Export Structure Research Articles

Poultry meat market: world experience, import, export

Poultry products are popular on all continents. In addition to economic factors (the cheapest), poultry meat is healthy, nutritious, safe and the most affordable among other meat products. The goal is to develop priority areas for the poultry meat market in the context of ensuring the country's food security based on an analysis of the main trends in its development. The objects of research are the economic processes of the world production of poultry meat products. The following methods were used – abstract-logical, comparative analysis, economic-statistical. Results – the current situation in this sub-complex of the republic and in the world is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the features of the commodity-geographical structure of the industry. The experience of international trade, pricing factors were studied. The composition and structure of imports and exports are outlined, criteria are identified that restrain the growth of volumes of this type of domestic meat products, as well as exports; proposals were made to expand the range of goods. The authors state the need to modernize production facilities. The importance of state support based on concessional lending is shown. Problems have been identified that require exemption from taxation of enterprises in this area, financial assistance in food certification, attracting investors to scientific research, equipping with the latest equipment, and improving technologies for obtaining environmentally friendly organic products. It is noted that the development of the poultry meat market is economically beneficial and there are significant potential opportunities for its expansion in Kazakhstan. Conclusions – it is substantiated that in a developing economic environment it is important that enterprises remain competitive. Manufacturers are now realizing the benefits of participating in the global economy. To this end, it is necessary to improve the regulatory framework and ensure that Kazakh products comply with international standards. Quality raw materials need to be available to manufacturers of poultry meat products. To do this, it is necessary to grow the required livestock through the development of the domestic base of selection and genetic centers, which will expand the range of food on the consumer market.

Assessing the Competitiveness and Complementarity of the Agricultural Products Trade between Korea and CPTPP Countries

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the competitiveness and complementarity of the agricultural products trade between Korea and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) countries. The study evaluates the opportunities and challenges that Korea's agricultural sector faces after joining the CPTPP, and suggests strategies to deepen cooperation and expand Korea's agricultural products trade. Design/methodology – To achieve these objectives, we analyze the trade competition and cooperation relationship between Korea and CPTPP countries in the agricultural products trade. This study uses data from Chapters HS1-24 in UN Comtrade from 2012 to 2022, and applies the indices of revealed comparative advantage, export similarity, and trade complementarity to examine the trade dynamics. Furthermore, we use an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to predict the agricultural products trade complementarity index between Korea and CPTPP countries from 2022 to 2031. Findings – The findings of our analysis reveal that Korea's agricultural products trade competitiveness is weak compared to that of CPTPP countries, and Korea's agricultural products are at a competitive disadvantage. On the whole, the similarity index of agricultural products trade exports between Korea and CPTPP countries is low, the structure of agricultural products export is quite different, and trade competition is relatively moderate. The trade complementarity index between Korea and CPTPP countries is generally high, with strong complementarity and a large space for cooperation and development. The ARIMA model shows that in the next ten years, although the agricultural products trade complementarity index fluctuates, but is generally high, there will still be a complementarity advantage in the future. Originality/value – This study is the first attempt to investigate the competitiveness and complementarity of the agricultural products trade between Korea and CPTPP countries. We also introduce an ARIMA model to forecast and analyze the future agricultural products trade complementarity index. Our study provides new perspectives and solutions for the future development of Korea's agricultural products trade after joining the CPTPP.

Bukovyna in the structure of goods export of interwar Romania

With each year of the reign of the Romanian authorities, the trade relations of the region expanded. Despite the loss of Bukovyna’s niche in the trade of Austria-Hungary, after World War I it was possible to establish quickly trade circulation both in the middle of Romania and abroad. The geography of business contacts became extremely wide and was not limited to the domestic market, but also included connections with the countries of Europe, Asia and America.Customs in Chernivtsi and Grigore Ghica Vodă (Nepolokivtsi) became the «northern gates of Romania». Growth of trade through them caused the strengthening of the role of the commodity exchange and shops, which allowed Chernivtsi to establish itself as a commercial centre of the region. Grains, poultry, livestock, meat, eggs, skins, fruits, forest and minerals became the export items. The development of the region’s export trade in the specified period was characterized by cyclicality.

ВНЕШНЯЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ АРМЕНИИ: МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ И ЕВРАЗИЙСКОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The article analyzes the international and Eurasian directions of the Republic of Ar- menia’s foreign trade that is caused by the Armenia’s membership in the Eurasian Economic Union since January 1, 2015. The main indicators characterizing the coun- try’s integration into the world economy are the openness of economy, export and import quotas. The dynamics of these indicators for 2002-2022 demonstrates a rather high degree of involvement of the Armenian economy in the world economy. The main characteristics of the Armenia’s foreign trade in goods are the presence of a stable negative balance of foreign trade, which reached its maximum in 2022 (-3.4 billion USD), as well as a large share of raw materials in exports (38%). In gen- eral, the year 2022 became very important for Armenia in terms of a significant in- crease in the volume of foreign trade flows (by 169%). Among the main directions of Armenian export in 2021-2022 there were Russia, China, Switzerland, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Iraq. The main suppliers of goods to the Armenian market in 2021- 2022 were Russia, China, Iran, Italy, and Germany. In the commodity structure of exports of the Republic of Armenia, 66% of exports in 2022 were in four commodity groups: "mineral products" (19%), "precious and semi-precious stones, precious met- als and articles thereof" (18%), "ready-made foodstuffs" (16%), and "machinery, equipment and mechanisms" (13%). The share of the EEU countries in the foreign trade of the Republic of Armenia has always been significant: at average, for the pe- riod 2002-2022 it accounted for 24% of exports and 28% of imports, the maximum values were reached in 2022: 47% of total exports and 31% of total imports. The ge- ographical composition of the foreign trade flows of the Republic of Armenia to/from the EEU countries has always been characterized by high concentration: 95-97% of these flows went from/to the Russian Federation, 3-4% – Belarus, 1-1.5% Kazakhstan, less than 1% – Kyrgyzstan.

PRIORITIES AND MECHANISMS FOR BALANCING THE FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS BASED ON COMPLEMENTARITY

The research paper aims at carrying out a systematic analysis of the complementarity of foreign trade in agricultural products and to substantiate on this basis the priorities for the expansion and balancing of Ukrainian agricultural exports at the micro, macro, and mezzo-levels. The concept of complementarity of foreign trade is defined as the level at which the economic systems of different countries are balanced on the basis of mutual complementarity of the commodity structure of export and import and effective participation in the international division of labour. The methodological approaches to the study of complementarity of foreign trade are systematized. The article uses a complex approach to the analysis of foreign trade relations in the agrarian sphere and the extent to which it is balanced. The main trends and features of the development of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products are determined. It was found that the imbalance of the foreign economic sphere in the agricultural sector is manifested in the dominance of export activities of large agricultural holdings, the monocultural nature of agricultural production and export, and ineffective institutional support of small farmers and agrarians. An empirical assessment of the complementarity of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products has been carried out using complementarity indices, indices of revealed comparative advantage, and applying the method of cluster analysis. The conducted calculations proved that the Ukrainian agricultural sector has a significant unused potential for the development of exports on the basis of complementarity. A set of priorities of balancing foreign trade in agricultural products based on complementarity are substantiated, in particular, the following: forming a system for monitoring the complementarity of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products; concluding and comprehensively supporting the implementation of interstate agreements on the development of mutually beneficial trade in complementary products, including on a barter basis; providing support for export development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and for small-scale production; enhancing diversification of the assortment of agricultural exports of Ukraine, especially in the niches of craft and organic products; supporting complementary foreign trade relations at the level of individual regions of Ukraine; providing a strong and efficient consulting support for exporters, giving assistance in the process of finding foreign partners and entering foreign markets.

Economic aspects of assessment and marketing of carbon emissions by enterprises based on the principles of sustainable development

Purpose. To analyze the economic aspects of carbon emissions by industry and conduct a marketing assessment of the emissions trading system (ETS). To develop recommendations for the introduction of market mechanisms for regulating emissions. Methodology. Special and general methods of scientific knowledge are used: abstract-logical analysis to identify the predominant causes of greenhouse gas (GHG) generation; statistical methods of analysis to establish the correlation of capital investments and emissions; induction and deduction to identify complex management approaches to reducing harmful emissions; mathematical – for the formalization of the factors of the ETS market and their functional dependencies, necessary for the analysis of the market. Findings. A correlation between capital investments and emissions has been established, which confirms the long-term trend of implementing a strategic policy of enterprises to reduce emissions. The presence of sectoral differences in correlation coefficients indicated the need for differentiation of institutional support for industries as a tool for changing the export structure. The effects of Carbon Border Adjustments Mechanism (CBAM) influence on the economy of Ukraine are indicated. Recommendations for harmonizing issues regarding Ukraine’s obligations to reduce emissions are proposed. Measures to reduce risks for the economy during the introduction of the national ETS are proposed. Originality. Factors of the ETS market and their functional dependencies that are necessary for market analysis are presented mathematically. An equivalence function is proposed for the assessment of individual specific indicators of enterprises. The factors that determine prices and the amount of demand at the ETS market are stratified. Principles of this market are formulated. Practical value. It is proposed to introduce regional emission control laboratories and agree on the recognition of their certificates by Ukraine and the EU.

Роль социально-экономических факторов в становлении российской государственности в IX–XVI веках

The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of various economic aspects of the development of Russian statehood in the IX – XVI centuries. The authors consider the most important sectors of the Russian economy in the pre-Roman period, such as agriculture, crafts and trade. They also show the role of trade in the formation of regional markets and their integration into a single national market. The article discloses the significance of trade routes and partners, the structure of exports and imports, the functions of the state in regulating foreign economic relations. A separate part of the article is a chronological analysis of the dynamics of trade development. The following stages are distinguished: 1) IX - XI: the emergence and flourishing of Old Russian trade, 2) the middle of the XII - XIII centuries: a recession in trade against the backdrop of feudal fragmentation, the beginning of the flourishing of foreign trade in Novgorod, 3) XIII - XIV centuries: the destruction of trade relations in the southern and northeastern principalities, the flourishing of Novgorod trade, merchants, 4) the end of the XIV and the first half of the XVI century: the rise of Moscow merchants, positive dynamics in the development of trade, the development of new trade routes, access to new ports, the development of foreign trade with European countries, 5) the second half of the XVI - early XVII centuries: the crisis of trade and economic relations, the decline of agriculture, the decline in imports and exports. The article provides a rationale for the fact that trade played an important role in the spatial development of the state, as it contributed to the formation of cities, the resettlement of people and the integration of various segments of the population. Trade routes (‘from Varangians to Greeks’, Volga, Danube) penetrated the territory of the East European Plain, inhabited by tribal unions of the Slavs. Trade and defensive posts were formed along the banks of the rivers, which developed into large centers of trade, crafts, agriculture, military power, which formed the basis of the power of local princes and leaders. As a result, cities acquired not only trade and economic, but also administrative and strategic importance. The economic dependence of the tribes on cities, which were markets for agricultural products, handicrafts, precious metals, as well as the need to ensure security, became prerequisites for the formation and development of Russian statehood. The article shows the origin of the system of law in Rus’, the regulation of trade and economic relations, as well as the importance of various forms of management and cooperation (merchant guilds), which contributed to the unification of the Russian state. One guild could unite merchants from different cities, which facilitated and accelerated the process of annexing territories. Thus, unity was ensured not only by military force, but also by economic integration. Since the peasantry was the main element in the system of division of labor, the production of goods for foreign trade and material goods for domestic consumption, it can be considered a key factor influencing the development of trade and the main resource for the development of the economy. The historical transformation of the peasantry is closely correlated with the dynamics of the development of trade, so we can talk about the relationship of these elements.

Driving Factors of Carbon Emissions in G20 Countries: A Weighted Average Structural Decomposition Approach.

As a major part of global development governance, G20 countries account for 80% of global carbon emissions. In order to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality" proposed by the United Nations, it is important to compare and analyze the drivers of carbon emissions in G20 countries and provide recommendations for their carbon emission reduction. Based on the data of 17 G20 countries in the EORA database, this paper compares the drivers of carbon emissions of each country from 1990-2021 using weighted average structural decomposition and K-mean model. This paper focuses on four drivers, including carbon emission intensity, final demand structure, export structure, and production structure. Carbon emission intensity and final demand structure are the main factors of carbon emission reduction, and the other two factors have little influence. Among the G20 countries, the UK is in the first category because it does the best job on the four factors of carbon emissions, yet Italy is in the last category because it does not take full advantage of the four factors. Therefore, improving supply energy efficiency and adjusting demand, export, and industrial structure have become important tools for countries to transform and achieve carbon neutrality.

Characters, comparisons and explications of China's domestic environmental cost of agricultural exports from the perspective of global value chain

In the context of global value chain, this paper uses world input-output table (2016) and CO2 emission data to analyze domestic environmental cost of agricultural exports based on backward linkage MRIO model. The results show that average domestic value-added and domestic embodied emissions of China's agricultural export are respectively ranked 7th and 4th in the world during the sample period, which indicates that China's agriculture does not perform well in environmental cost; On the bright side, China's domestic environmental cost displays a downward trend over time. In terms of contributing factors, CO2 emission coefficient is conducive to the reduction of domestic environmental cost, meanwhile the value-added coefficient, intermediate input structure, and agricultural export structure promote the increase of domestic environmental cost. Further, the cross-country decomposition results found that the emission coefficient and the intermediate input structure are the main reasons that lead China's domestic environmental cost to be higher than those of the main agricultural export countries. The value-added factor and the export structure have narrowed the gap of domestic environmental cost between China and other major agricultural economies. The research findings are still robust when scenario analysis is introduced. This study suggests that optimizing the structure of energy consumption and promoting cleaner production are most important ways to promote the sustainable development of China's agricultural exports.

THE LATEST TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTENATIONAL TRADE IN ARMS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT

At the present stage of the development of the world economy, a number of fundamental changes are taking place in the international trade in arms and military equipment (AME), which are mainly associated with the increasing global crisis and increased geopolitical tensions in the world. Within the framework of study, we summarized the main trends and problems in the development of the world arms and military equipment market, which are formed as a result of the aggravation of relations between individual countries and groups of countries. In this regard, this article analyzes changes in the mechanisms, dynamics and structure of AME exports. As a separate aspect of analysis, an assessment of the opportunities for strengthening the positions of new player countries in the market is presented. The changes observed in recent years in the commodity and geographic structure of AME imports are revealed. It was found that due to modern military conflicts, the previously established structures of international arms and military equipment trade are becoming more complex and transforming, and disruptions in global supply chains are causing the formation of a new system of relations between arms exporters and importers

Role of Customs and Tariff Regulation in Foreign Trade with China (by the Example of Regions of the Siberian Federal District)

The current situation in the world dictates new rules for conducting foreign economic cooperation for Russia. Russia has fully deployed the vector of cooperation to the East. Over the past decades, China has been the main trading partner in this direction. The article analyzes the foreign trade of the regions of the Siberian Federal District with China. The subjects of the Siberian Federal District are strategically important territories for foreign economic transactions due to their geographical location and economic potential. The regions of the Siberian Federal District, according to their commodity specialization, deliver to China: timber, products of the fuel and energy complex, food products and agricultural raw materials. China imports machinery and equipment, products of the chemical industry to the regions of the Siberian Federal District. Given the desire of our state to increase the share of exports of value-added products, the role of customs and tariff regulation in achieving these goals is highlighted. So, using the example of the export of the commodity group "Wood and pulp and paper products" to China by the regions of the Siberian Federal District and the level of export customs duties, it is shown that there has been a redistribution in the commodity structure of timber exports from unprocessed timber in favor of processed. An analysis of China's weighted average import tariff rate showed that the principle of tariff escalation is applied to Russia: rates are low for raw materials, and high for value-added products. At the same time, the level of the weighted average import tariff rate in relation to Russia for many commodity items is lower than in relation to the whole world. It is proposed to increase the volume of production and supply of consumer goods and agricultural products, taking into account the solution of logistical problems.

Foreign Trade Between Ukraine and the EU

Abstract The article examines the trends in the development of trade relations between Ukraine and the EU. The positive changes that have taken place in European-Ukrainian relations in recent years are outlined. The dynamics and structure of exports and imports of goods and services are analysed, and the trends that have occurred over the past five years are identified. The place of Ukraine in the structure of EU foreign trade is considered. It is revealed that the foreign trade turnover between Ukraine and the EU is affected by the war. The main problems that hinder Ukraine‘s integration into the EU trade system are summarised and recommendations for their solution are provided.

State support for the exports of products of the grain-growing sector of a region

Grain growing is one of the essential branches of agriculture in Russia, and the products of its processing have a significant impact on the country’s food security. Grain has the most critical specific gravity in the structure of grain growing production. The availability of substantial areas of fertile land and relatively favourable weather conditions enable Russia to meet its domestic needs for food and fodder grain and become a major grain exporter to the global market. The Novosibirsk Region is one of the critical regions that is self-sufficient in grain. Therefore, it has significant potential for increasing export volume and a favourable location, making it a major exporter of grain products beyond the Ural. The important Siberian Federal District supplies gain, and leguminous crops are China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, i.e., Central Asia and Southeast rapeseed like such, flax, and buckwheat prevail in the export structure. In 2018, 459,000 tons of grain were exported, higher than in 2017. In 2018, 459 thousand tons of grain were exported, higher than in 2017. A significant part of the growth in exports of agricultural raw materials is accounted for by non-CIS countries such as China (38% of the total), Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, China, Bangladesh, and Kazakhstan. In 2017, oilseeds were exported to China, oilseeds 700 tons, against 26.8 thousand tons. Grain storage facilities in the Novosibirsk region are represented by 30-grain elevators and grain reception facilities, which have an actual grain storage capacity of 1,621.5 thousand tons.

Современное состояние лесопромышленного комплекса Сахалинской области и перспективы его развития

The article provides an analysis of the dynamics of the Sakhalin Region’s timber industry indicators and the main factors influencing the indicators of forest management efficiency are presented. The main systemic problems that hinder the progressive development of the timber industry sector in the Sakhalin Region are revealed, including the low level of development of the estimated logging area, the lack of economical and transportable forest resources, the imperfect structure of production and export of forest products, the difficult financial situation of the industry's enterprises, and the insufficient staffing. The main performance indicators of the region's timber industry complex and the reasons for their constant decline are considered in dynamics. Recommendations on the dynamic development of the timber industry of the Sakhalin region are given.

How do green product exports affect carbon emissions? Evidence from China

Green development has become an increasingly important global initiative. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of green product exports on carbon emissions in China. Firm-level datasets are used to estimate provincial green product exports between 2001–2016. This study estimates the impact of green exports on carbon emissions using the system generalized method of moments methodology. In addition, heterogeneity and asymmetry of the nexus are explored. The following findings are highlighted: (1) China’s green product exports show a significant upward trend during the study period; (2) increased green product exports, especially those of high-technology manufacturers, can effectively mitigate CO2 emissions; (3) the influence of green product exports on carbon emissions is regional heterogeneous but consistent across quantiles; and (4) technique and scale effects are significant mediators, whereas the composition effect is not. These findings provide new evidence supporting methods to mitigate China’s CO2 emissions by adjusting green product export structures.

Effect of women’s political inclusion on the level of infrastructures in Africa

The need for gender inclusion was highlighted as the fifth sustainable development goal (SDG) (i.e. SDG5) and policies have been gearing towards attaining this objective and its subsequent effect on macroeconomic outcomes. Equally, the demonstrated trend of infrastructures in Africa in terms of stocks and future need is unique compared to the rest of the world. The objective of this study is therefore to empirically examine the effect of women’s political inclusion on infrastructural development in Africa. The results through the system GMM and Quantile Regression techniques show that women’s political inclusion enhances infrastructural development in Africa. The result is robust across different measures of infrastructures and political inclusion. Besides, the positive relationship is maintained across income groups, levels of political stability and export structure. However, the effect is not significant in countries with infrastructural scores around the extreme quantiles. The results of the study recommend African policy makers to prioritise the inclusion of women in the political agenda as one of the strategies towards the development of infrastructures. This could come through the putting in place of laws that favour women’s participation in politics. Moreover, the countries should ratify international conventions that favour gender inclusion.

Забезпечення поступального розвитку агропромислової сфери харківської області в контексті стратегії смарт-спеціалізації

As of the beginning of 2022, Ukraine was defined as a country with a robust agricultural economy. Along with the growth of such economic indicators as the share in the structure of GDP, investments, gross value added, and the share in paid taxes, the percentage of agricultural products in the structure of exports has increased. As one of the largest suppliers of farm products to the world market, Ukraine essentially played the role of guarantor of world food security. In the context of Ukraine's European integration aspirations and obtaining the status of a candidate state for membership in the European Union, the issue of studying the principles of smart specialization policy, which in the EU countries currently acts as an effective means of encouraging regions to adopt a more strategic approach to their development, is becoming relevant. Stra-tegic development programs in Ukraine's regions are mainly aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of industries, often neglecting agriculture's economic role and investment attractiveness. Before the full-scale military invasion, the Kharkiv region had a powerful resource potential, formed mainly through implementing innovations. A relatively high level of development was demonstrated by manufacturers of industrial goods (mainly in mechanical engineering, pharma-ceuticals, and IT technologies) and in the agri-food sector. Their joint efforts with numerous research institutions and uni-versities will contribute to the progressive development of the region by forming a synergistic effect. At the regional level, good specialization of the agri-food sector is considered a strategy for effective interaction of business entities, scientific insti-tutions, state authorities, etc., to ensure progressive development of both individual enterprises and agro-industrial struc-tures created with the help of integration links by including elements of the value chain. Creating a favorable investment climate in the region and political and organizational support will allow business structures to align their interests with regional and national interests. Keywords: smart specialization, progressive development, agro-food sector, food security, rural areas, innovations, investments.

Economic Security, Sanctions and Reorientation of Russian Foreign Trade Flows

Relevance. Under the conditions of sanctions pressure, Russia needs to protect its economic interests and strengthen economic security. Therefore, the reorientation of foreign trade flows requires additional analysis. The purpose is to consider the direction of reorientation of Russian foreign trade flows in the context of anti‒ Russian sanctions.Objectives: to determine the main agenda of world trade policy; to identify common priorities of world trade; to provide quantitative data on the volume of trade of countries, to analyze the specifics of trade agreements over a decade, to identify the main economic method of pressure on states; to provide data on Russia's trade with other countries; to consider the Russian export commodity structure; to identify the relationship between the share in the commodity structure goods and growth rates in stable and crisis periods; identify priority export Russian goods in modern conditions.Methodology. The research methodology included the use of methods of analysis of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, correlation analysis, description, retrospective analysis, abstraction, generalization of the analyzed information.Results. The reasons for the forced change in the direction of foreign trade flows are not only direct pressure on the Russian economy, but also global trends of deglobalization and regionalization. The current trading partners, despite the restrictions imposed, continue to trade with Russia. When finding potential allies, the focus is primarily on the reliability, security and strength of partners on the world stage. The Russian economy should not deviate from the current export structure, as the demand for energy resources continues to be high. And Russia retains the role of one of the guarantors of global energy security.Conclusions. The issue of reorientation of Russian trade flows to alternative directions will remain one of the prevailing ones today. This is able to stabilize the economy and protect the economic interests of the country, to ensure the economic security of Russia. By diversifying and transforming trade flows by changing channels, the Russian economy will be able to discover new opportunities for the development of the world market.

Analysis of the dynamics of exports of agricultural products as a key factor in changes in customs payments from non-primary non-energy exports in Russia

According to the Federal Customs Service of Russia, in 2021, the volume of non-primary non-energy exports in value increased by 36,2 % to the level of 2020 and reached 191.4 billion US dollars. The share of exports of agro-industrial complex products in non-primary exports amounted to 19,4 %. The author analyzed the export of products of the agro-industrial complex as one of the components of the country's non-primary export potential, as well as a significant factor in increasing customs payments and revenues to the country's budget. The aim of the study is to quantify the contribution of agriculture to the dynamics of customs payments from non-primary non-energy exports of Russia. The author studied the dynamics and structure of exports of agricultural products, the rates of customs payments on exported agricultural products, and made a quantitative assessment of customs payments associated with the export of agricultural products. The information base of the study includes data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia, the Russian Export Center, the Federal Center for the Export of Agricultural Products of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, specialized Internet portals for 2019-2022. Methods of empirical research are statistical methods of analysis of dynamics and structure.

Economic Transformation To Get Out of the Middle Income Trap Condition To Reach Indonesia Gold 2045

Objectives – The article aims to analyze whether the Economic Transformation carried out by Indonesia will be able to get Indonesia out of the Middle Income Trap (MIT). And whether through economic transformation is able to realize a Golden Indonesia 2045.
 Methodology- In this study, the method used is descriptive and literature study where in descriptive analysis data and information will be displayed by comparing several countries that were originally included in middle-income countries such as Malaysia, China and Thailand as well as high-income countries such as Japan and South Korea. The data and information collected are taken from 1970-2021 from various sources. In this study, the method used is descriptive and literature study where in descriptive analysis data and information will be displayed by comparing several countries that were originally included in middle-income countries such as Malaysia, China and Thailand as well as high-income countries such as Japan and South Korea. The data and information collected are taken from 1970-2021 from various sources.
 Findings – In the short term, Indonesia must accelerate capital accumulation through accelerated investment, especially related to infrastructure, in order to encourage economic growth above 6%. In the medium term, it must develop, utilize innovation and technology in order to increase Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The economic transformation carried out by Indonesia is focused on the triggering factors and 4 (four) "Global Megatrends" otherwise the opportunity to get out of the Middle Income Trap (MIT) condition will take 30 years approximately 2053. Efforts are made by building human resources, strengthening digitalization, improving institutions. Indonesia can get out of the Middle Income Trap (MIT) condition if triggering factors such as export structure, and TFP, innovation and structural (against the background of country-specific characteristics) as shown in figure 8 can be overcome
 Renewal- In this study, it analyzes the efforts made by Indonesia to get out of the Middle Income Trap condition with the vision and mission of Indonesia Emas 2045. This study explains when Indonesia can get out of the Middle Income Trap.