Water Exploitation Research Articles

Physicochemical Composition Variability and Hydraulic Conditions in a Geothermal Borehole—The Latest Study in Podhale Basin, Poland

In deep geothermal boreholes, an effect of temperature (so-called thermal lift) is observed, which results in the volumetric expansion of the fluid extracted. This process results in increased wellhead pressure values being recorded; in the absence of an appropriate correction, hydraulic properties of the reservoir layer cannot be properly determined. As an example of this effect, the Chochołów PIG-1 (CH PIG-1) geothermal borehole situated in Podhale Basin in Poland was used. Hydrodynamic tests including two pumping phases were carried out in the well in order to establish the basic hydraulic properties related to the determination of its operational resources (maximum water extraction value–capacity) and permissible groundwater level. Particular attention was paid to the thermal lift effect in the borehole. The conductivity, which depends on the pumping level, could be two to three times higher with temperature correction than results without any correction. The goal was to analyse the variability of the observed physiochemical properties of the exploited geothermal waters and to determine the correlation between the properties analysed and the temperature of the geothermal water. For the relationship between temperature and the observed pressure at the wellhead, the value of the correlation coefficient was negative (a negative linear relationship was determined), which means that as the temperature increases, the wellhead pressure decreases. The hydrodynamic tests carried out in the CH PIG-1 borehole and the analysis of variability of selected ions and parameters in exploited water were necessary to assess the possibility of increasing the efficiency (Q) of the CH PIG-1 borehole and to determine the water quality and its natural variability. Such information is crucial for the functioning of the recreational complex based on the use of geothermal water. A study of the phenomena affecting the exploitation of hot water from deep boreholes enables their effective exploitation and the use of resources in accordance with the expectations of investors.

Hydropower Potential in the Alps under Climate Change Scenarios. The Chavonne Plant, Val D’Aosta

Present and prospective climate change will likely affect the hydrological cycle in sensitive areas, such as the Alps, thus impacting water-based activities. A most representative example is hydropower production, i.e., exploitation of water to produce energy. In the Italian Alps hydropower is strictly dependent upon water from snow and ice melt, and both are decreasing in response to global warming. Here, we study the effects of potential climate change scenarios at 2100 upon hydropower production from the Chavonne plant, in Valle d’Aosta region of Italy, a run-of-the-river (ROR) plant taking water from two high altitude glacierized catchments of Val di Cogne, and Valsavarenche. We use Poli-Hydro, a state-of-the-art hydrological model to mimic the hydrological budget of the area, including ice and snow melt share. Projections of the hydrological budget were built until 2100 by means of selected climate change scenarios, under proper downscaling. We used runs of three General Circulation Models (GCMs), EC-Earth, CCSM4, and ECHAM6.0 under three Representative Concentration Pathways RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 from AR5 of IPCC, and of their updated version under four Shared Socio-Economic Pathways SSP1 2.6, SSP2 4.5, SSP3 7.0, and SSP5 8.5 from AR6. We then assessed hydropower production changes against a recent control run CR period (2005–2015). Mean annual flow is estimated at 14.33 m3 s−1 during CR, with ice melt contribution ca. 2%, and snow melt contribution ca. 44%. Ice cover in 2005 was estimated as 19.2 km2, reaching in 2015, 9.93 km2. Mean hydropower production was estimated at 153.72 GWh during the CR. Temperature would largely increase throughout the century (+0.93 °C on average at the half century, +2.45 °C at the end of the century). The ice covered area would be largely depleted (ca. −86%, −94% respectively), with reduced contribution of ice melt (0.23%, <0.1%, respectively) and snow melt (ca. 37%, 33%, respectively). Precipitation would show uncertain patterns, and hence incoming discharge at the plant would erratically vary (−29% to +24% half century, −27% to +59% end of century). Hydropower production displays a large dependence upon monthly discharge patterns, with mostly positive variations (+2.90% on average at half century, +6.95% on average at end of century), with its change driven by exceedance of plant’s capacity.

Conception and evaluation methodology of water resources carrying capacity based on three-level analysis

AbstractIn supply-oriented water development, water is a rigid constraint on sustainable development in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) concept represents the maximum socio-economic scale that can be supported by water exploitation without causing an irreversible impact on the ecosystem. In this paper, three-level framework is put forward to illustrate and quantitatively evaluate the WRCC. The first level is the principal body, which focuses on the study of water resources systems. The second level is the carried object, including the socio-economic system, water ecological system, and environment system. The third level is the coupling of the principal body and carried object to calculate the WRCC. This three-level WRCC model was applied to the load conditions of the Shiyang River Basin (SRB). The results show that the SRB is overloaded, and only 1.99 million people can be carried at the modern carrying level. The WRCC could be increased by optimizing industrial structures and improving water efficiency. This method provides a tool to help policymakers develop sustainable approaches to environmental management and planning.

Rule-Based Object-Oriented Water Resource System Simulation Model for Water Allocation

Simulation is a basic method to analyze water resources system and provide information for decision-making. In this study, a framework is presented that describes the basic elements in a water resource system and a modelling technique integrating conceptual simulation and rule control. To formulate the process of the water cycle and water exploitation with a mathematical model, the water system is described based on adjustable relevant rules and respective parameters with experiences and pragmatic demands in the framework. The rule set describes the principles required to design conceptual networks and control the concrete processes of movement and conversion of different water flows. Combined with object-oriented programming, different calculation functional modules are classified based on the characteristics of water source layers, and the processes that occur in the networks are realised in the computation. The influence of the South-to-North Water Diversion project on the Haihe River basin is analysed by the rule-based object-oriented water resource allocation simulation model. According to the simulation results, groundwater extraction will be reduced by 6,181 million m3. The relationship between water source replacement and water layer exchange in the Haihe River basin is analysed, and the feasibility of the model is verified. Based on the rule-based model, the user requirements can be taken into account conveniently, and the rules are flexible to adjust with experiences and real conditions. This model can be used to simulate complex water resource systems.

Groundwater modelling of the Tebessa-Morsott alluvial aquifer (northeastern Algeria): A geostatistical approach

This paper studies aquifer's hydrodynamic behavior by combining a flow-simulation model with transmissivity optimization (cokriging) in order to provide an optimal management scheme for the groundwater aquifer. The use of a cokriging approach improves the transmissivity data which are insufficient for the database of the groundwater flow simulation model. The obtained results are then used to model the groundwater flow of the Tebessa-Morsott shallow aquifer, located in NE Algeria, under a steady and transient regime. The results of the model calibration for the steady-state (year 2010) show that the recharge by rainfall and leakage rate are similar compared to those calculated by the analytical approach, (84,354 m3/day for the recharge and 36,986 m3/day for pumped water flow rate). The results of the transient regime show the alluvial aquifer affected by large drawdowns reaching 40 m over 20 years (year 2030 scenario) due to increase in water exploitation from pumping wells to answer water needs of the Tebessa region.

Groundwater extraction among overlapping generations: a differential game approach

Groundwater is a common resource that has been wasted for years. Today, we pay the consequences of such inappropriate exploitation and we are aware that it is necessary to realize policies in order to guarantee the use of this resource for future generations. In fact, the irrational exploitation of water by agents, nevertheless it is a renewable resource, may cause its exhaustion. In our paper, we develop a differential game to determine the efficient extraction of groundwater resource among overlapping generations. We consider intragenerational as well as intergenerational competition between extractors that exploit the resource in different time intervals, and so the horizons of the players in the game are asynchronous. Feedback equilibria have been computed in order to determine the optimal extraction rate of “young” and “old” agents that coexist in the economy. The effects of the withdrawal by several generations are numerically and graphically analyzed in order to obtain results on the efficiency of the groundwater resource.

Historic hydraulic works: paradigms of traditional good water governance, integrity and sustainability

Abstract The first Water Integrity Forum in Delft, The Netherlands (June 2013), defined the core of water integrity as ‘the integrity of people and institutions governing water resources, decision making that is fair and inclusive, honest and transparent, accountable and free of corruption’. Historic hydraulic structures are man-made ancestral water systems that helped sedentism and the emergence of cities where the resource is rare or partly available. The scope of the study is to present seven examples of historic hydraulic structures from different geographic contexts, as diverse as South America, Europe, the Middle East and the Far East, as paradigms of indigenous knowledge in water governance. They are traditional gravity-flow water supplying systems whose functioning is based on eco-friendly and sustainable techniques such as the exploitation of surface and runoff water with ensuring minimal water losses, community-based management by already set rules upon common agreements, the preservation of ecological landscapes and the practice of traditional agriculture. This paper highlights those systems and connects their specifications to economic, social, political and environmental dimensions for good water governance and to water integrity key principles, Transparency, Accountability, Participation and Anti-corruption, in a way to explore their potential to do so.

Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Sub-watersheds for Management of Natural Resources using GIS: a case study of Rajasthan, India

Natural resources management is crucial in water scarce semi-arid regions because of scanty rainfall and over exploitation of ground water resources. The watershed choosen in this study is drained by Bandi River having area of 2162.7 km 2 and located in Pali district of Rajasthan, India. Incessant rainfall, continuous exploitation of ground water results in the reduction of ground water level and recurrent drought conditions in this area. Hence, the watershed had been further divided into 5 sub-watersheds represented as SWS-1 to SWS-5 with geographical area ranging from 98 km 2 to 265 km 2 and perimeter ranging from 47 km to 79 km. These sub watersheds were then prioritized based on morphometric analysis considering the linear, areal and relief aspects of the drainage system in GIS environment using ArcGIS 10.5.5. The analysis showed that the drainage density of sub-watersheds varies between 1.351 km/km 2 to 2.513 km/km 2 and the lowest drainage density was found in SWS-4 that indicated the presence of impermeable sub-soil system with dense vegetation cover and low relief in the sub-watershed. The sub-watershed, SWS-2 has high circularity ratio of 0.6 that indicated the topography at the late maturity stage. Similarly, the Elongation Ratio varied from 0.4007 to 0.9340 in the sub-watersheds indicated comparatively steep ground slope and high relief. After the computation of all morphometric parameters of the sub watersheds, the compound parameter values were calculated and the sub-watershed having the lowest compound parameter value was given the highest priority for conservation measures. In this study, the sub-watershed SWS-1 was found to have the lowest compound value of 1.875 and hence considered for immediate soil conservation and water management measures. https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.471

High-Mountain Lakes, Indicators of Global Change: Ecological Characterization and Environmental Pressures

Though mountain lakes are generally much less influenced by human activities than other habitats, global and local anthropogenic threats can alter their natural condition. The most alarming threats are climate change, water exploitation and abstraction, alien species introduction, and the medium-long range atmospheric transport of contaminates. Moreover, tourism and mountain farming are two other major sources of organic pollutants that can pose a threat to local aquatic biodiversity. Papers submitted to this Special Issue should be original contributions, with a focus on ecological and morphological characterization, environmental pressures (i.e., alien species introduction, environmental contaminates), and the use of bioindicators/tracers to inform adequate management plans.

Characterizing Hydrological Drought and Water Scarcity Changes in the Future: A Case Study in the Jinghe River Basin of China

The assessment of future climate changes on drought and water scarcity is extremely important for water resources management. A modeling system is developed to study the potential status of hydrological drought and water scarcity in the future, and this modeling system is applied to the Jinghe River Basin (JRB) of China. Driven by high-resolution climate projections from the Regional Climate Modeling System (RegCM), the Variable Infiltration Capacity model is employed to produce future streamflow projections (2020–2099) under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The copula-based method is applied to identify the correlation between drought variables (i.e., duration and severity), and to further quantify their joint risks. Based on a variety of hypothetical water use scenarios in the future, the water scarcity conditions including extreme cases are estimated through the Water Exploitation Index Plus (WEI+) indicator. The results indicate that the joint risks of drought variables at different return periods would decrease. In detail, the severity of future drought events would become less serious under different RCP scenarios when compared with that in the historical period. However, considering the increase in water consumption in the future, the water scarcity in JRB may not be alleviated in the future, and thus drought assessment alone may underestimate the severity of future water shortage. The results obtained from the modeling system can help policy makers to develop reasonable future water-saving planning schemes, as well as drought mitigation measures.

Long term preservation of rainwater for the exploitation of potable water

For millenniums, the water cycle provides enough water for everyone on earth. Presently this entire cycle is severely affected by overpopulation and global warming. Due to poor rainfall, drought sets in, crops fail, adding to urban water problems, most of the harvested rainwater is used for agriculture, cleaning, cooling agent, flushing, etc. This project aims to promote personal involvement in water conservation by suggesting a rainwater conservancy system. Polypropylene based filter is used to filter the filtered water. The purity of water level is improved in a notable manner. Water can be saved by dams and canal which is expensive whereas at home it becomes free and cheap.

Risk Control of Karst Collapse----A Case Study of Linyi City

Karst collapse is a common geological disaster, and groundwater level is the main influencing factor of karst collapse in Linyi City. This article uses the established groundwater flow model to propose a method for controlling karst collapse: to make the karst water level not lower than the control level. Based on this method, three different groundwater extraction schemes were designed in the study area, and calculation analysis was performed in conjunction with water level control points. The results show that in the future, the amount of karst water exploitation in the urban area of Linyi City will be reduced by 11.65×104m3/d compared with the current situation, The reduced groundwater volume will be solved by the surface water project of the Andi reservoir in Linyi City, which can control the danger of karst collapse.

Caracterização Hidrogeológica do Aquífero Freático da Unidade 3 da Univiçosa

Diante do avanço das simulações de águas subterrâneas nos últimos anos como forma de propor soluções para gestão de recursos hídricos, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a elaboração de um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual para o aquífero freático da Unidade 3 da Univiçosa, em que foi analisado o rebaixamento do nível de água do lençol freático através dos dados de bombeamento dos poços existentes no local e obtidos os parâmetros hidrodinâmicos do aquífero através do software Aquifer Test. Também foram realizadas análises potenciométricas dos poços bem como a relação entre a precipitação e a recarga do aquífero por intermédio de campanhas de monitoramento dos níveis de água estático e dinâmico dos poços e do regime de precipitação da região no intuito de se compreender o comportamento do lençol freático da região. Foi verificado que houve diferentes respostas ao bombeamento para os poços denominados “Frente Esquerda” e “Fundos Direita”, este último devido a um pequeno lago em sua proximidade. Durante a recuperação ambos os poços se comportaram de maneira semelhante em que os níveis de água atingiram valores acima dos medidos antes dos testes de bombeamento, porém com o poço “Fundos Direita” atingindo valores muito acima, por volta de 1,75 m a mais do que o nível medido antes do teste de bombeamento. Os valores dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos encontrados foram: Transmissividade (T) 1,0 x 10-3 m2/s, Condutividade Hidráulica (K) 4,17 x 10-5 m/s e Armazenamento (S) 1,0 x 10-4. Estes valores permitiram a obtenção do Raio de influência dos poços sendo possível constatar a não sobreposição dos cones de rebaixamento entre os poços “Frente Esquerda” e “Fundos Direita”. A análise potenciométrica permitiu verificar o comportamento do fluxo de água entre os poços, incluindo um terceiro denominado “Residencial”, sendo constatado que em regime estacionário a água flui dos poços de maior para os de menor cota altimétrica e em regime transitório, quando há bombeamento, ela flui em direção aos poços. A análise da relação entre a precipitação e a recarga do aquífero não foi significativa, mostrando pequenas variações nos níveis estáticos da água dos poços em períodos chuvosos, o que leva a crer que a quantidade de água precipitada e o período de monitoramento não foram suficientes para constatar alterações nos níveis de água do lençol freático. Por fim, foi constatado que a explotação de água dos poços não compromete a quantidade de água no local, visto que não há interferência entre eles, porém recomenda-se a execução de sondagens nas proximidades dos poços para melhor caracterização dos mesmos e ampliação do período de monitoramento para melhor conhecimento do comportamento do aquífero freático local por meio da elaboração de um modelo hidrogeológico matemático.

Local community perceptions toward livelihood and water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on food security

AbstractWhile water–energy–food (WEF) nexus is a major livelihood sources for local community, its security issues grow continually and there is limited information on how nexus resource management is effective at delivering livelihoods and food security. These difficulties are related to the lack of local community knowledge of the use and exploitation of water, energy, and food resources; this limited awareness leads to trade‐offs, especially in local and marginalized areas. On the basis of data collected from a local community through a survey‐based approach, this study examines local community perception of nexus resources and their contribution to livelihoods. The results indicate that community perceptions of nexus resources can be understood through social, natural, economic, human, physical, and environmental livelihood indicators. According to our findings, the perception of nexus resources is based on the benefits of individual resources rather than their interlinkages. This could be the result of community perceptions of a particular nexus resource from three nexus sector, that is, food. Food is the center of nexus resources for the community in the study area. This indicates, that there is a missing link between cross‐sectorial resource utilization and management, and full‐scale adoption of the WEF nexus to enhance living conditions. Our findings suggest that there is a low understanding of WEF nexus resource use and management, and the livelihood benefit of individual nexus resources is the primary focus in the studied community. From these results, we recommend more action to be taken by the government and other stakeholders to improve the local community perception of nexus resources for their livelihoods.

Impacts of climate change on reservoir water availability, quality and irrigation needs in a water scarce Mediterranean region (southern Portugal)

Future climate for the Mediterranean climatic region is expected to bring an increase in temperatures, decrease in the precipitation quantity and shifts in the seasonal precipitation pattern. Although the impacts of climate change on water resources have been relatively well explored for the Mediterranean climatic region, the specific consequences for reservoirs and, in particular, water availability and irrigation issues have been less studied. The objective of this work is two-fold: (i) to assess the impacts of future climate changes on water resources availability, quality (focusing on phosphorus loads as this is the limiting nutrient for eutrophication) and irrigation needs for two multipurpose reservoirs in southern Portugal; (ii) to suggest climate change adaptation strategies, especially for the agricultural sector. To this end, the SWAT model was first calibrated against existing data on reservoir inflows as well as phosphorus loads. Then, SWAT was run with climate derived EURO-CORDEX models (RCA4/RACMO22E) for four periods (1970–2000, 2010–2040, 2040–2070 and 2070–2100). Water availability was analysed using the Water Exploitation Index (WEI) that was calculated for both reservoirs combining changes of inflows and irrigation requirements. The results indicated that climate change will negatively impact water availability in both reservoirs, especially under RCP8.5. In the case of the Monte Novo reservoir, future domestic water supply could be constrained by water quality problems related with phosphorus loads. For Vigia reservoir, the high water exploitation will lead to water scarcity problems, mainly as this reservoir on present-day conditions is restrictive on irrigation requirements. Adaptation strategies such as the implementation of high end technology (e.g. soil moisture and plant water stress probes, satellite imagery and drones to evaluate water stress – NDVI) as well as the renewal of the irrigation network and adequate crop selection can help attenuating the effects of climate change on the water resources in this region.

Integrated management of groundwater exploitation and recharge in Shanghai based on land subsidence control

Abstract. Shanghai has a long history of exploitation and utilization of groundwater in order to meet the needs of industrial production and residential water. As a result, serious land subsidence disasters were induced. Land subsidence poses a huge security threat to the low-altitude coastal city of Shanghai. The development of land subsidence in Shanghai is closely related to the exploitation of underground water. In order to control land subsidence disasters, Shanghai has taken three key measures, i.e., the amount of compressed groundwater exploitation, the adjustment of groundwater exploitation level, and the implementation of artificial groundwater recharge, which have become the most effective measures for land subsidence control. However, as the groundwater levels of various aquifers in the region rise sharply, land subsidence is effectively controlled, and the measures of groundwater exploitation and recharge need to be dynamically adjusted to adapt to the current situation. In this context, from the perspective of history, the paper analyzes the long-term groundwater exploitation and recharge process and the development characteristics of land subsidence in Shanghai and studies the evolution process of land subsidence in different stages. From the perspective of land subsidence prevention and control, the paper analyzes the management measures of groundwater exploitation and recharge and the great achievements. The research results can provide a basis for land subsidence control and comprehensive groundwater management in the new period and can also provide a demonstration and reference for groundwater resource management in similar areas.

Clustering Groundwater Level Time Series of the Exploited Almonte-Marismas Aquifer in Southwest Spain

Groundwater resources are regularly the principal water supply in semiarid and arid climate areas. However, groundwater levels (GWL) in semiarid aquifers are suffering a general decrease because of anthropic exploitation of aquifers and the repercussions of climate change. Effective groundwater management strategies require a deep characterization of GWL fluctuations, in order to identify individual behaviors and triggering factors. In September 2019, the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority (CHG) declared that there was over-exploitation in three of the five groundwater bodies of the Almonte-Marismas aquifer, Southwest Spain. For that reason, it is critical to understand GWL dynamics in this aquifer before the new Spanish Water Resources Management Plans (2021–2027) are developed. The application of GWL series clustering in hydrogeology has grown over the past few years, as it is an extraordinary tool that promptly provides a GWL classification; each group can be related to different responses of a complex aquifer under any external change. In this work, GWL time series from 160 piezometers were analyzed for the period 1975 to 2016 and, after data pre-processing, 24 piezometers were selected for clustering with k-means (static) and time series (dynamic) clustering techniques. Six and seven groups (k) were chosen to apply k-means. Six characterized types of hydrodynamic behaviors were obtained with time series clustering (TSC). Number of clusters were related to diverse affections of water exploitation depending on soil uses and hydrogeological spatial distribution parameters. TSC enabled us to distinguish local areas with high hydrodynamic disturbance and to highlight a quantitative drop of GWL during the studied period.

Assessment of wheat\u2019s water footprint and virtual water trade: a case study for Turkey

BackgroundMany countries are experiencing significant water scarcity and related problems due to limited availability, uneven distribution of water resources and high demand. Therefore, increasing water use efficiency and better management of existing resources have become substantially important. The agricultural sector is responsible for around 80% of global freshwater withdrawal. Wheat is one of the most important crops having large volumes of virtual water (VW) which is defined as the hidden water embedded in the products.MethodsWater footprint (WF) is an indicator showing the total volume of freshwater consumption of a product or process. Blue water concept is defined as the amount of exploited surface and groundwater resources. Green water represents the total volume of rainwater allocated by the product. WF methodology brings a new approach to inter-regional water use and management by quantifying the amount of direct and indirect water use and tracing the hidden links between production, consumption and trade. The main objective of this study is to analyze Turkey’s national blue and green WF of wheat production, consumption and virtual water trade between 2008 and 2019. Detailed province-based quantification of wheat’s water exploitation is provided using spatial interpolation method.ResultsTotal consumptive WF of wheat production and consumption of Turkey is calculated as 39.3 and 48.1 Gm3/year, respectively. The average blue and green VW contents of wheat production through Turkey are assessed to be 1161 and 748 m3/ton, respectively. The water footprint parameters of each province are calculated and discussed using climatic and agricultural data. VW transfer of Turkey’s international wheat trade is also analyzed. Total national water saving is calculated as 7.8 Gm3/year which is mostly imported from Russia. Global VW deficit due to international wheat trade is calculated to be 1.76 Gm3/year.ConclusionDespite its high contribution to global wheat production, increasing population and strong wheat-based diet, quantitative, comparative and up-to-date analyses of the blue and green WF and the VW transfer of wheat production in Turkey are not available. This study contributes to the national and international water management and planning studies to increase the water allocation efficiency of agricultural products.

Delineating of groundwater potential zones based on remote sensing, GIS and analytical hierarchical process: a case of Waddai, eastern Chad

The delineation of favourable areas of water potentials and their management must be based on rigorous scientific studies. Thus, geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques are extremely important in predicting and mapping favourable groundwater zones. This paper aims to map potential areas of groundwater in Waddai region, eastern Chad. A region which has experienced successive droughts over the last two decades, causing the drying of most of the rivers in the area. This study focuses on combining GIS, RS, and analytical hierarchy process; in addition to the factors controlling the movement and retention of groundwater. Six factors (rainfall, slope, land use/land cover, drainage density, lineament density, and lithology) were used to integrate the spatial analysis of areas likely to hold groundwater. The results indicate that potential groundwater areas are unevenly distributed throughout the study area. For instance, the northwestern part is characterized by a low groundwater potential. This low potential in this part of the study area as well as a small portion of the eastern area is explained by a low density of lineaments and drainage, the presence of moderate precipitations, and a semi-permeable lithology (alternating hard rocks and loose sediments). While every low and moderate area occupy most of the middle of the region, good ground water reservoirs occupy a large part of the region. This distribution is explained by good fracturing, permeability, lineament density, high drainage, gentle slope, and precipitation. Therefore, areas of the northwestern part are highly suitable for groundwater exploration and exploitation. Hence; these results would be a guide for future explorations and will maximizes the economic efficiency of the ground water exploitation processes. Furthermore, this map will be useful as a guide in decision-making and on water policy planning.

REGULASI AIR SEBAGAI PERLINDUNGAN KEBUTUHAN DASAR WARGA NEGARA DALAM ERA GLOBALISASI EKONOMI

The era of the economy globalization is a movement that has a nationalism dimension because infinite flows of investment and capital that begin to penetrate the strategic sector economically result in fundamental problems given that this strategic sector is related to the livelihoods of the people (the basic needs of citizens) that demand protection from the state. In the field of water management that is not spared from the current globalization of the economy it has a complicated problem because the policies in the exploitation of water are considered to be contrary to the 1945 Constitution. The peak, with the issuance of Constitutional Court Decision Number 85 / PUU-XI / 2013 which decided to reject the entire contents of Law Number 7 of 2004 so that it essentially returns the exploitation of this water to the state. This writing is a conceptual legal thought that aims to find answers to the regulation of water management in Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources contradicts the 1945 Constitution, and seeks the concept of good water regulation that can be used as a means of protection for citizens in the era of economic globalization after Law Number 7 of 2004. The results of the discussion concluded that Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources denies the 1945 Constitution because in terms of law enforcement both ideally and normatively it has lost the constitutive elements of the enactment of a law. Meanwhile, the concept of good water regulation as an effort to protect citizens in the era of economic globalization after Law No. 7 of 2004 is regulation that adheres to the state ideology, and are able to respond to global pressures and challenges, namely with efforts to harmonize the law in the field of water.