Export Capabilities Research Articles

The impact of local content requirements on the development of export competitiveness in solar and wind technologies

Governments across the globe are implementing targeted industrial policies to reap the socio-economic benefits of renewable power deployment for their local industries. Here, we analyse local content requirements, a specific type of industrial policy that incentivizes local manufacturing through requiring minimum shares of locally produced inputs in renewable energy projects. Local content requirements are one of the most prominent industrial policy tools, with more than 140 applications across different sectors since 2008, yet their impact on industrial development is not well established. We create a panel dataset from 1995 to 2017 of 124 countries, among which 17 introduced local content requirements in wind and solar PV, to analyze the policies’ impact on exports. We employ synthetic control methods to create country-specific counterfactuals. For most countries, local content requirements have not led to a significant increase in exports of solar and wind energy components. The exceptions are China and Spain, which built significant export capacities in wind energy. A central reason for the limited impact of local content requirements is likely that countries target wind and solar components that are too far away from their existing industrial structures. We show that countries that have succeeded in breaking into solar or wind exports have already exhibited export capabilities in related industries before the introduction of local content requirements, such as electronics for solar PV. Policymakers should carefully consider the potential of existing industrial structures before introducing local content requirements.

Dynamic Analysis On Export, FDI and Growth in Indonesia: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model

This study aims to test the export-led-growth (ELG) hypothesis in Indonesia after the implementation of trade liberalization and analyze the relevance of policies that can be taken by the government. The data used in this study is time series data from 1970- 2020. The analysis method of this research uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model by applying three models. Model 1 shows that in the short term the ELG hypothesis is proven valid but in the long term the ELG hypothesis is invalid in Indonesia. This is reinforced in model 2 in both of short and long term that real GDP is insignificant to real exports. In the long term, model 2 shows that real exports have a positive effect on FDI and vice versa in model 3 that real GDP has no effect on FDI. The implementation of the results illustrates to policy makers that strong economic growth can attract export capabilities in Indonesia, but policies that are based on economic growth have vulnerabilities to global dynamics that can affect export activities and the investment climate in Indonesia, so export market diversification policies need to be implemented to be able to reach a wider market. From the investment side, it is necessary to carry out structural reforms (such as policies, financial systems, and infrastructure development) so that there is certainty for foreign investors to invest in Indonesia.

Europe's Natural Gas Challenge and Help from the United States

In the wake of Russia's seizure of the Crimea in 2014, then US President Barack Obama pledged to help Europe wean itself off its deep dependence on Russian natural gas—a strategic weapon Russia could use to compel most of Europe to politically and socially stand down when it was helpful to Russia's objectives to do so. President Obama pledged that if a few issues were resolved, the United States could provide significant amounts of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Europe to displace dependence on Russian supplies. One weakness in President Obama's pledge was that the US did not yet have any operational LNG export capability.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE FORMATION AND USE OF AGRARIAN BUSINESS ENTITIES PERSONNEL POTENTIAL IN UNSTABLE CONDITIONS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The formation, use and development of the personnel potential of agrarian business entities are based on the principles of the current corporate business strategy forms, which are the basis for unifying the values of the business entity and employees, a high level of corporate culture, high-quality performance of personnel, reducing the level of personnel turnover in the agrarian business sphere, increasing trust in company management, achieving a synergistic effect of current and strategic agrarian management. The effective development of personnel potential forms the prerequisites for ensuring the country's food security and increasing its export capabilities. The peculiarities of the agrarian sphere of the economy in the context of managing the development of personnel potential at the level of business entities are outlined. The principles of the development of personnel potential of agrarian business entities are substantiated. The architecture of the management system for the development of personnel potential is proposed, with an emphasis on the unit of the subsystem providing personnel potential and the functional unit of the management system of personnel potential. The key functions of working with the personnel of agrarian business entities in the unstable conditions of the external environment are revealed. Based on the system approach to the management of personnel development, the interaction of the elements of this management system should provide a synergistic effect through the effective use and target vector orientation of all its components. The management system for the development of personnel potential includes the block of the subsystem of the personnel potential (legal support, information and technical support, formation of personnel potential, planning, evaluation, analysis, selection of accounts and personnel audit) and the functional block of the personnel potential management system, which is a set of main functions of HR-agro-management, which are aimed at the organization and use of personnel to achieve the set goals and objectives of the agricultural company. Keywords: personnel potential, principles of development, management system, subjects of agrarian business.

Relationship between innovation and exports in enterprises: A support tool for synergistic improvement plans

• Innovation capability evaluation models enables to assess best practices within companies from a process-oriented view. • Export capability evaluation models are mainly based on performance-related indicators, adopting a market-oriented view. • The relationship between innovation and export within companies is strong. There is an interest in coupling the support provided to companies in these 2 activities. • We propose a joint evaluation model enabling to exploit synergistic effects between innovation and export practices of companies. • By focusing on small structures, the proposed model aims to optimize the exploitation of SMEs' internal resources by enabling them to act simultaneously on their innovation and export capabilities. Innovation and exports are strong drivers of enterprise competitiveness, therefore the development of models for managing these capabilities has been widely studied. As a result, different approaches have been proposed to explore the synergistic relationship between innovation and exports. The main accepted paradigm is causal; however, recent studies lean towards a common-space approach between the two capabilities. In this research, the objective is to establish improvement plans that exploit the synergistic effects between innovation and export activities in companies. For this, the assessment models of innovation capability and export capability in the literature are studied. These models are the basis for establishing relationships between innovation and export practices or activities based on their similarities and resource use. Then, a model is proposed to establish improvement strategies of innovation capability based on the similarities with export capability and vice versa. This model is applied to a case of study in a company in the wine sector. It is expected that the proposed model will provide a tool for enterprises to simultaneously strengthen innovation and export capabilities.

Exploring the Relationship among Export Resources, Exporting Capability & Exporter-Foreign Distributers relationship on Export Performance: In the Case of Exporting Companies in Ethiop

Export Performance and Economic Growth Relations are becoming the main agenda in the international and regional development programs around the world. The purpose of this study was to exploring the Relationship between Export Resources, Exporting Capability, Exporter-Foreign Distributers Relationship and their effect on Export Performance. Despite the fact that 300 questionnaires were issued to a random sample of Ethiopian exporters, 291 questionnaires were returned at the end of the data collection process, yielding a 97 percent response rate. Proportional stratified sampling approaches were used to sample small, medium, and large export businesses. The relationship between the exporter and the distributor, as well as the management of export resources, has a positive and significant impact on export performance. On the other side, export capabilities failed to mediate the relationship between export resources and export performance. The connection between Export Resources and Export Performance was mediated by Managing the Exporter-Distributor Relationship. Ethiopian exporters should focus on building strong ties with international distributors headquartered either at home or in the host countries to boost their export performance. Future research could look into the differences in the export business between larger, medium, and small exporters, all of whom have different resources, qualified personnel, bargaining strength, and so on. Finally, Resource capability’s failure to mediate Export resources and export performance warrants further investigation. For undeveloped countries like Ethiopia, export is a critical component of economic growth and long-term development. As a result, policymakers should work to improve the country’s export performance by increasing credit availability, simplifying export sector laws, and formulating short-term, medium-term, and long-term export growth plans. To enhance trade, the government should aid exporters in creating, nurturing, and growing stronger cooperation among national, regional, and worldwide distributors.

The reality on the ground – placing Indonesian halal cosmetics onto the international pedestal

Purpose: The global halal industry has been making ground over the past decade in every sector of the worldwide economy. Indonesia is not left out in progress, considering its vast potential to develop the halal industry. This empirical study narrows down to the influence of halal labeling in the cosmetic industry as an export driver towards the economy of Indonesia.Methodology: This study undertakes a mixed-method approach drawing on quantitative and qualitative data. An in-depth face-to-face interview (with social distancing) was held using an interview guide, coupled with a survey questionnaire targeting regulators and manufacturers.Findings: The findings proved that halal certification, cosmetic quality, and brand image simultaneously affect buying decisions of cosmetics. Meanwhile, the Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) recommends that cosmetics from Indonesia have a great opportunity to export. However, based on the results of interviews with cosmetic companies, they do not understand the concept of Maqashid al Syariah financing, which can integrate with the concept of halal products. Lastly, the cost of halal certification sometimes still burdens small-scale cosmetic companies, so support from the government is needed to encourage them to join the halal certification program.Originality: The research findings are helpful for the industry and regulators to address the export capabilities of Indonesian cosmetics. It provides an insight into the challenges and practical hindrances within the industry.

Підвищення конкурентоспроможності вітчизняних товаровиробників в умовах глобальних викликів: регіональний аспект

The article is concerned with a study of problems and directions of increasing the competitiveness of domestic producers in the face of global challenges. Based on the analysis of the level and dynamics of indices of globalization together with indices of globalization of trade in both Ukraine and the world, the main most important stages of globalization in Ukraine, including in international trade, are allocated. It is defined that in Ukraine, in contrast to the global tendency, changes in globalization processes occur more intensively. The key factors ensuring the growth of competitiveness of domestic exporters in the world market, the export structure of Ukraine’s international trade, including in the regional context, and the contribution of Ukraine’s regions to the export activities of the State are analyzed. It is proved that Russia’s full-scale military invasion will have the greatest impact on the export capabilities of enterprises in the east and south of Ukraine (where active hostilities are taking place), as well as those regions that border Russia and/or have already suffered large-scale destruction during the war (Kyiv, Sumy, and Chernihiv regions). Thus, the loss of Ukraine’s export potential, especially in commodity trade, taking into account export logistical problems, will be critical in 2022. The main instruments of the State support for Ukrainian exporting enterprises in the conditions of war are analyzed and measures to increase the competitiveness of domestic producers in modern turbulent conditions of development are proposed.

Estimating the oil revenues of Iran premised on the US - Iran relationship analysis

The Islamic Revolution of 1979 has filpped Iran's foreign policy around and country has changed cooperation with the West for confrontation with it. In this regard, over the past 40 years, relations between Iran and the US have had mostly negative dynamics, the country has been permanently under sanctions. During these 40 years, there were periods of exacerbation, in particular in 2006-2013 and after 2018, when the United States imposed serious sanctions against Iran, in particular against the country's oil and gas sector. Thanks to the nuclear deal, bilateral relations entered a short period of relief, that allowed Iran to increase its economic activity. The election of Donald Trump as US President with his aggressive foreign policy, has become the reason for the renewal of sanctions, a reduction in Iranian oil imports and Iran's loss of its positions in the global economy. The 2020 US presidential election has given new impetus to bilateral relations. Trumps opponent Joseph Biden has announced his plans for a softer policy, including relations with Iran. Certain difficulties for Iran in rebuilding the relations and its positions in the world economy arised in view of the presidential elections in the country, due to victory of the conservatives, who do not intend to conduct a constructive dialogue with the West. All these factors are decisive for the future international position of the country, especially in the oil market. As one of the key players in this market, Iran plays an important role in maintaining the balance, especially amid low oil demand caused by the coronavirus pandemic. In this regard, the country's oil export capabilities based on the above factors are analyzed and the most optimal option is esteemed.

Impact of Supply Chain Performance on Firms’ Export Capability: Development of a Statistical Model

The purposes of this article are to establish the crucial indicators of supply chain performance (SCPI) impacting firms’ export performance, revealing its unique characteristics, and assess the effects of these SCPIs on the export capability of the firms. This article develops a statistical model, involving how critical SCPIs can influence firms’ export performance. The developed model is then empirically validated using top 53 firm-level data, based on market share, from the Indian pharmaceutical industry, taken for 10 years. The randomized complete block design approach is employed to confirm the variation of export intensity across firms and time. A panel data fixed-effects model is developed, associating critical SCPIs with export intensity to understand their impact on export performance. Finally, bootstrap is applied as a cross-validation procedure to carry out model authentication. This article contributes to obtaining crucial SCPIs and their impact on firms’ export competitiveness. It has revealed that firms’ raw material import efficiency, working capital efficiency, asset management efficiency, research and development (R&D) capability, and the total cost to serve have a significant impact on the firms’ export capability. The proposed model can help firms make appropriate decisions about different influencing parameters of supply chain performance to improve their export competitiveness.

Dynamic exporting capabilities and SME’s profitability: Conditional effects of market and product diversification

The exporting literature has so far shown that dynamic export capabilities (DECs) are instrumental in achieving export success. However, it is unclear whether and to what extent the deployment of DECs represents a profitable activity for exporting SMEs. To resolve these issues, we draw on the knowledge-based view and firm diversification literature to investigate the relationship between DECs (innovativeness and adaptability) and profitability under the moderating effects of market (MD) and product diversification (PD). We analyze our model on a sample of 125 Croatian exporting SMEs. Our findings indicate that innovativeness has an inverted U-shape relationship with profitability under lower MD and higher PD. On the other hand, adaptability shows to have a negative linear relationship with profitability under higher MD and an inverted U-shape relationship under higher PD. This study contributes by providing concrete guidelines how to effectively manage DECs by aligning them with diversification strategies.

Patient-led data sharing for clinical bioinformatics research: USCDI and beyond.

The 21st Century Cures Act, passed in 2016, and the Final Rules it called for create a roadmap for enabling patient access to their electronic health information. The set of data to be made available, as determined by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT through the US Core Data for Interoperability expansion process, will impact the value creation of this improved data liquidity. In this commentary, we look at the potential for significant value creation from USCDI in the context of clinical bioinformatics research and advocate for the research community's involvement in the USCDI process to propel this value creation forward. We also describe 1 mechanism-using existing required APIs for full data export capabilities-that could pragmatically enable this value creation at minimal additional technical lift beyond the current regulatory requirements.

A comparative analysis on the import and export trade patterns of China’s mechanical and electrical products

This study uses annual data from 1985 to 2019 to analyze the export and import trade patterns of mechanical and electrical products of China. We employ H-index, or the difference between net export capability and symmetric revealed comparative advantage, to assess the trade policies in exports and imports. The results reveal that China has comparative advantage in the imports, and has had comparative disadvantage in the exports before 1999. In recent years, the policy of trade protectionism has been adopted, which promotes exports in terms of exports and restricts imports in terms of imports.

Cross-border e-commerce as a foreign market entry mode among SMEs: the relationship between export capabilities and performance

PurposeAlthough cross-border e-commerce has become increasingly popular among small and medium-sized enterprises as a foreign market entry mode, research on the determinants of its success is scarce. Drawing on the resource-based view, this study aims to examine the relationship between a firm’s information technology, international marketing and export operations capabilities and its cross-border e-commerce strategic and financial performance.Design/methodology/approachPartial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze data from a sample of Italian exporters in the food and beverage industry.FindingsThe results highlight the mixed effects of information technology, international marketing and export operations capabilities on both e-commerce strategic and financial performance. Moreover, the use of third-party e-commerce platforms reduces the effect of exporters’ information technology capabilities on their e-commerce financial performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe majority of exporters in this study had implemented cross-border e-commerce only recently; hence, longitudinal data on the success factors of e-commerce are not available.Practical implicationsWhile cross-border e-commerce may work as an accelerator of the overall export performance, export managers are urged to approach it strategically with a clear medium-term view to develop the required capabilities.Originality/valueThis study was one of the first to examine the drivers of small and medium-sized exporters’ cross-border e-commerce performance. Moreover, unlike most previous analyzes, it focused on e-commerce as a foreign market entry mode rather than a supplement to offline exporting activities.

Causal Influence Analysis Model of Foreign Environment on Export Capability

Abstract: The objectives of this research aim 1) To research the elements of the environment in foreign countries that affect the export capability and 2) To analyze the causal influence between the elements of the foreign environment on the export capability The researcher collected samples from a specific target group of 145 companies. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Moreover, the researcher also analyzed information by descriptive statistics.In the part of analytical statistics analyzed, researcher using factors analysis and the causal influence analysis between variables according to the conceptual framework by structural equation modeling. The results revealed that foreign situation had influence on export capability. On the contrary, the analysis showed that had positive influence on the capability of exporting as same as the export regulation and the Muslim consumption had positive influence on the capability of exporting.Assessment on goodness of fit from the model found that export capability was consistent with the empirical data, chi-square =133.60, the degrees of freedom = 114, chi -square relative (x2/df) =1.17, the probability (P-value) = 0.101, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.91, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.95, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.035.

The Analysis Model Of The Causal Influence Factors Of Attractiveness And Commitment To Export Affecting Export Capability

Abstract: The objectives of this research aim 1) to investigate factors which are related to the attractiveness and commitment of food exporting industry and 2) to develop a model of causal influence of attractiveness and commitment on food exporting industry. The researcher collected samples from a specific target group of 145 companies. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Moreover, the researcher also analyzed information by descriptive statistics. In the part of analytical statistics analyzed, researcher using factors analysis and the causal influence analysis between variables according to the conceptual framework by LISREL program. The results revealed that attractiveness of export had influence on export capability. On the contrary, the analysis showed that export commitment had positive influence on the capability of exporting. Assessment on goodness of fit from the model found that export capability was consistent with the empirical data, the chi-square =185.57, the degrees of freedom = 99, chi -square relative (x2/df) =1.87, the probability (P-value) = 0.00, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.98, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.98, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.50..

Long-term phlebotomy successfully alleviated hepatic iron accumulation in a ferroportin disease patient with a mutation in SLC40A1: a case report

BackgroundHereditary hemochromatosis is a heterogenous group of inherited iron-overload conditions that is characterized by increased intestinal absorption and deposition in vital organs. Hepcidin is a soluble regulator that acts to attenuate both intestinal iron absorption and iron release from reticuloendothelial macrophages through internalization of ferroportin-1, an iron exporter. Ferroportin disease is hereditary hemochromatosis which is affected by SLC40A1, a gene coding ferroportin-1, and phenotypically classified into two forms (classical and nonclassical). In nonclassical form, ferroportin mutations are responsible for a gain of function with full iron export capability but insensitivity to downregulation by hepcidin. Here, we report a case of nonclassical ferroportin disease.Case presentationA 46-year-old Japanese man showed elevated serum iron (284 μg/dl), ferritin (1722 ng/ml), transferrin saturation ratio (91.3%), and hepcidin-25 level (139.6 ng/ml). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a marked reduction in the signal intensity of the liver in T1- and T2-weighted images. The liver histology exhibited a large amount of iron that had accumulated predominantly in hepatocytes. We identified a heterozygous 1520A > G (p.H507R) mutation in the SLC40A1 gene. Phlebotomy (400 ml at a time) was monthly performed for 3 years in this patient. Importantly, the serum hepcidin level (1.0 ng/ml) was normal when the serum ferritin level was normal and hepatic iron accumulation was remarkably reduced after 3 years of phlebotomy.ConclusionsThe present case demonstrated for the first time that there was a correlation between hepatic iron levels as measured by MRI and serum hepcidin levels through long-term phlebotomy in a patient with ferroportin disease with the p.H507R mutation of in SLC40A1.

Export status and SME productivity: Learning-to-export versus learning-by-exporting

We examine the strategic (pre-) exporting choices of UK micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and their links to productivity. This involves considering not only exporters and non-exporters, but also an intermediate category of export-capable firms. Such categorisations help to identify learning effects occurring in the pre- and post-export phases. Indeed, we find evidence of both learning-to-export and learning-by-exporting effects among SMEs, and that firms consciously select their export status based on current productivity performance. Innovation plays a key role, and its effect does not occur exclusively in the transition to exporting, but also in building up export capability. Product and process innovation have different effects on export capability and exporting, respectively. The effect of product innovation on productivity is negative at least in the short-term. Growth ambition and planned future innovation are key determinants of both export capability and exporting.

Institutional environment, competencies and firm export performance: A study of the emerging country

The study is an attempt to examine the determinants and impact of export propensity and export intensity for firm-level performance in India. The factors determining export propensity are political stability, corruption, and competition from the informal sector while the determinants of export intensity in the present study are identified as a skill of the labour force, the technological capability of a firm, and foreign ownership of technology in a firm in India. A two-stage Heckman selection model has been advanced to investigate the linkage between the export performance of Indian firms with the home institutional environment and firm competencies. Firm-level data of approximately 8,000 Indian firms are used as available from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys (WBES) database. The results indicate that political stability and competition effect export propensity of Indian firms while export intensity is impacted by access to technology and employing skilled labour. The study has important theoretical implications in terms of understanding the exporting behaviour of firms. It indicates that the decision of firms to export and their export performance are interlinked. It is affirmed that export intensity is dependent on firm-specific competencies while institutions indirectly influence the decision of firms to export. The policy measures of Skill India and Make in India strongly favour increased access to the skilled labour force and strengthening the domestic industry which may lead to an increase in the export intensity of Indian firms. The recent institutional measures adopted favour a stable environment of doing business as well as providing firms opportunities to focus and leverage their competencies in the best possible manner. The current nascent steps of policy reforms need to be aggressively implemented for enhanced export capabilities of Indian firms

The Impact of COVID-19 and Korea’s New Southern Policy on Its Global Value Chain

Purpose – The Korean government has been promoting the New Southern Policy (NSP) prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which damage global value chain (GVC). The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that the NSP should be developed to provide tangible support in corporate GVC adjustment, away from diplomatic activities in order to offset GVC losses due to COVID-19 and expand export capabilities. Design/methodology – Two research methodologies are combined for this paper: A computational general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to estimate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and NSP on Korea’s exports, and the decomposition methodology (Wang, Wei and Zhu, 2013) to evaluate the stability of GVC. The conventional CGE model was modified to obtain an estimate for decomposition. The research methodology adopted in this study was attempted for the first time, and it can be widely used in future GVC research. Findings – Results found the effects of COVID-19 reduced Korea’s total exports by 27% and GVC by more than 30%. In particular, VA in Korea’s exports to the NSP region was found to have a huge impact in heavy industries and textiles, and its exports to Vietnam seemed to suffer the largest loss in GVC among ASEAN countries. If the NSP is implemented properly, it appears that it could offset much of the negative impacts of COVID-19, implying the importance of the effectiveness of the NSP. Originality/value – Many papers have assessed the NSP descriptively, and the GVC has been a topic for many publications. However, the impact of COVID-19 on Korea’s GVC with the NSP countries has not been quantitatively studied. This paper emphasizes that the NSP should be pursued based on the results of quantitative analysis. In addition, the research methodology of this paper can be used for other GVC research with relevant modifications.