Iron Ore Exports Research Articles

FEATURES OF THE IRON ORE MARKET OF UKRAINE DURING THE FULL-SCALE INVASION OF RUSSIA INTO UKRAINE

Objective. The objective of the article is to study the main features of the situation of the iron ore market of Ukraine during the full-scale invasion of russia into Ukraine. Methods. The following methods were used to analyze the main features of the market situation of ore mining products of Ukraine during the full-scale invasion: the dialectical method of learning processes and phenomena (for researching the market situation of ore mining products); methods of analysis and comparison (to study directions of changes in the market situation of ore mining products in the conditions of a full-scale invasion); graphic (to display the dynamics of the market situation of ore extraction products); index (to assess the rates of growth of the investigated indicators); method of multifactorial multiplicative forecasting (for forecasting sales volume of ore mining products). Results. In the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion, there is a low market situation for iron ore in Ukraine. The main reasons for the negative changes in the iron ore market include: the destruction of industrial capacities, which affected the overall production volume of the mining industry, and the blockade of sea ports, which caused the problem of exporting Ukrainian iron ores to worsen during a full-scale invasion. An analysis of the main features of the situation of the Ukrainian iron ore market during the full-scale invasion showed a significant drop in the volume of iron ore exports and imports, with imports falling at a faster rate. The performed forecasting of the volumes of sold products of ore extraction shows an expected decline in the market situation during the next two years, however, in the future, provided that the full-scale invasion is completed and post-war recovery begins, positive changes in the market situation of ore extraction products can be expected.

Conzinc Riotinto of Australia — Foreign Ownership and Control

Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Limited (CRA) was the largest mining group in Australia after BHP. It had a major influence upon the post‐Second World War mining sector and Australian economy. It was responsible for some of the country's largest resource developments, establishing an integrated aluminium industry, playing the principal role in the development of Australia's iron ore export industry, and developing a major copper deposit on the Island of Bougainville. CRA was established in 1962 as the Australian arm of the British mining group, Rio Tinto Zinc Corporation Limited (RTZ), formed through the merger of The Rio Tinto Company Limited with The Consolidated Zinc Limited. Consolidated Zinc was also London‐listed, although with a deep Australian heritage based on its involvement in lead and zinc mining at Broken Hill. CRA's status as a foreign‐owned and controlled company had a major influence upon its corporate priorities for the two decades following its formation. The company's foreign majority ownership restricted its business opportunities, particularly during the 1970s. However, as early as the mid‐1960s, anti‐CRA sentiment was evident from politicians, public servants, Australian mining competitors and, to some extent, the public. CRA's standing as “un‐Australian” was viewed by company management as an impediment to attracting and retaining quality employees. These factors led CRA to engage with successive Commonwealth Governments to attempt to secure arrangements more accommodating to its business interests. This involved considerations as diverse as the takeover of the London parent company — to facilitate greater Australian shareholding in the Australian entity — through to the restructuring of CRA's interests in a new majority‐owned Australian company. Ultimately, CRA was instrumental in changing foreign investment legislation, providing a pathway for it as a foreign‐owned company to move to an Australianised or majority Australian‐owned status. With this, CRA had an ability to participate in resource investments on terms similar to those for Australian companies. CRA gained naturalising status in 1979 and, in 1986, that of a naturalised or Australianised company. Differences in perspectives relating to strategic direction and financial management between the parent company in London and CRA in Melbourne, brought to the fore issues of control. The situation became so serious that it resulted in the departure of the chairman and chief executive on the eve of CRA achieving Australian majority‐owned status. The events had a later influence on the formation of a dual‐listed company structure in 1996. Through this structure, RTZ regained majority share ownership of the assets previously held in the Australian company. CRA lost its naturalised status and its identity as Australia's then second largest Australian mining company.

Assessment Of Supply Chain Collaboration in Case of The Seaport Logistics of Iron Ore Export: Use of The Supply Chain Management Framework

Global seaport logistics has attained importance in the context of globalization. Complexities of global seaport logistics have necessitated collaboration of supply chains using the seaports.
 The mining companies and associated manufacturing companies are heavily dependent on seaport logistics for import of key raw materials such as Copper Concentrate, Coal, Iron ore, Dolomite, Bauxite as well as the export of the mined product. The objective of this research is to carry out an assessment of the level of supply chain collaboration in case of a supply chain pertaining to the export of iron ore. For this purpose, we used a supply chain management approach in the analysis of the supply chain of ABC, a company engaged with the mining and export of iron ore. More explicitly we referred to the supply chain management framework defined by Ahmad and Ullah (Ahmed & Ullah, 2012). We gathered the needed information by conducting semi structured interviews with the officials of ABC.

The Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation and Its Impact on Penang Port, 1963-1966

The relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia had already shown conflict since before the confrontation, or konfrontasi. However, after the proposal for the formation of Malaysia was first announced by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the then-Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya, the relationship between the two countries experienced a period of significant and prominent conflict. This study discusses the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and its impact on Penang Port from 1963 to 1966. This study was conducted using qualitative method, specifically the analysis of documents and manuscripts. The references used are primary sources comprising British records and Malaysian official records, while the secondary sources comprise journals, articles, scholarly books, newspapers, and magazines. The economic relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia was severely damaged during the confrontation. The number of imports and exports involving Indonesia at the Penang Port decreased drastically, but did not stop during the confrontation. Nonetheless, upon comparing the overall growth value of trade at Penang Port during the confrontation, the decrease in the amount of trade that occurred between Indonesia and Penang Port was not very significant. Also, this decrease was not mainly caused by the confrontation, but by the sudden drop in iron ore exports. In conclusion, the slight decrease in the total trade at Penang Port during the confrontation was not solely caused by the confrontation itself and the impact on the whole trade performance at Penang Port in the said period was not that significant.

New LNG production & Marine Bunkering Capability at Port Hedland Targets Pathway to IMO 2050 ‘zero-emissions’ Through Onboard Hydrogen Production

Pilbara Clean Fuels Pty Ltd is progressing a development concept for a new, mid-scale, low carbon footprint LNG plant to be located at Port Hedland in Western Australia, the world’s largest iron ore export port. The project will provide an Australian LNG fuel supply capability through a new facility for the conversion of pipeline natural gas to LNG, responding to market demand for cleaner marine bunker fuel for dry-bulk iron ore carriers operating ‘round-trip’ voyages between the Pilbara and Asia.

The macrologistics effect of a state-owned enterprise, Transnet, on the South African economy

Background: Transnet moves around 80% of South Africa’s rail-friendly freight tonne-kilometres, which drops to less than 40% if the rail-only coal and iron ore export lines are excluded.Objectives: Calculating the costs, negative externalities, and job losses caused by Transnet’s recent and historical operational issues and using the results to inform future reform possibilities.Method: Aspects contributing to Transnet’s failures are indicated through an assessment of rail freight’s decreasing market share and infrastructure investment, port ownership and inefficiency concerns, Transnet’s deteriorating financial performance, loss of critical skills, and instances of state capture. Resultant costs and their impact on employment are calculated across various freight flow segments, whereafter reform models are suggested through international benchmarking and extracting lessons from relevant global reforms.Results: The cost of Transnet’s failures are estimated as 7.43% of gross domestic product. A healthy relationship between the government and the private sector is a frequent occurrence in successful reforms seen globally. Locally, recent government reforms acknowledge a meaningful role for the private sector, which is in turn offering pragmatic and achievable solutions.Conclusion: Improved private sector participation can contribute to Transnet’s recovery. South Africa depends on this collaboration and the development of port and rail master plans to guide the infrastructure development required to meet its overall transportation needs.Contribution: Actionable implications for policy implementation, the economic regulation and horizontal separation of the freight railway, shifting freight from road to rail, the corporatisation of the port authority, and increasing port efficiency and capacity.

Why did agriculture's share of Australian gross domestic product not decline for a century?

AbstractThe agricultural sector's share of gross domestic product (GDP) in growing economies typically declines but, for a century from the early 1850s, Australia's did not. Drawing on recent structural transformation literature, this paper seeks explanations for this unusual phenomenon, which is all the more striking because agriculture's share of employment continued to decline throughout and growth in manufacturing was being stimulated by tariff protection from imports. Several factors contributed, including a huge land frontier that took more than a century for settlers to explore, rapid declines in initially crippling domestic and ocean trade costs for farm products, the absence of a need to do any processing of the two main exports during that period (gold and wool) and innovations by farmers and via a strong public agricultural R&D system that contributed to farm labour productivity nearly doubling over those 10 decades. The ban on iron ore exports from 1938 and low export prices for fuels, minerals and metals during the two world wars and in the intervening decades also contributed.

Exploring the Correlation between Brazilian Iron Ore Exports and the Chinese Construction Sector


 
 
 
 A B S T R A C T
 
 This article investigates the international iron trade, focusing on the Brazil-China network and its implications for economic and social progress. Iron supports various industries, particularly construction, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. The study employs descriptive analysis, quantitative measures, and correlation coefficients to analyse the dynamics of the iron trade. The research highlights Australia and Brazil as significant exporters in the global iron ore market, with China as the primary importer. Network analysis reveals China's extensive commercial connections and strong trade relationships with key exporting countries. Correlation coefficients demonstrate positive associations between Brazil's Iron Exports, Brazilian GDP, Chinese construction sector GDP, and world construction sector GDP, emphasising their interdependence. Understanding these dynamics is essential for policymakers, economists, and industry stakeholders in navigating the complexities of the global economy. The study provides valuable insights into the international iron trade, its impact on the construction sector, and broader economic dynamics. It contributes to informed decision-making and promotes sustainable economic and social development.
 
 
 

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TRADE WITH POLAND ON UKRAINE'S ECONOMIC GROWTH

The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of Ukrainian-Polish trade in goods on the economic growth of Ukraine. The tasks of the study include an analysis of the dynamics and structural changes in Ukraine's trade in goods with Poland, an assessment of the impact of the main indicators of the volume of trade with Poland on Ukraine's economic growth, and a study of the relationship between the indicators of Ukraine's economic growth and changes in the volume of exports and imports of the main groups of goods in trade with Poland. In the course of the research, the method of regression analysis was used to determine the influence of the total volume of exports and imports and the product structure of bilateral trade on the economic growth of Ukraine. As a result of the regression analysis, the dependence of Ukraine's economic growth on imports of goods from Poland was revealed, and the impact of changes in the volume of Ukraine's exports of goods on Ukraine's economic growth was statistically insignificant. The study confirmed the dependence of Ukraine's economic growth on changes in the volume of iron ore exports to Poland and imports of cosmetic industry products from Poland. A statistically insignificant influence of exports and imports of other main groups of goods in trade with Poland on Ukraine's economic growth was found. In the period of post-war reconstruction, the deepening of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in the implementation of joint infrastructure and industrial projects, which provide for the establishment of production of necessary products using materials and components imported from Poland, can become an important component of the economic growth of Ukraine.

Econometric model of iron ore through principal component analysis and multiple linear regression.

Price of iron ore is affected by instabilities of microeconomic balance between supply and demand. Periods of equilibrium adjustment result in huge swings, growth or global recession. They also impact the viability of mineral enterprises and generate consequences to important global economic scenarios. This research aims to evaluate the market variables capable of influencing the price of iron ore through multivariate statistical techniques. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression, booth multivariate statistical techniques were used. The studied variables were rate export of iron ore and concentrates from Brazil, steel production from China, steel production from Japan, production from Europe, steel production from the United States, steel production from India, steel price, coal price, China's Construction Gross Domestic Production, United States construction index, oil price and global oil production. First three components explained 89.12% of the variability of the data matrix. Multiple linear regression highlighted the significance of five variables. They are export iron ore from Brazil, steel production from China, price of coal, steel production from India and price of steel.

Ukraine'S Exports in the Light of Economic Indicators and Regression Analysis

The article offers an analysis of Ukraine's export activity and innovation costs in the period 2004-2021. The authors analysed correlations between the level of exports and key social indicators, such as the level of employment, average wages and the unemployment rate. They also analysed the relationship between Ukraine's foreign trade and development trends of international markets and found a strong positive correlation between the level of Ukraine's iron ore exports and the level of world prices for these products. The method of fuzzy logic was used to determine factors that could help Ukraine to achieving the maximum level of export activity. Foreign direct investments were found to have the biggest impact on the level of exports while innovation spending turned out to be the least influential factor. The results of the study indicate that qualitative structural transformations of Ukrainian exports cannot be achieved without effective investment and innovation mechanisms.(original abstract)

Reserves and Resources of Iron Ores of India – A Perspective

Abstract With a total resource of 22,487 million tonnes of haematite (Fe2O3) and 10,789 million tonnes of magnetite (Fe3O4), India ranks seventh among the countries to possess abundant iron ore resources, in the world. India is not only one of the leading producers of iron ore but also at present second largest manufacturer of steel in the world (2021). Though the country can boast of huge good quality iron ore resources, the percentage of reserves to total resources is quite dismal as only 5,422 million tonnes (24%) of haematite and mere 53 million tonnes (0.49%) of magnetite resources are categorised as reserves as on 1.4.2015 as per UNFC categorisation. It is a matter of great concern that with rapid expansion in the steel manufacturing capacity, there will be unprecedented demand for iron ore for domestic consumption, since it is estimated that by the year 2030 India is likely to produce 300 m.t. of steel to meet the ever-growing domestic demand. Besides, India is likely to continue its iron ore export to keep the structural balance in the international market. In such a situation, can India equip itself to meet the surging demand for iron ore and what should be the strategy for the country not only to augment its iron ore resources but also to enhance its reserve base to a respectable level. This paper attempts to analyse the existing iron ore resources vis-a-vis demand-supply balance of iron ore for the year 2029-30, considering the pros and cons of the existing government policies.

Zero-carbon steel production: The opportunities and role for Australia

The global steel industry is entering a period of change unprecedented in its long history, and Australia, with the globally largest exports of both iron ore and metallurgical coal, must consider its position carefully. Steel production is critical to the support of global economic development and employs sophisticated, mature and highly-optimised blast furnace technology, but is nevertheless responsible for 7–9% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Global net-zero pledges mean that the industry cannot proceed with only incremental improvements, and must anticipate major changes to its core processes, or else depend on negative emissions technologies that may cost even more to implement. Transition scenarios in this paper highlight the rate at which ‘green steel’ technologies would need to be deployed to meet sectoral net-zero targets. The paper shows the co-location of Australia’s major iron ore deposits with excellent renewable energy resources, highlighting a potential advantage for local large-scale development of this industry. Deploying the huge renewable energy infrastructure required would lead to potential challenges for global materials supply chains. For Australia to find a strong and ongoing role in this industry, there it will need to consider long-sighted environmental and industrial policies, including R&D funding, project financing and (low-)emissions certification.

Обзор мирового рынка железной руды за 2019–2020 годы

Preliminary figures of global iron ore and steel production in 2020 show a slight decline. The article reviews iron ore production by global companies (Vale, Rio Tinto, BHP, FMG, Anglo American, etc.) in 2019 and 2020, as well as production figures by the leading steel producing countries (China, India, Japan, Russia, USA, South Korea) in 2020. Iron ore imports and exports are also analyzed. It is noted that the global iron ore exports had increased by around 43% over the previous decade, however, they went down by 1.7% in 2019, and this decline in exports continued in 2020. Australia is the largest iron ore exporter with a market share of 55%; this share increased by one percentage point in 2020 compared to the previous year. Green-field projects by global producing companies are presented in Brazil, Australia and other countries. A conclusion is made that despite a 3.5% decline in the global economy forecast by the International Monetary Fund in 2020, it is possible to acknowledge that the iron ore market is well balanced. However, if steel demand and steel production volumes increase unexpectedly and some of the planned new mines are not commissioned, the surplus can quite promptly turn into a deficit. In the long term, the plans to produce steel without using fossil fuels, without coke and therefore without CO2 emissions, could revolutionize the iron ore market and increase the demand for products with a high iron content. Источник: https://mining-media.ru/en/articles/original-paper/16396-iron-ore-market-report-2019-2020

ГІРНИЧО-МЕТАЛУРГІЙНИЙ КОМПЛЕКС УКРАЇНИ: СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ

The article analyzes the production and sales results of the enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine (hereinafter MMC) in 2020, in the first quarter and for four months of 2021, as well as the preconditions that developed in 2019. It was determined that the results of production of MMC of Ukraine in 2019 were the worst for the entire period of the existence of independent Ukraine. The article analyzes the factors of ineffective work of metallurgical and mining enterprises in this period. In 2020, the situation was aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Steel production declined, while pig iron and rolled products increased marginally compared to 2019. Exports of iron ore increased by almost a quarter, which means that the success of the ore segment partially offset the difficulties in the metallurgical sector. Success factors for the ore segment of the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine in 2020 were: rapid recovery of China after quarantine, effective measures to support the economy by China and European countries, high demand and prices for ore, rapid recovery of business activity and low level of stocks, which led to an increase in prices for metal products. It was determined that in the first quarter of 2021 the production of pig iron, rolled products, sinter increased compared to the same indicator in 2020, but the production of coke, steel and pipes decreased. The export of the main products of the mining and metallurgical complex has grown significantly. In April 2021, there was a drop in exports of iron ore and ferrous metals compared to March, but in general, for four months of 2021, the dynamics of exports is positive. The article examines positive trends (growth in prices for iron ore raw materials, demand and prices for steel and rolled products), as well as risks and threats that have arisen in the market and which will affect the efficiency of mining and metallurgical enterprises in 2021 and in the long term (a slowdown in the growth of the Ukrainian economy and countries-consumers of mining and metallurgical products, a high level of protectionism, insufficient protection of the domestic market from imports of metal products, the need for significant investments in improving the environmental friendliness of metallurgical production and increasing environmental costs.

Imposição de riscos e estado do licenciamento das Minas Gerais

A mineração de ferro no estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) é tema central do presente artigo, na perspetiva do neoextrativismo e de decisões de órgãos públicos e instâncias colegiadas com deliberado desequilíbrio de interesses. Apresentamos sucintamente as condições da ocupação territorial do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (e Aquífero) e sua estruturação contemporânea para a exportação de minério de ferro. Expomos como a integração e ampliação de estruturas de extração e beneficiamento do minério de ferro resultam, cada vez mais, na utilização de grandes barragens/reservatórios de rejeitos.Casos destacados das mineradoras Samarco, Vale e Anglo American ilustram as formas tendenciosas da gestão e autorização de intervenções territoriais pelo Estado e conselhos de meio ambiente. Neste contexto, manobras de interpretação de dispositivos legais conduzem à suspensão e protelação da realização de direitos. Como consequência, sob a pressão de megaprojetos minerários e interesses corporativos a estes associados, riscos são impostos, pelas autoridades do Estado, às condições de vida quotidiana de comunidades, que passam a viver situações de desastres sem que estes tenham necessariamente ocorrido.

Iron ore peripheries in the extractive boom: A comparison between mining conflicts in India and Brazil

The emerging economies of India and Brazil experienced a strong increase in iron ore extraction during the late commodities boom. Despite similar extraction trends, these economies followed distinct development patterns. While Brazilian neoextractivism strongly promoted iron ore exports, Indian production was largely turned to domestic consumption as a response to demands of industrialization. In both countries, the resulting expansion of extraction frontiers into new spaces and ecosystems already inhabited by local communities generated several ecological distribution conflicts. In this paper we analyse iron ore mining conflicts exploring the links between conflicts dynamics and different development patterns of India and Brazil. By providing both quantitative and qualitative data on the selected cases, the study contributes towards addressing core-periphery dynamics as a key aspect of environmental (in)justice. We show that, while Indian social mobilizations were sometimes successful in delaying or halting the expansion of extractive frontiers, power relations in Brazil were less favorable to resistance movements. Still, even in India, international and national asymmetries impinged costs of extractivism to local communities. The reinforcement of environmental (in)justices related to extractive industries by very different development models points to the importance of debates around development alternatives, especially for emerging countries.

Collapse of the port of Santana-AP in March 2013: Perspectives of a socio-environmental impact on the Amazon River, Brazil

This article consists of an analysis of the collapse of the Iron Ore Export Port, located in the municipality of Santana/AP, which occurred in March 2013, and its consequences, especially social and environmental. Based on these aspects, this article aimed to analyze what were and still are the implications of a socio-environmental impact on the Amazon River, six years after the collapse of the Port of Santana-AP. Methodologically, a qualitative, descriptive-analytical and exploratory study was carried out, developed through a bibliographic review research, about the literature published in books, scientific articles published in journals, as well as analysis of official documents and reports, related to studies on the disaster. A new phase of mineral exploration was triggered in the State of Amapá in the early decades of the 21st century. In this context, the municipalities of Santana and Pedra Branca do Amapari were and still are strategic cities for the functioning of the dynamics of mineral exploration in the State. The collapse of the port structure killed six people, poured a high amount of iron ore over the Amazon River, directly affecting the environmental characteristics of Rio, as well as the way of life of communities that depend on it, because these peoples have cultural relations of direct utility and survival with it. In the long run, the disaster affected the amapaense mineral economy, caused mass layoffs, bankruptcy of many service providers, among others. Given the weaknesses evidenced and aggravated from the collapse of the Port of Santana, it is concluded that it is essential to rereformatise the urban-territorial planning policies that invest, from the installation of these enterprises, even in the prevention and alerts of possible disasters, especially in regions that have large mineral projects, such as the case under study.

Narvik, a Swedish Norwegian Border Town

This article gives an insight into the industrialization and colonization processes of northern Scandinavia. Urbanization due to industrialization is a vital part of the perspective, and brings us into an industrial mega system in Swedish Lapland in the late nineteenth century based on iron ore export. It was to be connected to the industrial centre of Europe, especially the Ruhrgebiet of Germany, and paved the way for a new kind of urban development in peripheral Europe – the industrial network town. The history and foundation of the Norwegian harbour town Narvik is vital for gaining insight into this mega system. By studying Narvik we can envisage particularities of, and similarities and differences between Norway and Sweden when it comes to their urban economic foundations, urban development/planning regimes, and the relations between the municipalities, the modern nation states and the dominating companies. Even the development of a uniquely Scandinavian identity connected with the labour movement and the development of a post-war social democrat order visibly results from the new industries. Thus the common Swedish-Norwegian figure of the rallar – something like navvy or construction worker – has a significant place in this study, and the use of the figure in addition to later processes of memory creation, both within the Norwegian and Swedish labour movements, is addressed.

Natural Resource Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism

Linkages between foreign aid, terrorism and natural resource (fuel and iron ore) exports are investigated in this study. The focus is on 78 developing countries with data for the period 1984 to 2008. The generalised method of moment is employed as empirical strategy. Three main foreign aid variables are used for the analysis, namely: bilateral aid, multilateral aid and total aid. The corresponding terrorism variables employed are: domestic terrorism, transnational terrorism, unclear terrorism and total terrorism. The following findings are established. First, the criteria informing the validity of specifications corresponding to iron ore exports do not hold. Second, there is evidence of convergence in fuel exports. Third, whereas the unconditional impacts of aid dynamics are not significant, the unconditional impacts of terrorism dynamics are consistently positive on fuel exports. Fourth, the interaction between terrorism and aid dynamics consistently display negative signs, with corresponding modifying aid thresholds within respective ranges. Unexpected signs are elicited and policy implications discussed. Given the unexpected results, an extended analysis is performed in which net effects are computed. These net effects are constitutive of the unconditional effect from terrorism and the conditional impacts from the interaction between foreign aid and terrorism dynamics. Based on the extended analysis, bilateral aid and total aid modulate terrorism dynamics to induce net positive effects on fuel exports while multilateral aid moderates terrorism dynamics to engender negative net effects on fuel exports. The research improves extant knowledge on nexuses between resources, terrorism and foreign aid.