Exports Of Goods Research Articles

Analysis of Japan’s Experience of Implementing Technological Sovereignty Strategy

The article discusses the purpose of technological sovereignty of each state and its role for economic sustainability. The essence of technological sovereignty in the aspect of various scientific approaches is revealed as well as the boundaries of the sovereignty type under consideration are determined, taking into account production and knowledge-intensive components. Attention is focused on the features of Japan’s transition from a state in isolation to a state interacting with the outside world through technology. The essence of Japan’s approach to ensuring its own economic stability against the background of technological production is revealed. Japan’s place in the world rankings is considered in terms of technology and the number of registered patents for inventions. The indicators of capital investments, industry priorities, labor force in technological industries, the level of exports of goods and services from GDP, the trade balance from GDP, the level of exports of high technologies for 2020–2022 against the background of strengthening Japan’s technological sovereignty are analyzed. The forecast estimates of the technological future of Japan are determined, taking into account the priority in the national economy and the specifics of entering the foreign market with a new technological development. These forward-looking estimates take into account the specifics of the import of raw materials and their intended purpose to ensure technological sovereignty in the foreseeable future. As a result, there is a high probability of having a certain economic algorithm that allows the Japanese economy to restore the desired stability indicators in a short time. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct applied research in order to identify the essence of the economic algorithm used by Japan to strengthen technological sovereignty and ensure economic stability in a short time for subsequent possible adaptation in the Russian economy.

Prospects for Export of Goods from Turkey to the European Union Countries in the Context of Carbon Taxation

Prospects for Export of Goods from Turkey to the European Union Countries in the Context of Carbon Taxation

Relative responses of trade in goods and services to currency devaluation: Evidence from Ethiopia

Lack of hard currency is one of the key growth barriers in emerging countries, as imports vastly outstrip exports. In response, governments in these countries usually undertake a variety of policy packages, including the devaluation of the domestic currency. Despite these efforts, there have been no discernible adjustments to foreign balance. This study examines whether the response to devaluation differs significantly between the goods and services trade in Ethiopia. We estimate the long- and short-run elasticities of the disaggregated trade indicators using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and error correction mechanisms. The empirical results confirm a significant difference between the goods and service sectors in terms of their responses to the devaluation policy in the long and short run. The estimated long-run elasticities of devaluation are only statistically significant for service imports and trade balances with negative signs. The remaining sectors did not show any significant relationships. In addition, we obtain meaningful short-run elasticities for service imports, goods exports, and total exports, all of which have a negative sign. Domestic inflation accounted for a large portion of the short-run import dynamics, output growth, and FDI, which contributed significantly to long-term export performance. The current study reveals that the government should not rely exclusively on the devaluation policy to bridge its external imbalances, and should see alternative and more effective policy mixes to alter the demand and supply sides of foreign trade.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН, ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА УКРАЇНИ З КРАЇНАМИ-УЧАСНИЦЯМИ АСЕАН

The purpose of the article is to analyze the main areas of foreign economic cooperation of Ukraine with ASEAN member countries and to determine the future prospects of their interaction. The article examines the trade and economic relations of Ukraine with ASEAN member countries during 2014-2022. An analysis of the volume of trade in goods between the parties is presented, which indicates a gradual increase in trade turnover from 2015 to 2021 and its further reduction in 2022 due to the start of a full-scale war The main categories of export and import of goods between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries in 2022 have been determined, which include grain crops, vegetable fats and oils, telecommunications equipment, metal products, etc. The geographical structure of trade operations was analyzed and the most popular export and import destinations for Ukraine, such as Malaysia and Vietnam, were determined. It is proven that, despite the gradual increase in trade volumes, the level of investment activity between the parties remains low, which is determined by a number of negative factors, including the war with Russia, corruption and the uncertainty of the legal environment in Ukraine. Positive factors that increase the investment attractiveness of Ukraine for the countries of Southeast Asia are considered, in particular, the geopolitical position and the presence of a highly qualified workforce. Based on the data of the National Bank of Ukraine, it was determined that the largest number of investments in Ukraine comes from Singapore, in particular, in enterprises in the fields of industry, trade and agriculture. The existence of significant potential for the development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries has been proven. Ways of intensifying bilateral cooperation were proposed, such as the implementation of joint projects in the field of information technology and infrastructure, increasing the volume of Ukrainian exports and the creation of special economic zones. The need to sign trade agreements and expand business ties for the further development of cooperation between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries is highlighted.

Contemporary Statistical Trends of Export of Goods From Georgia to Latvia

Despite the improvement of the indicators of Georgia's export relations with the European Union, the balance of foreign trade with many countries, including Latvia, is negative. It amounts to −29 357.00 thousand US dollars, and compared to the previous year, it has increased by 27 %. The aim of the paper was to analyze the main trends of exports from Georgia to Latvia. Statistical research methods were used in the research process. In general, export relations with Latvia are characterized by an increasing trend. During the study period, during the last ten years, exports grew by an average of 8.8 % annually and were characterized by a rather diverse commodity structure. The range of growth rates varied between 77.6 % and 135 %, and its magnitude varied at different stages. In 2022, Georgia’s exports to Latvia increased by 31.2 % compared to the previous year and by 35 % compared to 2019. During the research period, there were no significant changes in the product structure, and the main export products were wine of fresh grapes, petroleum and petroleum oils, undenatured ethyl alcohol, spirits, liqueurs and other spirituous beverages, waters, natural or artificial mineral and aerated waters, etc. The volume of local exports to Latvia is increasing. In 2014–2022, it grew by an average of 3.7 % annually, although the share of local exports in total exports to Latvia fell from 92 % in 2014 to 67.7 % by 2022. Instead, the volume of re-exports increases. In the same period, the re-export volume increased by 28.3 % annually. The commodity structure also changed slightly.

Impact of carbon pricing on comparative advantage in environmental goods export in sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence of asymmetries from South Africa

AbstractThis paper examines the asymmetric link between carbon pricing and the comparative advantage in environmental goods exports in South Africa from 1995 to 2021. The non‐linear autoregressive distributed lag model is utilized to investigate the effects of both minor and major positive and negative fluctuations in carbon taxes, technological innovation, and energy transition on comparative advantage. The results reveal that carbon taxes have an asymmetric effect on comparative advantage in both the short and long runs, with positive shocks exerting a greater beneficial influence than negative shocks. Specifically, it is found that a 1% reduction in carbon taxes corresponds to a 1.24% decline in the response variable, whereas a 1% increase in carbon taxes is associated with a 2.72% increase in comparative advantage in environmental goods exports, which is twice as large. The study also uncovers evidence of an asymmetric relationship between low‐carbon technological innovation and comparative advantage in environmental goods exports. However, strong evidence of a long‐run asymmetric linkage between the energy transition and comparative advantage is not established. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that a positive shift in energy transition is linked with a 0.32% rise in comparative advantage in environmental goods exports, whereas a negative shift in energy transition corresponds to a 0.11% decrease. The practical policy implications are also discussed.

Foreign Trade of Ukraine’s ICT Sector: state and prospects

The article analyses the dynamics, features and structure of foreign trade of the ICT sector of Ukraine in 2008-2022, focusing on the exports and imports of ICT goods and services. It has been determined that the commodity structure of Ukraine’s ICT sector exports is dominated by communication equipment and consumer electronics, and that Ukraine mainly exported ICT goods to European countries, in particular to Hungary, Russia, Moldova, and Austria. At the same time, Ukraine imported the most communication equipment, as well as computer and peripheral equipment, mainly from China and Vietnam. The study of dynamics showed a long-term trend of decreasing exports and increasing imports of ICT goods by Ukraine. Additionally, the trade balance and indices of international trade in ICT goods showed a low level of specialization of Ukraine in the production and export of ICT goods. Having examined the structure of Ukraine's ICT services exports, we found that computer services predominate. The main importers of ICT services from Ukraine include the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Malta, and other countries. In addition, it has been determined that technology companies from countries that import ICT services from Ukraine have gradually opened their own R&D centres in Ukraine. The study of the dynamics of foreign trade in ICT services during 2008-2022 showed a constant upward trend in the volume and share of ICT services in Ukraine's exports of services. In addition, the calculation of the trade balance and international trade indices for 2008-2022 showed a high level of specialization and competitiveness of ICT services in the Ukrainian economy. The article identifies the main factors and reasons that influenced the trends in foreign trade of the ICT sector of Ukraine. Finally, three possible scenarios for the development of Ukraine's ICT sector over the next few years were outlined.

Paving the way for sustainable environment in BRICS through technological innovation, sustainable energy, and financial development: heterogenous analyses

ABSTRACT The pervasive issue of global warming has propelled the continued empirical efforts by policymakers and research pundits geared towards finding sustainable solutions to salvaging the ecosystem. Consequently, this study evaluates the heterogenous impacts of technological innovation, sustainable energy, and financial development on environmental sustainability captured by CO2 emissions, methane emissions, and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1995 to 2020. The study employs second-generation estimators comprising quantile regression (QR), augmented mean (AMG), common correlation effect group mean (CCEMG), and cross-sectional ARDL (CS-ARDL). The main findings show that among the indicators of technological innovation, high technology exports, ICT goods exports, and ICT services exports drive sustainable environment in the long run whereas environmental-related technology promotes both in the short run and long run. The moderating impacts of sustainable energy are evident through wind energy, solar energy, and hydrogen technology. Conversely, financial development measured by broad money and domestic credits to private sector hinders environmental sustainability. More so, the covariates entailing economic growth, population growth, poverty, and trade openness escalate the stock of pollutants. The empirical regularity of the main estimators is supported by outcomes of QR across the low, middle, and upper quantiles. On the policy front, the study recommends promoting initiatives that drive technology and renewable energy to enhance the sustainability of the BRICS’ environment.

Diversification of export activities: essence, purpose and state in Ukraine

Introduction. Export diversification is an essential tool for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. After all, these countries' exports are concentrated on raw materials and agricultural products, which are primarily sensitive to external shocks. By diversifying their exports, countries can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in foreign markets, including changes in demand, prices and terms of trade. This will stabilise the country's export earnings, ensure uninterrupted financing of imports and the development of various sectors of the national economy. In addition, diversifying export activities contributes to the structural transformation of the national economy and the country's innovative development. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and functional purpose of export diversification in ensuring the country's economic development. The objective will be achieved by analysing the state of diversification of Ukraine's exports of goods and studying its relationship with the country's economic development. Results. Based on the analysis of changes in Ukraine's export commodity structure, the paper shows that in 2014-2023, there was a deepening of specialisation in Ukraine's exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products. At the same time, the share of medium and highly processed goods in Ukraine's export structure has decreased significantly. These trends are confirmed by the relatively high degree of specialisation of Ukrainian exports of goods over the period considered, as calculated by the normalised Herfindahl-Hirschman index. It is noted that the deepening concentration of Ukrainian exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products has been accompanied by slow growth or decline in GDP per capita. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the diversification of export activities and a country's economic development level. Conclusions. According to the study's results, one strategy for Ukraine's economic growth under current conditions should be to diversify export activities and develop trade in goods with a medium and high degree of processing.

The impact of the war on the development of freight transportation in Ukraine

The paper analyzes the relevance of the chosen research topic, in particular, the importance of the freight transportation sector for the development of the Ukrainian economy. The significant impact of a full-scale war on the dynamics of freight transportation and structural changes in this market, which began in 2022, is substantiated. The dynamics of prices for A95 gasoline and diesel fuel for 2022-2024, UAH, is analyzed and analyzed. The dynamics of prices for freight transportation for 2022-2023 is analyzed and substantiated, UAH. The structure of the Ukrainian freight transportation market by export and import of goods as of 2022 is analyzed and analyzed. It is determined that the war affected the rise in fuel prices, which led to higher transportation prices and fuel shortages. It is determined that the largest share in 2022 belonged to rail transport, namely: 50% were exports and 41% were imports. It is determined that most of the cargo was transported by road and rail during the study period. The dynamics of the volume of freight traffic in Ukraine by types of transport for 2021-2022, million tons, is analyzed and substantiated. The paper analyzes the introduction of electronic queues and electronic registration "e-queue". The main problems faced by freight transportation are identified. A way to optimize the costs of enterprises under martial law is proposed. The expediency of introducing digital technologies, which should primarily lead to time savings and faster delivery, is substantiated. The use of a logistics chain management system based on the Digital Twin technology is proposed, the use of which will positively affect the organization of the process of cargo transportation by road and minimize unnecessary costs. The process of implementing Digital Twin in the logistics processes of a carrier company is depicted schematically. Conclusions are drawn about the impact of the war on the development of freight transportation in Ukraine.

Production- and consumption-based emissions in carbon exporters and importers: A large panel data analysis for the EKC hypothesis

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has become a widely used framework for the investigation of the income-environment nexus. However, the literature in this field is biased toward the reliance on production-based carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (PBE) as a proxy for environmental degradation. This production perspective ignores the carbon emissions embedded in trade, which are estimated to make up approximately a quarter of total global emissions. Therefore, the carbon leakage issue makes consumption-based CO2 emissions (CBE) accounting vital for better understanding the relationship between income and carbon emissions. In this study, we comparatively investigate the EKC pattern based on both PBE and CBE for a sample of 85 countries over the period between 1990 and 2020. In doing so, we investigate whether different emission accounting methods have an impact on the EKC pattern and examine how this impact differs depending on whether the countries are net importers or exporters of emissions embedded in trade. To this end, we first endogenously classify countries based on the club convergence approach proposed by Phillips & Sul [1] and obtain country groups such as those that are net exporters or importers of CO2 emissions. Using the system generalized method of moments (SGMM) estimator, we test the validity of the EKC hypothesis in the second step and identify the main driving forces behind the changes in PBE and CBE for each convergent club by controlling the effect of trade and urbanization. Therefore, for the first time, we compare the EKC hypothesis based on both PBE and CBE for a large sample of countries that are endogenously divided into different groups, and investigate the potential impact of alternative emission accounting approaches and the status of being net exporters or importers of CO2 emissions on the EKC pattern. The findings support the different patterns for PBE and CBE: while the EKC hypothesis is supported for both PBE and CBE for countries that are net importers of emissions, neither PBE nor CBE show an inverted U-shaped relationship with income for countries that are net exporters of emissions. These results strongly support the need for coordination in policies to reduce CO2 emissions between importers and exporters of hydrocarbons and energy-intensive goods.

Exploring the determinants of methane emissions from a worldwide perspective using panel data and machine learning analyses

This article contributes to the scant literature exploring the determinants of methane emissions. A lot is explored considering CO2 emissions, but fewer studies concentrate on the other most long-lived greenhouse gas (GHG), methane which contributes largely to climate change. For the empirical analysis, a large dataset is used considering 192 countries with data ranging from 1960 up to 2022 and considering a wide set of determinants (total central government debt, domestic credit to the private sector, exports of goods and services, GDP per capita, total unemployment, renewable energy consumption, urban population, Gini Index, and Voice and Accountability). Panel Quantile Regression (PQR) estimates show a non-negligible statistical effect of all the selected variables (except for the Gini Index) over the distribution's quantiles. Moreover, the Simple Regression Tree (SRT) model allows us to observe that the losing countries, located in the poorest world regions, abundant in natural resources, are those expected to curb methane emissions. For that, public interventions like digitalization, green education, green financing, ensuring the increase in Voice and Accountability, and green jobs, would lead losers to be positioned in the winner's rankings and would ensure an effective fight against climate change.

THE ATTITUDE OF DIFFERENT CURRENTS AND MADHHABS OF ISLAM TO THE CONSUMPTION OF SEAFOOD

The relevance of this study is due to the fact that scientific papers have not actually considered the features and rules related to the use of seafood according to the religious rules of Islam. It is generally believed that Muslims do not eat blood, pig meat, dead meat and alcohol. In fact, this is true, but it should be noted that certain trends and law schools have their own nuances related to the consumption of seafood. Ignorance of these issues can complicate the export of certain goods to some Muslim countries, as well as to banal misunderstandings when communicating with Muslims by representatives of certain movements and schools. The subject of the study is the rules of some currents and madhhabs related to the consumption of seafood. The purpose is to clarify issues related to the use of seafood in Islam. The main method is hermeneutical, which includes the study of the Koran, the sayings of the prophet and the works of Islamic theologians related to the consumption of seafood. As a result, it was found that representatives of the Hanafi Madhhab and the Shiite movement consider some seafood forbidden for consumption. The results of the study can be applied in the development of Halal standards and certification of certain types of products. Also, the results of this article may be useful in the preparation and teaching of religious studies courses. Islamic theology and selected trade and economic disciplines.Key words: Islam, Halal, Haram, madhhab, Hanafi Madhhab, Shiism, seafood.

Foreign-economic activity business analytics implementation in the regional management system: The Altai Krai case

Subject. This article discusses the issues of development of management decision-making systems and support for foreign economic activities of Russian companies. Objectives. The article aims to develop an electronic system that can help assess the potential of the region for the export of goods and services. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of logical, comparative, statistical analyses, and graphical visualization. Results. The article presents an author-developed analytical search system, which helps regional governments cover a larger number of potential recipients of public support measures, which is important from the point of view of bringing goods and services to foreign markets. Relevance. The practical value of the proposed electronic system lies in the prompt conduct of business analysis with the help of new tools that help visualize and interpret the final results of the assessment of the potential of exporters.

EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF INDONESIAN BLACK PEPPER IN THE UNITED STATES MARKET

Indonesia pepper, contributing 11% of the U.S. market, is below Vietnam as a significant supplier and is followed by Brazil. Based on the growth rate of Indonesian pepper exports to the U.S. market, Indonesia is second after Vietnam. Indonesian pepper exports to the American market have limitations, and competition exists between the countries exporting pepper. The research used the export of a sort of whole black pepper. This study aims to determine Indonesian black pepper's competitiveness and demand position in the U.S. market. The performance of Indonesia's black pepper exports to the U.S. market was analyzed using the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) method, export product dynamics (EPD), and the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) method. The dependent variable is the share of Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, and India, and the independent variable is the price of pepper from the countries. The analysis results show that black pepper has comparative and competitive competitiveness. Indonesian black pepper has the highest expenditure elasticity, elastic price elasticity, and cross elasticity; it is a substitute for Vietnam and complementary to Brazil and India. Indonesian black pepper has good export performance and a high demand for imports, so Indonesia has the potential to increase exports by increasing the export volume of quality pepper at competitive prices, according to what the U.S. market wants.

ANALYSIS OF COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY BETWEEN INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

In modern conditions, when European countries have set themselves an extremely ambitious goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, it is important to analyze the cause-and-effect relationships between key indicators of energy efficiency of national economies and economic growth, the nature of their influence on each other. The article analyzes cointegration and causal relationships between panel data that determine the economic development and energy efficiency of 38 European countries for the period from 1995 to 2021. Stationary time series were analyzed for causality using the Dumitrescu Hurlin test, which, compared to the classical Granger test, more accurately takes into account the structure of panel data, namely cross-sectional relationships. The annual GDP growth rate has driven the intensity of CO2 emissions. For pairs of time series with the first level of integration, in the case of cointegration between them, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to determine the type of long-term behaviour of the variables with their short-term feedback. Long-term causality was found from GDP per capita to the level of primary energy intensity of European countries. Exports of goods and services have proven to be a long-term cause of domestic consumption of natural gas and solid fossil fuels. Bidirectional long-term causality was found only between primary energy consumption and exports. It should be noted that in all short-term and long-term cause-and-effect relationships obtained in the article, economic development indicators are the cause for energy efficiency indicators. This signals that the level of energy efficiency of the European economy is determined to a large extent by the economic development of Europe in previous periods. ARDL models can be used to analyze causal relationships between time series that have different levels of integration.

Wartime Trade Policy Measures in Comparison of the Historical Periods of the First World War and the Special Military Operation

With the beginning of the special military operation (SMO), a new type of foreign trade policy is forming, based on restrictions. History shows that the practice of restrictions on trade operations is not new. The article compares Russia’s trade policy measures introduced during the First World War of 2014–2018 and the SMO, which began in 2022. The goal is to identify tools that are not currently used. Restrictions on exports and imports, measures to stimulate imports, and measures to build new trade routes are considered. Even before the start of the SMO, from the moment of political aggravation, Russia limited the export of wood and fertilizers, which contradicted the Protocol on Accession to the WTO and the refusal of quantitative restrictions. Unfriendly countries that applied preventive sanctions against Russia, with the beginning of the SMO, denied Russia most favored nation treatment. As during the First World War, grains, flour and sugar were among the food products subject to government export restrictions. Both periods were characterized by measures to stimulate imports in an effort to provide industry with raw materials and equipment. Import restriction measures in the first period applied to luxury goods, in the second they took the form of sanctions against unfriendly countries. The war period was characterized by growing interest in the northern sea routes. Compared with World War I, modern export restriction policies were more varied in terms of product coverage, but lacked the specific details by export directions that were developed a century ago. Many of the modern measures allow exemptions only in relation to EAEU countries. In our opinion, exemptions from restrictions on the export of humanitarian goods could be made for the developing countries which are most in need of grain or fertilizers.

International trade of the Russian Federation under external sanctions pressure

In the context of external sanctions pressure from the United States and EU countries, Russian companies faced a number of problems: violation of well-established logistics, restrictions on the export of goods from the EU countries. Trade relations are being revised. To ensure uninterrupted trade, import support measures have been introduced, the schemes for importing goods are changing and multimodal transportation is being used.

Pass‐through to export prices: Evidence from Australia†

AbstractAustralia is a leading exporter of primary and agricultural commodities like iron ore, coal, wool and beef. Industry stakeholders point out that exchange rate fluctuations remain a key determinant of export revenue. This article investigates the exchange rate pass‐through to export prices using the recently proposed impulse responses by the local projections technique. Employing export prices in all destination markets and trade‐weighted exchange rates, there is substantial evidence that 17 SITC industry and sub‐industry level prices experience moderate to high exchange rate pass‐through to export prices. These industry categories include sectors like minerals and natural resources products, which are homogenous in nature, and Australia enjoys a comparative advantage in the export of such goods. However, this competitive edge does not necessarily lead to higher export prices, as currency invoicing plays an important role in determining the extent of the pass‐through effect. Our findings have important policy implications, especially regarding the invoicing currency strategy for exporters selling homogenous items.

Effective import substitution programs and services in the context of sanction restrictions in 2022–2023

Subject. This article focuses on the search for alternative models of Russia's economic development and the dangers of disruption of global value chains. Objectives. The article aims to assess the methods and forms of sale of Russian industrial goods abroad in the context of international sanctions. Methods. For the study, I used general scientific research methods. Results. Electronic platforms developed in 2022 provide Russian manufacturers with various opportunities, including the export of Russian-made goods to friendly countries, the redistribution of warehouse balances, and the search for high-quality domestic analogues of foreign industrial products. Conclusions. Large-scale international sanctions against Russia are likely to have a positive impact on the development of industrial enterprises.