special attention should be paid to the objects to be integrated. In this case, we will consider the main problems of the agricultural sector that stand in the way of prompt approximation of all aspects of policy and legislation to the EU policies, norms and rules. The purpose of the article is to identify the current problems faced by the agrarian sector on the way to effective development of integration processes with a view to joining the European Union. Methodology. The article uses the dialectical method of scientific cognition of processes and phenomena, comparative analysis of the institutional environment in the European Union and Ukraine, and the analytical method for objective assessments of socio-economic processes in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Results. The article analyses and explores the current problems faced by the agricultural sector in exporting products. The problematic issues that arise on the way to European integration are considered. How does martial law affect the process of European integration in the context of agriculture? Attention is focused on the damage caused to the agricultural sector after the outbreak of a full-scale war. The commodity structure of exports of foreign trade in agricultural products in recent years is analysed. The importance and prospects of further research into the problems that arise on the way to integration into European standards are substantiated. Thus, the practical significance of the study lies in the further development of recommendations on the directions and measures to address the problems identified in the article, which should facilitate the European integration path of the agricultural sector, supporting and developing farms and private peasant households as points of economic growth.

Розвиток переробної промисловості України як напрям реструктуризації національної економіки

The aim of the article is to generalize the problematic aspects of the functioning of the processing industry of Ukraine. An analysis of theoretical approaches to the positioning of the processing industry as a factor of value creation for industrial products, which, through export, ensures the emergence of added value of other types of economic activity in foreign markets, is carried out. It is noted that against the background of in-depth processing of raw materials, the added value of finished products is growing at a significant pace and ensures an increase in gross domestic product and, accordingly, the development of the national economy. The properties of the processing industry are generalized, which consist in the production of orders for certain types of services, in particular research, information, educational, financial, etc., that ensures the development of innovations for the formation of new sectors of the economy. It is concluded that structural changes in the processing industry generate a transformation of the country’s economic system. Emphasis is placed on deindustrialization as a process of reducing the proportion of industrial activities in the structure of the economy and the share of processing industry in the structure of the country’s industrial sector, which has two forms. The first one is a decrease in the volume of industrial production, the second one is a slowdown in the growth rate of industry compared to other types of economic activity. It is noted that Ukraine is characterized by the first form of deindustrialization, characterized by such main problematic aspects as deterioration of the structure of the economy and negative shifts in the commodity structure of exports. The deterioration of the structure of the economy is determined by the inability to produce products with a high share of value added, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in the share of the processing industry in the structure of gross value added of the national economy, as well as a decrease in the level of manufacturability of industrial products. Negative shifts in the commodity structure of exports are reflected in the rapid decline in the volume of exported manufacturing products against the background of an increase in exports of raw materials. Prospects for further research in this direction are the formation of effective means for the revival of the country’s processing industry, in particular on the basis of the concept of the Novel Industrial Development of Ukraine.

Аналіз зовнішньоторговельних відносин України з країнами Азії

The aim of the article is to analyze Ukraine’s foreign trade relations with Asian countries and identify the main trends, challenges and prospects for their cooperation. The article considers the main features of the Asian region in the economic sphere and finds that it is characterized by a high concentration of resource potential, dynamic economic development, active trade and regional economic cooperation. The general dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade with Asian countries during 2013–2022 is presented, as well as its distribution by region in 2022. A detailed analysis of Ukraine’s export-import operations in the context of individual Asian countries is carried out. The key trading partners of Ukraine in the region, which include Turkey, China and India, have been identified. The main documents regulating Ukraine’s foreign economic activity with these countries are considered, such as the Free Trade Agreement between Ukraine and Turkey (ratification postponed), Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Trade and Economic Cooperation and a similar Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of India. The main features and key trends that determine the dynamics of the development of trade relations with these countries are analyzed in detail. Their commodity structure of foreign trade with Ukraine has been analyzed and it has been found that the basis of Ukrainian exports to the Asian region is agricultural products, namely: vegetable oils and fats, wheat, corn and animal feed. Other promising trading partners of Ukraine, namely, Japan and South Korea, are also allocated. It is proved that for the balanced development of foreign trade relations with other countries and ensuring the sustainability of the economy in the context of global competition, Ukraine needs to maintain flexibility and adapt to new geopolitical and economic conditions, diversify the commodity structure of exports, as well as conclude new trade agreements.

Five Stylized Facts on Belt and Road Countries and Their Trade Patterns

AbstractThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offers investment opportunities for several Eurasian countries but not all of them attract investments in the same way. This paper investigates the geographical distribution of BRI projects completed between 2013 and 2020. The analysis shows that pre‐existing trade patterns are related to the likelihood of a country receiving completed BRI projects. We single out and provide evidence in support of five stylized facts. First, BRI countries with completed projects tend to be poorer and larger. Second, projects are more likely to occur in countries with intense intermediate trade with China. Third, the countries that received projects have more diversified export structures and their sectoral specialization overlaps with that of China. Fourth, among middle‐high‐income countries, the allocation of projects tends to favor those with high levels of intra‐industry trade. Fifth, among BRI countries with projects, the complexity or sophistication of the goods traded increases faster with income. These findings suggest that fostering trade integration has direct benefits and may also contribute to further BRI investments.

Research on econometric safety model for export structure of manufacturing industry

Research on econometric safety model for export structure of manufacturing industry

Global Food Security and Ukraine’s Contribution to Its Provision

The aim of the article is to study the essence of global food security and assess Ukraine’s contribution to its provision. The essence of the concept of “global food security” is clarified. The tasks of specialized institutions dealing with the problem of global food security are described. Ukraine’s participation in the FAO and the UN World Food Security Committee has been clarified. It has been established that the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) is used to assess food security around the world, which includes four components: food affordability, food affordability, food quality, safety an d security, natural resources and sustainability. Ukraine’s contribution to the world food market has been studied. The structure of the total merchandise exports of Ukraine was analyzed, it was found that the share of agri-food products is 40.6%, and the share of plant products is 22.8%. Ukraine’s place in world food exports is specifi ed, the geographical structure of food exports is considered. Ukraine’s contribution to food security in Africa and Asia is analyzed. The dynamics of Ukrainian grain exports to the world market has been studied. The risks and threats to global food security related to the Russian armed invasion of Ukraine are described. The USDA forecast for grain exports from Ukraine is given. The conclusion is made about the need to protect and support the production of agricultural products in Ukraine under martial law.

Analysis of Honey Export Potential and Competitiveness of Türkiye

The rich vegetation of Türkiye, different climatic zones and honey bee gene resources make the country`s beekeeping activities advantageous. Türkiye has an important potential with the presence of colonies and honey production. In 2021, 96344 tons of honey was produced with 8733394 colonies, and 9994 tons of honey was exported to 66 countries for 31148000 dollars. This study was designed to reveal the honey export structure and competitiveness of Türkiye in the 2002-2021 period. In Türkiye`s honey trade, the USA (29.64%), Germany (22.32%) and Spain (7.22%) are the main importing countries. It has been determined that Türkiye is a net exporter country in the 2002–2021 periods. Türkiye is predominantly a country with medium and weak comperative advantage. The Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantages (RSCA), Trade Balance (TBI) values calculated with Türkiye`s 2021 data was found 1.13, 0.06 and 0.98 respectively. These values show that Türkiye is a net exporter and a highly competitive country with a declared comparative advantage. Providing Türkiye`s access to rapidly growing markets in direct proportion to its beekeeping capacity and potential will make Türkiye a more competitive country.