Export Planning Research Articles

Balancing hope and hype on hydrogen’s role in the Philippine energy transition

Hydrogen (H2) presents a unique opportunity for the Philippines’ energy landscape. Using hydrogen as an ‘energy vector’ for industrial, power, and transportation applications represents a promising and sustainable solution in its ongoing efforts to address climate change and transition towards a cleaner energy future. However, unlocking this potential requires first addressing regulatory and policy gaps. This challenge has many different facets, such as the need for regulations to support the hydrogen infrastructure development, the establishment of clear standards for safe hydrogen production, storage and handling, streamlining of permit and license applications, monitoring of solar or wind power plants coupled with electrolysis process, provision of more substantial support for research and innovation, and promotion of hydrogen-based products.This policy brief describes the current landscape and identifies the regulatory and policy gaps that policymakers must fill while highlighting the Philippines' potential for hydrogen energy and energy storage in the short and long run. It is crucial to have a complete policy framework that addresses regulatory clarity, financial incentives for infrastructure development, technical capacity, support for R&D, and strategic export planning. The Philippines can utilize its renewable resources, improve energy security, and cut emissions by filling these gaps.

Yield prediction models for some wheat varieties with satellite‐based drought indices and machine learning algorithms

AbstractIn recent years, frequent drought events in Konya, one of Türkiye's most important cereal production centres, have led to increased pressure on water and soil resources, resulting in yield losses, particularly in wheat production. Alternative yield prediction models, especially those that play a crucial role in agricultural import–export planning in the region, are important for economic contributions and the development of early warning systems. In this context, the aim of this study is to develop models that can be used in the yield prediction of wheat varieties widely grown in the Konya Altınova region. Agricultural drought indices obtained from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) products of the Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite were used to obtain model inputs. These indices are the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and Vegetation Supply Water Index (VSWI). In obtaining the input parameters for the models, the growth periods of the varieties in the region were also considered. Using various machine learning algorithms, 21 yield prediction models for Bayraktar‐2000, 12 for Kızıltan‐91 and 8 for Bezostaya‐1 were presented as alternatives, with model performances (coefficient of determination, R2) ranging between 0.74 and 0.97, 0.73 and 0.96, and 0.69 and 0.87, respectively.

Guidelines to enhance the apexbrasil export qualification program for service and digital businesses

The Brazilian Trade and Investment Promotion Agency (ApexBrasil) is crucial in promoting Brazilian products globally and attracting foreign investments. ApexBrasil's Export Qualification Program (PEIEX) guides SMEs in internationalization, offering specialized training and export plan assistance. PEIEX promotes an export-oriented culture and enhances global market capabilities. The article analyses the implementation of the PEIEX program for service and digital business companies in Rio Grande do Norte. The study concentrates on three key components: The Work Plan, Support Material, and Export Plan Template. Its objective is to propose strategies for improving the program's structure and practical application. The study uses an exploratory, qualitative design with document analysis and a panel of specialists. Following the organizational learning model, it progresses through four stages: identifying service company issues, comparing export plans, exploring themes, and critically evaluating perceived strengths, gaps and recommendations to optimize PEIEX for service and digital businesses. The findings revealed that the Work Plan, Support Material, and Export Plan Model exhibited certain gaps concerning relevant technologies and processes associated with the digital transition and internationalization. However, these structures could be expanded and adapted to address these gaps. The recommendations include deploying specialized extensionist technicians in digital business and services, forming strategic collaborations with digital organizations, integrating new skills into the work plan for enhanced digital success, and refining targets to focus assistance on specific companies. These measures aim to notably amplify the program's impact, contributing to a more tailored support system for businesses in these sectors.

Intangible resources, static and dynamic capabilities and perceived competitive advantage in exporting firms. A PLS-SEM/fsQCA approach

The aim of this paper is to fill the existing research gap in the knowledge of the interrelationships between relational resources, the static capabilities associated with the planning and organization of export activity, certain dynamic capabilities—international entrepreneurial orientation, orientation to foreign markets and strategic flexibility—and the achievement of perceived competitive advantages in international markets. The proposed conceptual model is analyzed on the basis of an empirical study using a multisectoral sample of 330 Spanish exporting companies. The results obtained, based on the use of SmartPLS and fsQCA, show that: 1) relationship resources are essential determinants for the development of an adequate export planning and organization capacity and have an impact on the international entrepreneurial orientation of the organization; 2) it is necessary to plan and organize exports well, since the adequate development of dynamic capabilities in international markets will depend on this; 3) international entrepreneurial orientation, orientation to foreign markets and strategic flexibility are essential, directly or indirectly, for the achievement of sustainable competitive advantages in foreign markets. Based on the results and conclusions obtained, the main implications for management are proposed.

Application of economic model optimization algorithm for international trade based on big data technology

Abstract The advent of the era of big data has posed greater challenges to the economic model of international trade and opportunities for international trade. In this paper, from the application of big data in international trade, we study the SVM-based big data clustering analysis method for international trade and propose to optimize the objective function in the iterative process by using the individual fitness function of the chicken flock optimization algorithm for the problem that SVM is easy to fall into the optimal local solution. Then, the steps of international trade big data analysis by constructing CSO-SVM are used to forecast international port throughput, international trade exports, and imports. The average absolute error rate of the trained CSO-SVM model for the prediction of international port throughput decreased to 6.19%, and the accuracy of the prediction of international trade export volume and export price reached 86.86% and 87.83%, respectively, and the accuracy of the prediction of international trade import demand and import price reached 86.71% and 87.07%, respectively. During the test, CSO-SVM has higher prediction performance than other models. The analysis based on big data can better quantify the challenges faced by international trade, optimize international logistics scheduling, and improve import and export planning.

MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF INFORMATION COMPLETENESS OF ENTERPRISE’S EXPORT PLAN UNDER CONDITIONS OF FOREIGN MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The essence of separate component and elements of export plan of industrial enterprise’s under current conditions of entering the external market and its potential positions strengthening has been researched. The actuality of enterprises’ operating plans adaptation under the points of transformational economic changes caused by military actions in Ukraine has been interpreted. The advantages of in-depth informatization of economic activity organization of national producers under the influence of European Union (EU) rules have been presented. The essence of current export planning under the demands of foreign market entering has been given. In order to highlight the practical questions of managerial process of enterprise’s production by export plan indicators, it was interrelated two core stages of export manufacturing in accordance of main functions of management. In the context of conceptualization and evaluating stage it was listed and interpreted general information that needs to be in export plan and includes characteristics of market, competiveness, enterprise’s values, financial possibilities and costs. In the context of stage of realization there were listed main production units that concerns capacities, volumes and staff, underlined prospective parts that deals with financial, analytical and modeling views of profitability measurement. In accordance of presented stages the justification of structural components of industrial producer’s export plan formation has been proposed. The meaning of informative completeness management of general, cost, production and prospective parts of export plan is underlined. The factors and determinants that determine the profitability of export-oriented enterprise, destabilize the economic balance and can affect the cost items of its production processes have been emphasized. The organization structure of information completeness of industrial enterprise export plan has been proposed and built, where interrelation between administrative staff and main performers has been singled out.

Perspective of Small Medium Enterprises in West Nusa Tenggara on export plans

Purpose — The purpose of this study is to investigate how Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) react to their plans to engage in export activities, particularly in the province of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB).Research method — The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative by distributing questionnaires to respondents containing multiple choice and open-ended questions.Result — This study found that the majority of SMEs have been export-oriented. They want to export for a variety of reasons, including expansion of their business network, international market demand, increased company revenues, and availability of suitable raw materials. Lack of extensive overseas markets/networks, lack of understanding of export procedures, and lack of adequate Human Resources seem to be one of the reasons given by SMEs who say NO or do not want to carry out export activities (HR).Significance/contribution/recommendation — In terms of the issues covered, this study differs from others. The majority of research focuses solely on the impact of SMEs and their export prospects. Meanwhile, the focus of this research is on SMEs' responses when it comes to organizing their product export efforts.

The Effects of Timing and Order of Government Support Mechanisms for SME Exports

When small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) enter export markets, they face liabilities of smallness and foreignness. Their chances of success increase if they receive some support. Thus, many governments provide some export support for SMEs having realized that success in exports helps firm success and creates positive spillovers. We test the efficacy of three such support mechanisms: support for strategic export planning, support for trade fair participation and participation in ministerial visits and compare their relative results in various “time dimensions” (Jones & Coviello, J Int Bus Stud 36(3):284–303, 2005). Unlike past studies, we go beyond testing the effect of one support mechanism and compare the effect of the above different support mechanisms. We also show the importance of considering different dimensions of time – chronological “clock” time, “stopwatch” reference time, time sequence, and effect length time. We found evidence for the benefit of receiving multiple support mechanisms and we explored the sequence of receiving multiple support mechanisms. More specifically, our results suggest that exports are best facilitated by first receiving support to attend a trade fair, then developing an export plan; and then participating a ministerial visit abroad. Also, our study suggests that effect length is an important, previously ignored, dimension of time to consider. Empirically, hypotheses are tested on a longitudinal data set of Estonian SMEs receiving different types of government export support during 2009–2017. The data set was constructed from registry data covering the entire population of Estonian firms.

УКРАЇНА НА СВІТОВОМУ РИНКУ МЕДУ: ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКСПОРТНОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ ДЛЯ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ МСП В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The article deals with the definition of theoretical and methodological aspects of the development and implementation of an export strategy for SMEs when entering the world market in a war. It was determined that despite the significant losses of beekeeping producers as a result of the war, the trend of steady demand for Ukrainian honey still persists in the world, as evidenced by the introduction of trade preferences by partner countries. It has been determined that the formation of an export strategy and the development of an export plan are the most important tasks of strategic planning for the launch of SME products on the world honey market. After all, strategic planning allows you to determine competitive advantages, evaluate the most promising export markets, and also gain new opportunities for development. The article defines the role of Ukrainian exporters in the world honey market. It has been determined that in recent years Ukraine has occupied a leading position among honey exporters in the world, successfully competing with such countries as China, India, Argentina and Vietnam. And also, an analysis of the key problems and prospects for the development of the export potential of Ukrainian producers of beekeeping products as a prerequisite for the formation of an export strategy was carried out. It has been determined that the main threats to the further development of the export potential of honey producers are a decrease in production volumes, a decrease in honey exports, in particular, due to the blocking of transport infrastructure by the Russian Federation, a further decrease in the purchase prices for honey in the domestic market, the death of bees and the loss of production capacity because of hostilities. An algorithm for the formation and implementation of an export strategy for SMEs when entering the world honey market is proposed. The advantages of implementing the Performance Management approach in the process of developing an algorithm for the formation and implementation of an export strategy when SMEs enter the world honey market are substantiated. They are: improving the efficiency of the implementation of the export strategy, strengthening the competitive advantages of the enterprise, improving the personnel management system due to additional motivation.

Influence of Supply Chain Actors in Tea Export Planning: A Sri Lankan Case Study

Colombo Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research is published by the Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo. It is a refereed publication that publishes articles, reviews and scholarly comments relating to any field of studies. The journal is a multi-Disciplinary, innovative and international in its approach. It includes theoretical and conceptual articles as well as more empirical studies covering both historical and contemporary issues/events.

Long-term evolution of energy and electricity demand forecasting: The case of Ethiopia

Long-term energy demand forecasting is crucial for any country, in particular for developing countries with rapid developments of energy needs. This study focuses on Ethiopia, a country with a highly increasing energy demand resulting mainly from the currently low share of electricity access, rapid development of industrial parks, extensive expansion of the railway network, extensive irrigation schemes for agriculture, new cement and sugar factories, housing projects, power export plan to neighboring countries, etc. These all are on top of the 2.7% average population growth. In this study, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) is used to explore different possible futures and also to forecast the long-term energy requirements in Ethiopia. The planning period is 33 years from 2018 to 2050. The study employs six different scenarios to unfold the future evolution. The developed scenarios are Business-As-Usual (BAU), Growth in Electrification and Urbanization (E&U), High Economic Growth (HEG) and three policy-driven, Improved Energy Efficiency (IEE-1, IEE-2 and IEE-3) scenarios. The pathways represented by these scenarios can show the maximum expected rise in demand under different drivers and the best-case energy saving opportunities. The model is also used to estimate the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Oferta exportable de la algarrobina y sus derivados al mercado de Estados Unidos

Se presentó el estudio Oferta exportable de algarrobina y sus derivados al mercado de Estados Unidos. La nación norteamericana es uno de los principales compradores de algarrobo y bienes derivados del mismo. Por ello, el objetivo general de la investigación fue impulsar el envío de algarrobina a las empresas estadounidenses.
 La metodología del estudio se efectuó con el sintagma holístico cuya indagación estuvo encaminada a proponer alternativas transformadoras, la investigación fue de tipo proyectivo, de nivel compresivo aplicando el método deductivo en la investigación, la población estuvo compuesta por los habitantes de la provincia de Piura cuya muestra estaba conformada por 30 comercializadores y/o productores de algarrobina a quienes se les hizo una encuesta. Así mismo, las unidades informadoras fueron personal de una compañía comerciante de algarrobina a quienes se les hizo una entrevista, los instrumentos se examinaron a través de la triangulación de datos, la preparación de gráficos y tablas en el software estadístico SPSS.
 Se concluyó que la algarrobina tiene figura en los mercados americanos, los niveles de fabricación de la materia prima son insuficientes así mismo se hizo un plan de exportación para promover su comercialización en el exterior contemplando los procedimientos de exportación, su grado de solicitud, acogida, partidas de calidad y costo de comercialización competitiva.

A phenological object-based approach for rice crop classification using time-series Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Spatial assessment of rice-cultivated areas is a crucial activity in Taiwan due to government initiatives to provide policymakers with reliable and timely information for devising successful rice grain import and export plans. The objective of this study is to develop a phenological object-based approach for collectively mapping patches of rice fields using the time-series Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. We processed the data for 2019 cropping seasons, following three main steps: (1) data pre-processing to construct the smooth twelve-day time-series composite vertical transmit and horizontal receive (VH) polarized data, (2) object-based image classification of rice-cultivated areas using phenological metrics, and (3) accuracy assessment of the mapping results. The classification maps compared with the government’s ground reference maps indicated satisfactory accuracies, with producer’s accuracies of 84.2% and 82.6% and user’s accuracies of 82.1% and 85.3% for the first and second crops, respectively. These results were reaffirmed by close agreement in area estimates between the satellite-derived rice area and government’s reference data at township level, with coefficient of determination (R 2) values of 0.96 and 0.94 for the first and second crops, respectively. In spite of some error sources, including mixed-pixel issues and edge effects, that lowered the mapping accuracy, the results of this study have demonstrated that our mapping approach using the time-series Sentinel-1 VH data and information of crop phenology could be potentially applied at a larger scale in Taiwan and transferable to other regions for updating rice crop maps on a timely and frequent basis.

The Effects of Timing and Order of Government Support Services for SME Exports and Firm Growth

When SMEs enter export markets, they face liabilities of smallness and foreignness. Thus, their chances of success increase if they receive some support. In much of the world, home governments have realized that success in exports helps firm success and that there are positive spillovers resulting from SME export success. Consequently, most home governments offer some export assistance services. In our paper, we test the efficacy of three such services: support for strategic export planning, support for trade fair participation and participation in ministerial state visits. Unlike in past studies, we go beyond testing the effect of one support mechanism and compare the effect of the above different support mechanisms. We also explore the temporal interactions including the importance of the order of receiving multiple support mechanism. We found evidence for the benefit of receiving multiple support mechanisms and support for the importance for the timing and order of receiving the different support mechanisms. Empirically, the study is tested on a data set of Estonian SMEs receiving different types of government export support services during the period 2009-2017. The data set was constructed from registry data covering the entire population of Estonian firms.

Export country selection with fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE - a case study of a shoe sole manufacturer

With the advancement of technology and communication, international business gives opportunity for firms to expand its coverage beyond its domestic markets. The research is a case study of a shoe sole manufacturer in Indonesia sought to expand its business to international market. Seven potential countries were shortlisted, and 15 sub-criteria were identified for the export market selection of the studied company. The study employed combination of fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE for its analysis. Fuzzy AHP was used to calculate weight of (sub)-criteria, whilst PROMETHEE was used for ranking the alternatives. Two scenarios were performed using different preference functions in PROMETHEE to gain insights and ensure stability of the recommendation. Using PROMETHEE's stability interval, sensitivity analysis was also performed and recommended two stages of export plan. As the first stage it recommended three countries (Italy, China and Thailand) as the starting export countries for the studied company.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Single-Season Rice Phenology in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China, During 1991–2010

Studying the spatiotemporal changes in crop phenology across the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China, is important to understand how crops adapt to climate changes. Here, the single-season rice crop phenology at 27 national agro-meteorological experimental stations during 1991–2010 was examined. The sowing, emerging, tillering and maturity dates were delayed in 11, 13, 13 and 23 stations respectively, from the set of 27 studied stations. Additionally, the length of growth duration (GD) and the period from tillering to maturity (TTM) were elongated in 18 and 16 stations respectively. The tendency of TTM is similar with that of the GD. In-depth comparative analyses of the impact of climate changes were conducted between stations in the south of the reservoir. Correlation between the GD days and precipitation was occasionally found in Lichuan (R 2 = 0.43) and Yuqing (R 2 = 0.57). The results are of great significance to formulate national and regional socio-economic development plans and agricultural product import and export plans, and to guide and regulate macro-planting structures.

An Improved CASA Model for Estimating Winter Wheat Yield from Remote Sensing Images

The accurate and timely monitoring and evaluation of the regional grain crop yield is more significant for formulating import and export plans of agricultural products, regulating grain markets and adjusting the planting structure. In this study, an improved Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model was coupled with time-series satellite remote sensing images to estimate winter wheat yield. Firstly, in 2009 the entire growing season of winter wheat in the two districts of Tongzhou and Shunyi of Beijing was divided into 54 stages at five-day intervals. Net Primary Production (NPP) of winter wheat was estimated by the improved CASA model with HJ-1A/B satellite images from 39 transits. For the 15 stages without HJ-1A/B transit, MOD17A2H data products were interpolated to obtain the spatial distribution of winter wheat NPP at 5-day intervals over the entire growing season of winter wheat. Then, an NPP-yield conversion model was utilized to estimate winter wheat yield in the study area. Finally, the accuracy of the method to estimate winter wheat yield with remote sensing images was verified by comparing its results to the ground-measured yield. The results showed that the estimated yield of winter wheat based on remote sensing images is consistent with the ground-measured yield, with R2 of 0.56, RMSE of 1.22 t ha−1, and an average relative error of −6.01%. Based on time-series satellite remote sensing images, the improved CASA model can be used to estimate the NPP and thereby the yield of regional winter wheat. This approach satisfies the accuracy requirements for estimating regional winter wheat yield and thus may be used in actual applications. It also provides a technical reference for estimating large-scale crop yield.

Fish Exports and Economic Growth: The Pakistan’s Experience

This study attempts to explore first time ever the relationship between fish exports and economic growth of Pakistan by employing annual time series data for the period 1974–2013. Autoregressive distributed lag and Johansen and Juselius cointegration results confirm the existence of a positive long-run relationship among the variables. Further, the error correction model reveals that no immediate or short-run relationship exists between fish exports and economic growth. Different sensitivity analyses indicate that initial results are robust. Rolling window analysis has been applied to identify the yearly behaviour of fish exports, and it remains negative from 1979 to 1982, 1984 to 1988, 1993 to 1999, 2004 and from 2010 to 2013, and it shows positive impact from 1989 to 1992, 2000 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2009. Furthermore, the variance decomposition method and impulse response function suggest the bidirectional causal relationship between fish exports and economic growth. The findings are beneficial for policymakers in the area of export planning. This study also provides some policy implications in the final section.

Зерновой экспорт как фактор устойчивого развития сельских территорий Омской области

In response to the current devaluation of the ruble, the Russian Government takes measures to support exporters. Thus, the most important factor of sustainable development of rural territories is their commitment to export, which explains the relevance of the present research that features the problems and top trends of grain export in the Omsk region. The theoretical part of the study develops the concept and properties of sustainable development of rural territories, its dependence on the efficiency of agricultural producers, and the situation in the Omsk region. The survey part of the paper investigates the grain export in 2015–2017: the share of the Omsk region in Russian grain export; the share of grain export in the total volume of export sales the dynamics of grain export and a review of factors of influence; a structural and dynamic analysis of various exports; assessment of wheat export structure by types and categories; a survey of channels of distribution of export grain (geography); an analysis of the logistic factors that limit export operations. The authors stress the positive influence of grain export on the uniform distribution of annual cash flows among the producers, which reduces the seasonal character of grain production. The trends can be explained by the specifics of grain crops, Russia’s foreign trade policy, and the logistic opportunities of the Omsk region. Sustainable development of the region requires a higher volume of grain export, which directly depends on the wellbeing of agricultural enterprises and farms. In general, the export potential of the Omsk region will contribute to the sustainable development of its rural territories. The research results can be used in various studies connected with grain export planning and sustainable development of rural territories.

PERENCANAAN EKSPOR PERMEN SUSU KARAMEL

The market for economic activities is not only limited to Indonesia, but also international to become international business. One of the activities for market expansion is to export products to the international market. Koperasi SAE Pujon is the largest supplier of raw cow milk in East Java (98% of all East Java in 2018) which will be aimed at export planning for one of its products, Caramel Milk Candy. Caramel milk candy is a product made from milk and a caramel mixture compacted into candy. The planned export of caramel milk candy will be aimed at one of the countries with the highest population in the world, namely China (1.386 billion people in 2018) while taking advantage of the opportunity that the Chinese government issued a policy of reducing import duties (17.3% to 7.7%) . The concept of marketing strategies utilizes the ability of cooperative relations with other institutions to assist cooperatives in promoting their products, and cooperatives as vendors. The process of shipping goods through international shipping services that has an export license for goods to be exported such as DHL, Pos Indonesia, etc., but the cost will be cheaper if the calculation based on container, not per kilograms, except for sending product samples to importers . Recruitment process for adding more workers to support production and something else that make the product marketed, will be carried out as needed. Financial Capital is done in two ways, credit to banks or using savings or cooperative cash. Keyword : international business, milk, caramel milk candy, export, export license, recruitment, financial.