Export Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

Аналіз сучасного стану логістичної ефективності України

Agro-industrial complex (APK) belongs to the system-forming, strategically important industries. It ensures the country’s food security, makes a significant contribution to ensuring employment of the population, preserving socio-economic stability, and increasing export potential. In recent years, the development of the domestic agricultural industry has had positive dynamics. However, the industry faced many problems related to hostilities: destruction of infrastructure, congestion of alternative routes, difficulties with exports, etc. Military operations significantly affect all aspects of the logistics chain, including transport, storage, processing and export of products. It is noted that the domestic agro-industrial complex not only meets the domestic needs of the country, but also exports agricultural products abroad. Logistics plays a key role in export operations, and it is through effective management of logistics processes that companies can achieve better results in foreign economic activity. The hostilities greatly complicate export logistics by blocking seaports and disrupting rail routes, posing a threat to the country’s economic stability and food security in many countries. Although the volume of transportation remained significantly lower than the pre-war level, the positive dynamics of the indicators is maintained. The commodity structure of the export of agricultural products and indicators of the freight transportation index were analyzed. The value of the logistics efficiency index was considered and it was noted that there is a significant deterioration of the specified indicator for the country, which is why there is a need to analyze logistics processes, identify problems in the logistics industry and take measures to improve indicators. The main problems of logistics, which create serious challenges for business and the country’s economy, are highlighted. It was noted that the logistics of agricultural products in wartime conditions faces numerous challenges that require rapid adaptation and the search for new solutions. Restoration of logistics infrastructure is one of the key directions for ensuring Ukraine’s competitiveness on the global market. Keywords: logistics, agricultural products, export, costs, efficiency.

Problems of the Organic Agricultural Production Development as Threats to Ukraine's Economic Security

Purpose: The research is aimed at the mechanisms of solving the identified problems in the development of organic agricultural production against the background of the ongoing Russian invasion. Taking into account the need to increase the volume of such output in response to the demands of world markets, the development of state stimulation tools that have been tested in the EU to help achieve both the individual Sustainable Development Goals and to strengthen the components of Ukraine's economic security, which are currently under constant attack. Design/Method/Approach: Based on the data of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Diia Business, OrganicInfo, and World Bank, we used economic and statistical methods: average, relative values of dynamics, structure, coordination, Le Masne similarity index, Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index, non-parametric criterion for assessing the tightness of the connection (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) and graphically depicted the obtained results. Findings: Ukrainian organic production is characterized by imbalance and weak diversification. In 2021, 96.85% of the area of domestic crop production was allocated to the cultivation of grain and oil crops. In 2022, the volume of sales of organic products in the domestic market of Ukraine fell by almost half (-48%). Unlike in European countries, organic products are not a priority for retail trade in Ukraine. The hypothesis about the non-randomness of the correlation between the consumption of organic products and GDP per capita was confirmed: with a probability of 99.9%, there is a direct and strong (0.86) correlation between the indicators. Theoretical Implications: The work identifies the current problems of organic agricultural production and possible ways to solve them, in particular, based on state incentive mechanisms approved in the EU, the introduction of which will strengthen the economic security of Ukraine. Practical Implications: Calculations prove that the reorientation of the Ukrainian producer to the domestic consumer is not a solution to the problems associated with blocking the export of Ukrainian agricultural products until the level of GDP per capita is similar to European indicators. Originality/Value: The development of organic production is one of the priorities of the agricultural policy of the EU from the financial perspective of 2021-2027. It is a direction for realizing Ukraine's competitive advantages against the background of the ongoing Russian invasion. Research Limitations/Future Research: In further research, it is advisable to compare the development trends of Ukrainian organic production with European ones since this article focuses on internal problems. Paper Type: Empirical JEL Classification: Q01, Q14, Q18

A Study of Factors Influencing China's Agricultural Exports to Japan

As a key focus of trade negotiations between China and Japan, trade in agricultural products has received special attention to the tariffs and preferential conditions involved. According to data provided by China Customs, China's agricultural exports to Japan fell after peaking in 2012 and fell further to 9.64 billion yuan in 2020. This paper selects the 2000-2021 china export agricultural products trade data from the Department of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Commerce to Analyze the trade status of Japan, and finds that the scale of trade shows an expanding trend, and there are fluctuations in some years. Establish a business gravity model, study the effectiveness and potential of developing China's agricultural export trade with Japan, and analyze various factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural export trade, and the results show that there is room for progress in China's agricultural export trade with Japan, and the scale of trade can be further expanded. Finally, it proposes to further improve the export efficiency of agricultural products, stabilize the exchange rate, improve import and export policy control and further broaden the foreign trade market, optimize the trade structure and promote the quality of agricultural products.

The impact of digital transformation on the quality and safety level of agricultural exports: evidence from Chinese listed companies

Enhancing the quality and safety of exported agricultural products and improving export competitiveness is the key to establishing enhanced competitive advantages in agricultural products, developing a trade powerhouse and realising high-quality development of agriculture. This paper uses the data of Chinese listed companies and Chinese Customs from 2007 to 2016 to discuss the effect and mechanism of digital transformation of enterprises on the quality and safety level of export agricultural products by using the staggered differential method. The study shows that (1) Enterprise digital transformation effectively improves the quality and safety of exported agricultural products, and this result holds after endogeneity, placebo and multiple robustness tests; (2) Heterogeneity analyses reveal that the quality and safety effect of enterprise digital transformation is greater for exporting to developed countries’ markets, non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises in the eastern region, in addition to bulk agricultural products and consumer-oriented agricultural products; (3) Mechanism analyses shows that enterprise digital transformation raises the quality and safety of exported agricultural products through technological innovation, product tracing, information sharing and quality assurance effects.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

The article delves into the urgent issues surrounding to the development of Ukraine's enterprises' international activities in contemporary conditions. It provides a meticulous examination of the fluctuating landscape of Ukraine's exports and imports, meticulously identifying key trends and primary drivers behind these changes. Special attention is paid to the development of exports of domestic metallurgical and agricultural products, as well as the analysis of service exports and the identification of negative factors affecting the operations of exporting enterprises. Additionally, the article meticulously examines the commodity structure and geographical distribution of imports, offering a comprehensive understanding of the nation's trade dynamics. Drawing from this exhaustive analysis, it arrives at conclusive insights regarding the imperative need for structural reforms within the domestic economy. Central to the discourse is the imperative need for the formulation of a comprehensive industrial policy, determining its fundamental principles and strategic priorities. The article underscores the urgency of adopting proactive measures conducive to contemporary demands at macroeconomic, regional, and microeconomic levels. It is envisaged that these measures will enhance the resilience and effectiveness of international trade operations amid global changes in the local and global markets, thereby strengthening the country's economic foundations and enhancing its competitiveness on the international stage. The article contains a profound analysis of various aspects shaping the trajectory of enterprises' international interactions. It emphasizes the necessity of forming a comprehensive industrial policy and delineates its principles and priorities aimed at reshaping the economic landscape and stimulating sustainable growth in an era characterized by unprecedented volatility and interconnectedness. The conclusion is drawn that the modernization and development of the internal processing industry should become a key factor in enhancing competitiveness and fostering economic development in Ukraine

Problems of optimizing the production and export of environmentally friendly consumer products in Azerbaijan

State of the problem. In the article, it is justified that the provision of a green economy based on environmentalization, modernization, innovation and new technologies in the production and processing of agricultural products leads to a radical improvement of production, protection of natural capital and ecosystem services, and reduction of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It was noted that the regulation of agricultural production systems in the country requires the expansion of agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, contribute to the protection of ecosystems, adaptation to climate change, extreme weather events, droughts, and floods. Research object. It is the production, processing, consumption and export of agricultural products of Azerbaijan. The purpose of the study is to promote the production of ecologically clean and export-important consumer products in Azerbaijan and the stimulation of its export. Introducing the country to the world with branded products, attracting foreign investments to this field, increasing the population's interest in the agricultural field, and attracting innovative technology to the field are also considered important. It is the determination of the damage caused by the impact on the agricultural sector and nature due to the degradation of the growing environmental components. Minimizing losses at this stage and optimizing the development of the agro-industrial complex is one of the main factors. Methodology. Generalization, historical, statistical, systematic analysis and comparison methods were used in the preparation of the article. Scientific novelty of the research. Implementation of the production and processing of ecologically clean agro-industrial products that do not harm human health and the environment, regular monitoring of the ecological condition of the soil, and the provision of increasing the production and assortment of ecologically clean export-oriented food and light industrial products. Research results. In the article, it is explained that the development of the green economy in Azerbaijan is an integral part of the state policy, and it occupies an important place in the state administration, on the example of export-oriented food and light industrial products. It is noted that the sustainability of the development of the green economy acts as a criterion for the production of competitive products of the state, which contributes positively to the provision of people's vital needs.

Distortions in China's agricultural virtual water trade: A perspective on value chain decomposition

Due to the exacerbation of climate change, agricultural water security has risen to a prominent position on the global agenda. However, virtual water trade isn't always beneficial for enhancing water resource sustainability; instead, it often leads to serious trade distortion problems due to unreasonable industrial and trade structures. This study employs pathway decomposition method to highlight the path characteristics of such distortions, revealing how virtual water trade distortions occur, why there are regional differences, and what insights can be gained for policy formulation. The study focuses on the agricultural sectors of seven key provinces in China. Findings indicate that virtual water in these provinces' agricultural sectors is predominantly exported through inter-regional and inter-sectoral intermediate goods trade. Furthermore, in regions where virtual water trade distortion is more severe, this characteristic becomes more apparent, leading to significant exports of virtual water. However, the trade chains for importing virtual water are usually short and direct, resulting in a relatively low volume of virtual water imports. These characteristics are closely related to the value chain participation mode. The policy implication is: while "value chain upgrading" has become a trendy term, merely improving trade conditions without enhancing the processing of agricultural products for export, or simply increasing imports of low-end intermediate inputs without upgrading the agricultural input structure for imports, offers no assistance in alleviating virtual water trade distortions. Based on these findings, we propose several differentiated strategies to mitigate virtual water trade distortions.

Effective measures and tools to support the export of domestic agri-food products in the context of international requirements

A comprehensive analysis of the regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Belarus regarding support for the export of agricultural and food products is presented, and issues of organizational and financial measures are considered in detail. Current tools for stimulating exports are proposed for implementation in domestic practice to support enterprises exporting agri-food products in the context of international requirements and taking into account current trends in the world market.

The role of the EU in supporting Ukraine’s economy during the war: prospects for relationship development

The article focuses on the issues of the russian war against Ukraine, which has caused significant damage to the Ukrainian economy. In this difficult situation, the EU plays a key role in supporting Ukraine by providing financial, economic, and humanitarian assistance. The study of the EU’s role in this area and the determination of prospects for the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU in the context of post-war reconstruction are extremely important. The article explores and analyzes the role of the EU in supporting the Ukrainian economy during the war, as well as identifies the prospects for the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU in the context of post-war reconstruction. The paper argues for a comprehensive analysis of the EU’s role in supporting the Ukrainian economy during the war, identifying promising areas for the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU in the context of post-war reconstruction, and developing practical recommendations for strengthening cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. The article substantiates and evaluates the role of the EU in supporting the Ukrainian economy during the war. It identifies promising areas for the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU. It develops practical recommendations for strengthening cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the context of post-war reconstruction. The article argues that Ukraine’s imports from the EU may increase after joining the EU, as Ukrainian consumers will gain access to a wider range of goods at competitive prices. Accordingly, there will be changes in the structure of trade. Exports of agricultural products from Ukraine may decrease, while exports of industrial goods may increase. The article emphasizes that Ukraine needs to make a lot of efforts to prepare for EU membership. However, EU membership can bring Ukraine many benefits, including: economic growth; improving the standard of living; strengthening democracy.

Digital economy and China's agricultural exports: based on trade cost and market competition effect

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of the digital economy’s influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports.Design/methodology/approachBased on the theoretical analysis of the mechanism of the digital economy’s influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports, this study empirically examines the effect and mechanism of the digital economy’s influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports based on China’s customs export data from 2011 to 2016.FindingsThe relevant findings are threefold. (1) The digital economy significantly improves the binary margin of agricultural exports, and its effect on the intensive margin is stronger than that on the expansive margin. After the expansive margin is subdivided, the effects on the three sub-variables of the expansive margin are in the following order: old products exported to new markets > new products exported to old markets > new products exported to new markets. (2) The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the digital economy has a stronger role in promoting the binary margin of exports for enterprises in the eastern region, high-income countries as the destination of exports and state-owned enterprises. (3) Mechanism analysis shows that the digital economy promotes the binary margin of agricultural exports by reducing trade costs and intensifying market competition.Originality/valueFirst, in terms of research perspective, although there are some studies on the impact of the digital economy on export trade in existing literature, the research objects mainly focus on manufacturing enterprises. In fact, agricultural trade is susceptible to natural conditions and seasonal factors, and countries may impose more SPS measures and TBT measures on agricultural trade due to risk considerations. The relationship between the digital economy and agricultural trade also has its own characteristics, but there are few research studies in this area. At present, only Liu and Gao (2022), based on the data of total imports and exports of different agricultural products from 2004 to 2018, have established a vector auto-regressive model to empirically analyse the heterogeneous dynamic impact of the digital economy on the trade volume of agricultural products. In addition, Ma and Guo (2023) conducted an empirical test on the total effect, regional heterogeneity and threshold effect of the digital economy on agricultural export trade based on China’s provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020. Therefore, under the new circumstances of continuous integration of digital technology and agriculture, this study interprets the impact effect and mechanism of the digital economy on the binary margin of agricultural exports from the perspective of the digital economy, providing new research perspectives and approaches for promoting the growth of agricultural exports. Second, in terms of theoretical analysis, the above studies have not been fully analysed in terms of the specific mechanism of the impact of the digital economy on agricultural exports. Based on the positive and negative characteristics of agricultural trade, this study introduces two kinds of roles into the theoretical analysis framework to comprehensively determine the trade impact effect of the digital economy. Third, in terms of research design, this study empirically examines the impact of the digital economy on the binary margin of agricultural products, passing a series of robustness tests and investigating the mediating roles of trade cost and market competition effects, producing an empirical basis for China to leverage the digital economy to promote the binary margin of agricultural exports.

乡村振兴战略下农产品跨境电商赋能乡村特色产业的研究

China is an agriculture-based country with vast rural areas, a wealth of agricultural products, and a large market. Cross-border e-commerce offers support for the export of agricultural products, which can break through the limitations of time and space, shorten the trade process of agricultural products, enhance the export efficiency of agricultural products, stabilize agricultural product trade, and promote the transformation and upgrading of China’s e-commerce. It also aids in the construction of a long-term mechanism for e-commerce poverty alleviation and agricultural revitalization. However, research has found that despite the rapid development of China’s crossborder e-commerce for agricultural products, there are still some issues, such as non-uniform quality standards for export agricultural products, information asymmetry, an inadequate cross-national logistics system and level of logistics technology, low levels of after-sales service, and a lack of corresponding professional and technical personnel. To address these issues, this article first introduces the current situation of China’s agricultural product export via cross-border e-commerce, then analyzes the development opportunities, and finally proposes the following solutions: aligning with international standards by establishing strict quality control mechanisms; creating a favorable policy environment, including policy support, resource allocation, and organizational guarantees; continuously improving product quality; focusing on the training of professional talent; and strengthening quality supervision and risk prevention. The aim is to promote the development of cross-border ecommerce for agricultural products, empower rural specialty industries, and support the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.

Xuất khẩu nông sản của Việt Nam: Thực trạng và những vấn đề đặt ra

Article is based on secondary data sources collected from agencies and sectors and uses analysis and evaluation methods to assess the current status of Vietnam’s agricultural product exports in recent years. Research results show that the scale of Vietnam’s agricultural export turnover has increased since 2015, with Vietnam’s main export agricultural products such as vegetables, flowers, fruits, and cashew nuts, rice, coffee, and rubber have all had remarkable growth since the beginning of 2022 when the world, regional and national economies have recovered significantly since the Covid-19 pandemic. However, besides the positive results from agricultural export, agricultural export turnover still accounts for a relatively low proportion of our country’s total export turnover and this activity still faces many difficulties. certain difficulties and challenges. On that basis, the article proposes a number of recommendations to contribute to increasing Vietnam’s export turnover of agricultural products in the coming time.

Globalization, welfare, and inequality: Evidence from transoceanic market integration, 1815–1913

Abstract This article contributes to the growing historical literature on the ‘first globalization’ (1815–1913) and income inequality in countries that exported agricultural products. International market integration is expected to increase the demand for exports and therefore their prices. We estimate the effects of increased prices from international market integration on national welfare and income inequality between and within regions in three major exporters of agricultural products—British India, Colonial Indonesia, and the United States—using the prices of eleven key primary commodities. Market integration significantly increased aggregate welfare, but the gains were unevenly distributed. Producing regions gained up to nearly 6% of their GDP. Since the regions that made most welfare gains were also the poorest in their countries, market integration mitigated inequality between regions. Within the southern United States and Java, plantation owners obtained most gains, causing a substantial increase in inequality between persons.

Рrospects for expanding the export of agricultural food products of the Republic of Belarus to the markets of Asian countries

In the context of economic challenges and sanctions restrictions, multi-vector foreign trade and development of new segments of the world market remain a priority task of the state foreign economic policy of the Republic of Belarus. Asian countries, characterized by a large population, growing demand for these products against the background of an insufficient level of self-sufficiency, diverse taste preferences of consumers, as well as an increase in their purchasing power, are considered as one of the directions for the geographic expansion of exports of agri-food products. Under conditions of the unstable general economic and agrarian situation on the continent, Vietnam, Iran, China, and Singapore are our country’s key trading partners among Asian countries. This requires a comprehensive study to determine the further interaction of these countries with the Republic of Belarus. Scientific results are presented, including the justification of customs-and-tariff and non-tariff conditions for access to the markets of Vietnam, Iran, China, and Singapore, as well as a developed set of effective ways for promoting Belarusian agri-food products on the territory of these states. In addition, a forecast of export supplies of domestic products was carried out, taking into account the specifics of trade policy and trade and economic cooperation between the Republic of Belarus as a member state of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Asian countries under study. Practical implementation of the results obtained will allow Belarusian exporters to create competitive advantages based on the application of preferential terms of trade, increasing the efficiency of financial and non-financial instruments, expanding organizations’ access to support mechanisms, development of agricultural commodity distribution network, introduction of information, communication and digital tools for sales and marketing policies.

Grain wholesale in the context of Ukraine’s integration into the EU

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the development of grain wholesale trade in the context of Ukraine's integration into the EU. It is determined that the wholesale trade in Ukrainian grain occupies a leading position in the production and export of agricultural products in the world market, and the critical direction of development is Ukraine's integration into the EU. The current state of Ukraine's grain wholesale trade in the EU market is determined, the volume of grain exports to the EU countries is estimated, fundamental problems are identified, and directions of development of grain wholesale trade in the context of Ukraine's integration into the EU are generalized. The article analyses the volumes of grain exports by Ukraine to the EU countries in 2022, including more than 53 million tons of grain: wheat - 20.7 million tons, corn - 26.1 million tons, rye - 314 thousand tons, and 6.6 million tons of other grains. The most significant Ukrainian grain exports were to the EU countries: Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Romania, Poland, Portugal, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, and others. The potential of the grain market in Ukraine is substantiated, and its place in the world rankings of production and export of wheat and corn as the main types of Ukrainian grain is determined. It is determined that the most significant export potential in terms of wheat is in such countries as: Australia with an export-to-production ratio of 79.6%, Argentina - 58.4%, Ukraine - 54.1%, the USA - 46.5%; in terms of corn, it is Ukraine - 96.2% and Argentina 60%. It is outlined that the quality of Ukrainian grain and its adaptation to the requirements of the EU countries remains a problem. It is noted that in developed European countries, the protein and gluten content is not the basis for classifying grain quality and is taken into account only when determining the price of high-quality milling wheat, especially durum wheat. The critical issues in the grain wholesale trade are as follows: assessing the quality of Ukrainian grain and adapting it to the requirements of the EU countries; integrating the Ukrainian transport system into the European one; ensuring compatibility of the transport systems of Ukraine and the EU; strengthening cooperation with European transport companies; and developing governmental decisions between Ukraine and the EU countries to address grain export issues. One of the most promising areas of grain wholesale development is the establishment of grain transportation between Ukraine and the EU countries using modern information support. Keywords: wholesale trade, grain, production, export, transportation, Ukraine, European Union, integration, martial law, problems, ways of development.

A Study on The Problematization of Logistics in Agricultural Production in The State of Tocantins

Objective: the research aims to describe the logistical service system, observing the problematization of agricultural production in the state of Tocantins, considering that this sector is one of the most promising in terms of socioeconomic and regional development in the country. Theoretical benchmark: with the growing advancement of agricultural production and the exploration of new frontiers, Brazil stands out as one of the main exporters of agricultural products today. Given the significant development of agriculture, it is observed that the logistical factor, mainly costs and infrastructure, is among the elements with the greatest impact on the efficiency of the entire agricultural production chain in the state of Tocantins. Method: the methodology adopted will be the deductive method, based on theoretical logistics studies, applicable legislation, and support materials for logistics learning systems, in addition to economic representation in the state of Tocantins. The resources used include bibliographic and documentary material and other instruments or research techniques in accordance with the adopted methodology, aiming to provide support for research on the proposed theme. Results and conclusion: given the content of this study, it is highlighted that the chain of agricultural processes encompasses a complex network of activities in the production chain, and cannot be conceived solely as a relationship between producer and consumer, given its breadth of action. In this context, it should be noted that logistics services end up representing one of the obstacles to the development of agriculture in the State of Tocantins, mainly due to its geographic location. Implications of the research: the approach adopted in this research offers unprecedented scientific contributions to the field of logistics, providing theoretical bases for interventions and public policies that can impact this economic activity in a Brazilian state with strong economic and social growth trends, whose production has repercussions at national and international levels. Originality/value: the social transformations of recent decades, related to the process of globalization of the economy and technology, have directly influenced the social and economic life of countries, affecting production and service chains and interfering in labor relations. Therefore, the increase in regions dedicated to agribusiness activities is a general trend among emerging countries, requiring a deeper understanding of the territorial approach to regional development, especially in economic activities hampered by bottlenecks in the logistics system, both national and international. Thus, new reflections and planning are necessary and imperative elements in Brazilian states like Tocantins.

How Competitive Is the Agriculture in European Union Member States? An Assessment of Changes over the Past Decade

The need to monitor changes in the level of agricultural competitiveness of EU member states necessitates the development of an appropriate set of indicators to answer the question of whether a country is improving its competitive position. This paper proposes a synthetic measure for assessing the agricultural competitiveness in the member states of the European Union (EU) from 2012 to 2021. Statistics on the respective indicators were derived from the Eurostat database and Agri-Food Data Portal. The survey was based on linear ordering using a standardised sums approach. This implies that member states vary in competitiveness in the agricultural sector. From 2012 to 2021, the most competitive countries were Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Simultaneously, the rankings of agricultural competitiveness changed over the 10 years under review. The highest improvement rates were recorded in Finland, Slovakia, and Ireland. However, the differences between the old and new member states are still explicit. None of the new member states of the EU were in the top ten with regard to their agricultural competitiveness. Many areas associated with agriculture in these countries require considerable improvement. We also carried out a principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed us to identify the parameters conveying relevant information on the analysed phenomenon and unveil the hidden structures in the primary data set. We discovered that the share of the EU’s agricultural output in the EU exports of agricultural products explained variations in the agricultural competitiveness within member states.

Risks in AGRIGULF's Agricultural Export Settlement Business and Its Management

This paper is primarily a case-based study. It takes Gulf Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as AGRIGULF) as the object of research, and adopts the case study method and field interview method to sort out the company's agricultural products export business and common settlement methods and so on. Through field visits and investigation, data collection, and collation, identify and analyze the risks of the company's agricultural export settlement business. Finally, corresponding risk management suggestions are put forward at four levels, namely, country risk, foreign exchange risk, product quality change risk, and credit risk, which are expected to provide certain references for the sustainable development of China's agricultural export enterprises

Diversification of export activities: essence, purpose and state in Ukraine

Introduction. Export diversification is an essential tool for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. After all, these countries' exports are concentrated on raw materials and agricultural products, which are primarily sensitive to external shocks. By diversifying their exports, countries can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in foreign markets, including changes in demand, prices and terms of trade. This will stabilise the country's export earnings, ensure uninterrupted financing of imports and the development of various sectors of the national economy. In addition, diversifying export activities contributes to the structural transformation of the national economy and the country's innovative development. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and functional purpose of export diversification in ensuring the country's economic development. The objective will be achieved by analysing the state of diversification of Ukraine's exports of goods and studying its relationship with the country's economic development. Results. Based on the analysis of changes in Ukraine's export commodity structure, the paper shows that in 2014-2023, there was a deepening of specialisation in Ukraine's exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products. At the same time, the share of medium and highly processed goods in Ukraine's export structure has decreased significantly. These trends are confirmed by the relatively high degree of specialisation of Ukrainian exports of goods over the period considered, as calculated by the normalised Herfindahl-Hirschman index. It is noted that the deepening concentration of Ukrainian exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products has been accompanied by slow growth or decline in GDP per capita. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the diversification of export activities and a country's economic development level. Conclusions. According to the study's results, one strategy for Ukraine's economic growth under current conditions should be to diversify export activities and develop trade in goods with a medium and high degree of processing.

EUROPEAN UNION-UKRAINE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DURING THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE

The article analyzes the consequences of the Russian armed invasion of Ukraine, initiated in February 2022, for the EU’s trade policy towards this country and for the changes in mutual foreign trade in agri-food goods due to its temporary, exceptional liberalization, with particular emphasis on the imports of these products into the EU. The study uses the political economy approach (including interest group theory) to explain the premises of the EU’s specific trade policy towards Ukraine and the crisis in mutual trade relations between Ukraine and its neighboring countries, caused by the excessive inflow of Ukrainian grain into their territories. Large agri-food corporations are identified as potential interest groups monopolizing economic power, influencing the use of agricultural land, the export of agricultural products, and Ukraine’s domestic and foreign policy. The measures of temporary liberalization of trade in agricultural products applied by the EU to Ukraine in response to the war situation resulted in a significant increase in their imports into the EU, while in the case of Poland its share in the volume of EU imports of sensitive products (wheat, maize, rapeseed and sunflower) in the 14 months since the beginning of the war was several to over a dozen times higher than in the 11 months preceding Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.