Water Exploitation Research Articles

The Role of Interregional Trade in Virtual Water on the Blue Water Footprint and the Water Exploitation Index in Brazil

Brazil is known for its abundant water supply. However, an uneven spatial distribution of water and strong concentration of economic activities has caused some regions to face water restrictions. The objective of this research is to identify the main water users in Brazil, in terms of virtual blue water, and the impacts of the water use pattern on the regional Water Exploitation Index. Among the main results, the hydrographic basin Tiet^{e} was identified as the largest responsible basin for virtual blue water demand, while the hydrographic basin Litoral AL PE PB was an important virtual water supplier. Virtual blue water flows are largely interregional and a majority of the flows (66 percent) were exports from basins where the water balance indicates potential water restrictions. These results suggest that interregional trade in virtual blue water affects water availability for some Brazilian hydrographic basins, potentially undermining water security.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Temporal Variations of Geothermal Water Quality in Tangtou, Shandong, China

Geothermal water resources are a kind of clean energy, which is a renewable resource to a certain extent and has a high value of development and utilization. To understand the hydrochemical characteristics, origins, and temporal variations of geothermal water quality in Tangtou, 13 geothermal water samples from 2007 to 2019 and geothermal geological conditions were collected. Cl− and Na+ are the major ions, which make the geothermal water belong Cl-Na type. The total dissolved solids values of geothermal waters were 1560–2512 mg/L and pH were in the range of 6.7–8.8. The development of faulted structures provides conditions for the formation of geothermal water. In addition, geothermal water is recharged by shallow underground cold water. Water-rock interaction, as well as mixing processes, in the process of long runoff path and the slower deep-water cycle is the main factor controlling the chemical composition of geothermal water. Calculated saturation index values indicated that the geothermal water was saturated with respect to silicate and carbonate minerals. Cation and silica chemical geothermometers indicated that reservoir temperatures ranged from 94.63 to 196.10 °C and from 69.13 to 123.75 °C, respectively. Based on the grey relational analysis, the main physicochemical components of geothermal water are obviously correlated with the geothermal water exploitation and precipitation. Overall, affected by exploitation and precipitation, main physicochemical components (such as the total dissolved solids, total hardness, temperature, Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, K+, and Mg2+) showed a certain stage.

Changes in Water Surface Area during 1989–2017 in the Huai River Basin using Landsat Data and Google Earth Engine

The dynamics of surface water play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and are sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic activities, especially for the agricultural zone. As one of the most populous areas in China’s river basins, the surface water in the Huai River Basin has significant impacts on agricultural plants, ecological balance, and socioeconomic development. However, it is unclear how water areas responded to climate change and anthropogenic water exploitation in the past decades. To understand the changes in water surface areas in the Huai River Basin, this study used the available 16,760 scenes Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images in this region from 1989 to 2017 and processed the data on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The vegetation index and water index were used to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of the surface water area changes over the years. The major results include: (1) The maximum area, the average area, and the seasonal variation of surface water in the Huai River Basin showed a downward trend in the past 29 years, and the year-long surface water areas showed a slight upward trend; (2) the surface water area was positively correlated with precipitation (p < 0.05), but was negatively correlated with the temperature and evapotranspiration; (3) the changes of the total area of water bodies were mainly determined by the 216 larger water bodies (>10 km2). Understanding the variations in water body areas and the controlling factors could support the designation and implementation of sustainable water management practices in agricultural, industrial, and domestic usages.

Environmental drainage system with low impact development planning in office area

The development of residential and office the North Bandung area led to the expansion of impermeable areas. This condition causes water shortage and increase surface runoff. The high demand for water in office areas increases the excessive exploitation of ground water and decreasing water table. One effort is to improve and maintain conservation of groundwater in cities by rainwater harvesting. The method applied is Low Impact Development (LID). This concept combines rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to fullfill of water needed and to increase groundwater savings. One of the pilot locations is the LIPI Bandung office area. The purpose of this study was to determine the volume of runoff rainfall that occurred in this area. The analysis used is descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. Rainwater harvesting volume is 1.2263.7 m3 / year which can reduce groundwater use by 1.02%. The media used to store rainwater is a reservoir that is installed in each building. The construction of artificial recharge from reservoir delegation serves to reduce surface runoff and increase groundwater storage. This method is expected to be a solution to reduce excessive use of ground water and reduce surface runoff to support urban groundwater conservation.

On the estimation of potential fog water collection from meteorological variables

We provide a method for estimating potential fog water collection (FWCp) from concomitant measurements of visibility (Ω) and wind speed (u). Various passive artificial fog catcher assemblies, wire-harps and screens with cylindrical geometry and uni- or omni-directional square flat gauges, placed at two fog-affected sites in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), were used for calibrating an empirical model of FWCp vs. u-Ω with good fitting performance (0.762 ≤ NSE ≤ 0.921; 0.063 l m−2 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.247 l m-2). The procedure may be useful for characterization of locations for fog water exploitation, forest fog interception or potential cloud forest distribution.

Climate change impact on the hydrological budget of a large Mediterranean island

ABSTRACT Crete is a Mediterranean, karst-dominated island, characterized by long drought periods. The Karst-SWAT model, combined with 11 climate change scenarios, was run to assess climate change impacts on the island under two set-ups, both using the auto-irrigation function of the model: (1) with water drawn from the shallow or deep aquifer, and (2) with irrigated water derived from an unlimited outside source. The first set-up provided insight into the fluctuation of future irrigation needs, and when compared to the second set-up, enabled quantification of the future water deficit. The Water Exploitation Index was used to describe the spatial variability of future water stress on Crete. A decrease in both surface and karstic spring flows is foreseen, especially after 2060 (24.2 and 16.5%, respectively). Simulated irrigation water demand and water deficit show continuous increase throughout the projection period (2020–2098).

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Arsenic Resistant Microorganisms Coming from Xichu River, Gto. Mexico.

The arsenic is a toxic element for the human and other organisms´ health, it may affect the exploitation of water, the agriculture development and the sustainable rational use of soil, the result is reflected within the socioeconomic growth lag in the affected area. Arsenic is mobilized in the environment by a combination of several natural processes, such as weathering reactions, biological activities and volcanic emissions, as well as by a group of anthropogenic activities. Microorganisms interact with the arsenic through a different mechanism such as adsorption, redox, precipitation, etc. On the other hand, the rate of arsenic releasing in geochemical environments is controlled mainly by microorganisms. In the environment, the major arsenic transformations include microbial oxidation, reduction, methylation and demethylation, those reactions have an enormous impact in the arsenic behavior that depends on its redox state that exhibits differences in its mobility and toxicity. Normally, the arsenic resistance comes through the production of genes within operon ars, their location is usually plasmid or chromosomic. In this study, it was achieved the isolation of 11 strains from which 2 have been reported as an arsenic resistant in this work. The samples were collected from water, sediment and biofilm of Xichu River, which has been impacted by mining activity, exhibiting a high arsenic concentration (98 µg/l). All the strains were tested by several methods as arsenic resistance, colorimetric test for arsenate reduction, pDNA extraction as well as ars and aox genes amplification, which are the genes involved in arsenic transformation. It was obtained a great microbial diversity with different skills in arsenic transformation. One of the isolated strains Rodoccoccus gordoniae, did not show the presence of any gen but it was the most likely microorganisms to grow in the presence of arsenic. Almost all the microorganisms showed arsenic resistant until 20 mM of arsenite and arsenate. The main contribution of this study is the development of knowledge to understand much better the arsenic biogeochemistry, as well as the development of new bio-technologies for water treatment in rural communities impacted by mining activity.

Functional responses of the herbaceous plant community explain ecohydrological impacts of savanna shrub encroachment

Major drivers of savanna shrub encroachment are climatic conditions, CO2 and unsustainable grazing management including fire prevention. Although all drivers affect ecohydrological processes, and given that water is a seasonally scarce resource in savannas, it remains largely unclear how shrub encroachment itself affects hydrological conditions that feed back into water use and community assembly of the remaining plant community. Hence, understanding direct ecohydrological effects of shrubs that may limit the recovery of the perennial herbaceous vegetation in grazed areas and promote the establishment of shrub seedlings facilitates the identification of areas that are most sensitive to further encroachment.In our trait-based approach, we determined relationships among shrub cover, soil and plant trait characteristics sensitive to water limitation in 120 plots along a shrub cover gradient. We focused on two functional response traits indicating immediate drought stress and subsequent water use for drought stress recovery with associated competition for water (midday leaf/xylem water potential and diurnally recovery rate of leaf water potential), and three functional response traits indicating long-term stress adaptation and related resource use strategies (SLA, plant height and seed release height). To understand species assembly and the associated mechanisms of resource use, we calculated community weighted mean traits, intraspecific trait variability as a proxy for the mechanism of coexistence, and mean traits at plant functional type level including 2-year-old Acacia mellifera-saplings.We found a low intraspecific trait variability in drought stress recovery rate and height suggesting that competitive exclusion via active resource acquisition (i.e. water exploitation) played a minor role for community assembly in a shrub encroaching savanna. The dominant community assembly process was passive stress avoidance via resource conservation up to stress tolerance indicated by the high variability in SLA and midday leaf water potential. Correlations of traits with soil moisture suggest a rooting niche differentiation between annual and perennial grasses and that Acacia-shrub saplings within the first 50 cm of soil already escaped the highest drought stress. Interestingly, immediate drought stress for the herbaceous community was lowest on moderately shrub encroached sites and not on grass dominated sites.Since passive stress avoidance accompanied by a distinct stress tolerance in semi-arid savannas is more important than active competition, and assuming that the low drought stress of the herbaceous community at intermediate levels of shrub cover also applies to newly emerging shrub seedlings, these areas are likely to be most sensitive to further encroachment. As such, they should be considered as focal areas for prevention management.

Economic and Environmental Impacts of Cropping Pattern Elements Using Systems Dynamics

Tragedies arising from poor water resources management and planning are significantly more relevant than climate change and frequent natural droughts, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Nearly 92% of total water is allocated to the agricultural sector in Iran. In this situation, cultivation patterns play an important role in agricultural water management. Evaluating the effect of each crop would help the stakeholders make a rational decision in choosing appropriate cropping patterns to avoid groundwater depletion as well as maintain their livelihoods. The Qazvin plain in Iran, whose aquifer has had a drawdown of nearly 20m during the last 15 years, was used in this case study. It has been modeled using system dynamics, which includes two subsystems: hydrology, for calculating groundwater level, and economy, for defining farmer’s income in the years from 1997 to 2011. The system dynamics, which included 17 crops, was developed after calibration by simple genetic algorithm and verification under extreme condition tests. To identify the economic and environmental effect of each of the crops, the system dynamics was run 18 times, removing crops one by one. It has been found that wheat plays an important role in causing a negative water balance but does not affect the farmers’ incomes as significantly as grapes. Two indicators, which included sustainable water resources and water exploitation, were employed to assess the scenarios as well. According to the results, no scenarios are fully sustainable for maintaining a steady aquifer, but scenario 1, which removed wheat from the cropping pattern, is the most sustainable and puts the least pressure on the aquifer.

Integrated approach for groundwater assessment in Yetunde Brown, Ifako, Gbagada, Lagos State, Nigeria

The poor quality of potable water sourced from boreholes and hand dug wells at Yetunde Brown, Gbagada, Lagos informed the integration of geophysical, physicochemical and Water Quality Index (WQI) to assess the condition of groundwater in the study area. Twenty-Five (25) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were acquired and complemented with water samples collected from three boreholes and two hand-dug wells within the neighborhood of the study area. The VES data were partially curve matched and inverted. Physicochemical parameters were measured in water samples. The results of the VES data revealed four to five geo-electric layers which correspond to the topsoil (with layer thickness and resistivity values from 0.6 to 1.3 m and 20.1 to 361.4 Ωm respectively), clay (with layer thickness and resistivity of 1.7 to 5.2 m and 2.8 to 22.1 Ωm), sandy clay (with layer thickness and resistivity values of 2.8 to 5.9 m and 12.4 to 56.8 Ωm) and clayey sand (with layer thickness and resistivity values of 23.8 to 31.8 m and 7.2 to 94.2 Ωm). The sand in VES 7, 9, 12-18 and 20 has resistivity values ranging from 151 to 331.5 Ωm. The depth to the identified aquifers fluctuates between 23.8 and 90.4 m. The measured iron, chloride and lead ions are above World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for potable water in some water samples. WQI calculated reflected poor quality for two boreholes only, which could be due to the unconfined aquifers delineated in the second and fourth geo-electric layers making the water vulnerable to contamination. The study recommended that bore hole should be sunk at VES 7, 9, 12, 13, 18 and 20 at depth between 31.8 to 66.6 m for exploitation of good quality water. Keywords: Groundwater, Electrical resistivity, Water quality index, physicochemical analysis, Aquifer

High arsenic contamination and presence of other trace metals in drinking water of Kushtia district, Bangladesh

Drinking water with excessive concentration levels of arsenic (As) is a great threat to human health. A hydrochemical approach was employed in 50 drinking water samples (collected from Kushtia district, Bangladesh) to examine the occurrence of geogenic As and the presence of trace metals (TMs), as well as the factors controlling As release in aquifers. The results reveal that the drinking water of shallow aquifers is highly contaminated by As (6.05–590.7 μg/L); 82% of samples were found to exceed the WHO recommended limit (10 μg/L) for potable water, but the concentrations of Si, B, Mn, Sr, Se, Ba, Fe, Cd, Pb, F, U, Ni, Li, and Cr were within safe limits. The Ca-HCO3-type drinking water was identified as having high contents of As, pH and HCO3−, a medium-high content EC, and low concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, K+, and Cl−. The significant correlation between As and NO3− indicates that NO3− might be attributed to the use of phosphate fertilizers and a factor responsible for enhancing As in aquifers. The study also reports that the occurrence of high As and the presence of TMs in drinking water may be a result of local anthropogenic activities, such as irrigation, intensive land use and the application of agrochemicals. The insignificant correlation between As and SO42− demonstrated that As is released from SO42− minerals under reducing conditions. An elevated pH value along with decoupling of As and HCO3− plays a vital role in mobilizing As to aquifer systems. Moreover, the positive relationship between As and Si indicated that As is transported in the biogeochemical environment. The reductive suspension of Mn(IV)-oxyhydroxides also accelerated the As mobilization process. Over exploitation of tube-well water and the competitive ion exchange process are also responsible for the release of As in aquifers.

The Legal Geographies of Water Claims: Seawater Desalination in Mining Regions in Chile

The use of desalination has been increasing in recent years. Although this is not a new technology, its use often proceeds within ill-defined and ambiguous legal, institutional, economic and political frameworks. This article addresses these considerations for the case of Chile, and offers an evaluation of legal ambiguities regarding differences between desalinated water and other freshwater sources and associated consequences. This discussion reviews court records and legal documents of two companies operating desalination plants, both of which have simultaneous rights granted for underground water exploitation: the water supply company in the Antofagasta Region and Candelaria mining company in the Atacama Region. The analysis shows that issues of ambiguity and gaps in the legal system have been exploited in ways that allow these entities to continue the use and consumption of mountain water. They do so by producing desalinated water, and by entering into water transfer and diversion contracts with the mining sector. These findings highlight the importance of undefined socio-legal terrain in terms of shifting hydro-geographies of mining territories, contributing conceptually to critical geographies of desalination, delineating the importance of legal geographies important for water governance, as well as empirically documenting the significance of this case to consider shifts for the mining sector and water technologies and uses in contemporary Chile.

The Montellina Spring as an Example of Water Circulation in an Alpine DSGSD Context (NW Italy)

Alpine areas, with normally fissured bedrock outcrops, do not typically contain important hydrologic reservoirs, except for small aquifers located in Quaternary sediments. By contrast, mountainous areas affected by deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD), especially if covered by glacial sediments, contain large aquifers and are consequently promising for water exploitation. This last geological setting is observed, for example, in the lower Dora Baltea Valley (near the confluence with the Renanchio Basin) in which the Montellina Spring is located and exhibits a very high discharge. A multidisciplinary approach (detailed geological survey of the bedrock and Quaternary cover, as well as hydrogeological research based on tracer tests, hydrochemical analyses, and water balance studies) was used, allowing for a reconstruction of the geological and hydrogeological setting of the investigated area, also considering its environmental implications. The consequent hydrogeological model derives from the coexistence of some factors. In detail, the thick glacial cover, widespread in the intermediate sector of the slope, represents an important aquifer with a slow groundwater flow to the spring. The buried glacial valley floor, hosting this cover, can convey the groundwater from the high Renanchio Basin zone towards the low sector. The loosened bedrock of the low sector, consequent to DSGSD phenomena, favors the concentration of groundwater along the contact with the underlying normal fissured bedrock outcropping at the base of the slope. Finally, the flow until the spring essentially takes place through N100° trend open fractures and trenches. Part of the Montellina Spring discharge is also fed by the low Renanchio Stream, as highlighted by fluorescein tests, essentially using NE-SW oriented open fractures on the bedrock. The results of the investigation on the Montellina Spring can provide some insight regarding the hydrological potential of other alpine areas with a similar geological setting.

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CULTIVATION OF JATROPHA USING AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATER IN SIWA OASIS

The term is used to express a natural phenomenon in desert areas. It is a low-lying isolated area surrounded by desert from each side. Siwa Oasis is a natural depression in Western Sahara, which has a low altitude of about 23 meters below sea level. It has an area of ​​about 250,000 feddans, of which about 209,400 feddans are cultivated and irrigated through a number of wells and springs. As a result of continuous and continuous flow of water in excess of 33 million m3 (Fathi Hammad, 2001) , In the absence of an efficient and efficient sewage system, in addition to the low efficiency of the existing drainage system, the water accumulation and accumulation of water in the low areas of the oasis has created a number of lakes, causing the problem of rising water level, Negatively affect their productivity and threaten the entire ecosystem of the oasis. The study aimed to identify the most important returns and costs that affect the cultivation of jatropha and the economic feasibility of planting them. The research relied on both descriptive and quantitative methods. The results proved an IRR of about 27%, which is higher than the opportunity cost available. For the investment in Egyptian banks for 2018, which is an interest rate of about 17%, and the rate of return on costs was estimated at1.6 and the net present value (91025.6), The study recommended the exploitation of agricultural waste water economically as a waste resource causing many economic and environmental problems and encouraging investments in this field. dunes, and the provision of new jobs by increasing the areas of new land, and recommended the research the need to exploit agricultural wastewater economically as a waste resource causing many economic and environmental problems and encourage investments in This area.

FORMATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INJECTION-TYPE MINERAL WATER DEPOSITS AS EXEMPLIFIED BY CHAPAEVSKOYE FIELD IN KORSAKOV DISTRICT OF SAKHALIN REGION

Underground mineral water is widely used in balneology and food industry. Known deposits are usually away from the consumer, which negatively affects their accessibility. A certain combination of climatic conditions, hydrology, tectonics and groundwater hydrology in some region makes it possible for injection-type mineral water deposits to form in the areas free of their outer indicators. Required data may be obtained from available literary sources, which significantly expands the areas for the search of deposits in close proximity to potential consumers. Injection-type deposits feature very complex structure, which is why their exploration and operation have its specifics. These aspects have been addressed on a particular example. The research objective is to study the factors that enable the formation of injection-type mineral water deposits in the first place and factors that affect changes of groundwater chemical composition in the course of water exploitation in the second place. The article offers a quite detailed overview of data on the climate, hydrology, tectonics, geology and groundwater hydrology of the region. Data analysis allows us to conclude on a possibility in principle of the formation of injection-type deposits in the study area. Field geophysical, drilling and hydrogeological surveys were used to develop quite a detailed deposit model in the chosen area and to show the mechanism of formation of groundwater chemical composition.

THE ORIGINALITY OF OASIS OF SAOURA IN SOUTH-WEST OF ALGERIA

For centuries the oases of the Saoura continue to manage critical situations of drought and the hostility of the Algerian Sahara through the rational exploitation of water, a rare and precious source of traditional irrigation techniques have proved their efficiency. The use of new groundwater drainage systems of drilling, and the lack of effective management of the Foggaras, has made this system lose its value, deteriorate and let the palm groves disappear. More than 80% of these systems have been abandoned in recent years. With increasing urbanization, population growth, climate change and the uncontrolled proliferation of motor pumps, the level of the water table is lowered and the quality of the water is degraded. The foggaras have gradually been abandoned, which leads to the degradation of the gardens and the old oasis.

Modelling mineral dust in the Central Asian region

In Central Asia, climate and air quality are largely affected by local and long-travelled mineral dust. For the last century, the area has experienced severe land-use changes and water exploitation producing new dust sources. Today global warming causes rapid shrinking of mountain glaciers with yet unknow consequences for dust and its climate effects. Despite the importance for a growing population, only little is known about sources, transport pathways and properties of Central Asian dust. A transport study with a global aerosol-climate model is undertaken to investigate the life cycle of mineral dust in Central Asia for the period of a remote-sensing campaign in Tajikistan in 2015–2016. An initial evaluation with sun photometer measurements shows reasonable agreement for the average amount of dust, but a significant weakness of the model in reproducing the seasonality of local dust with maximum activity in summer. Source apportionment reveals a major contribution from Arabia throughout the year in accordance with observations. In the model, local sources mainly contribute in spring and autumn while summer-time dust production is underestimated. The results underline the importance of considering long-range transport and, locally, a detailed representation of atmospheric dynamics and surface characteristics for modelling dust in Central Asia.

Evaluation of Agricultural Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Taihang Mountain Area

Based on the relevant data of nature, society, economics and water resources of eight sub-areas of Taihang Mountain from 2016, this paper selected six main evaluation factors including use efficiency of water resources, water deficient ratio, irrigation ration of arable land, precipitation amount of precipitation, per capita water resources and ecological water use ratio, and quantitatively researched water resources carrying capacity of eight sub-areas by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The evaluated results show that the comprehensive grade of the study area was higher than 0.614, and the current water exploitation and utilization have reached a considerable scale, but still has certain potentiality. Overall, water resources supply and demand are able to partly satisfy the regional development in the the study area. For the eight sub-areas, the water resources carrying capacity status is very different. Handan, Xingtai and Shijiazhuang have a weak water resources carrying capacity, while water resources carrying capacity of other sub-areas is relatively strong. Finally, according to different regions of the water resources carrying condition, this paper puts forward the corresponding measures in Taihang Mountain Area.

On the acceleration of land subsidence rate in Semarang City as detected from GPS surveys

Land subsidence is not a new phenomenon for Semarang the capital city of Central Java Province with recent population of about 1.5 million. Some report said the subsidence in Semarang probably is occurring for more than 100 years. Geodetic surveys such as GPS Surveys can detect land subsidence accurately. Land subsidence in Semarang exhibits spatial and temporal variations with the typical average rates of about 3 to 10 cm/year until recently it seem the acceleration existed in some region of the city. This acceleration will increase the risk of negative consequences from the land subsidence. This paper present and discuss the acceleration of land subsidence in Semarang as detected from GPS Surveys. The surveys have been conducted in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2016 and 2017. From 2008 to 2012 the subsidence generally follow linier rates while from 2012 to 2017 seem they are accelerating. The northern eastern region of Semarang along the coastal area still exhibits relatively higher rates of subsidence along with acceleration in rates compare to others region. Ground water exploitation is suspected to be the causes of that land subsidence phenomenon in Semarang city

Đánh giá hiện trạng chất lượng nước mặt phục vụ khai thác cấp nước cho thành phố Sóc Trăng

Soc Trang is a coastal province in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Groundwater is the main source for urban water supply systems of the province; however, both the quality and quantity of this water source are declining. Therefore, shifting from groundwater to surface water exploitation plays an important role in the sustainable water supply for the province. Methods of the statistics in water resources and compare with the Vietnamese national standards for surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT) were applied to evaluate salinity and pollutants of the surface water source in the province. The result shows Hau river and its distribuaries in Ke Sach District were less affected by the salinity and pollutants comparing different regions of the province. Besides, the polluted parameters, are often found in the surface sources in the district, are BOD, COD, TSS, total Coliform and total iron pollutants. The study result also reveals the water quality of Hau river, Cai Vop, Cai Tram, So 1 canal and the upstream of 30/4 canal has the water pollution frequency less than the others in the province. These rivers and canals can be considered as the water sources supplying for Soc Trang city.