Laboratory Experimental Method Research Articles

Changes in The Number of Mold and Acceptance Rate of Kappaphycus alvarezii Jelly Candy Packed with Edible Film Gelatin-CMC During Storage

This study aimed to analyze changes in the number of molds and the level of panelist acceptance of K. alvarezii jelly candy packaged using gelatin-CMC edible film during storage. The method used in this study is a laboratory experimental method which consists of two stages, namely preliminary research which aims to determine the best edible film formula to be used as jelly candy packaging and the main research to analyze changes in the number of molds and the level of acceptance of appearance, taste, aroma and texture of jelly candy that has been packaged using a gelatin-CMC edible film during storage. Storage for 60 days was converted to 15 days in a climatic chamber with a temperature of 40 ℃ and a humidity of 75%. Sampling was carried out every 3 days. The research design used linear regression to see the relationship between storage time and test parameters. The results of the preliminary study showed the best formula for edible film, namely 1% gelatin, 0.3% bees wax, 0.75% CMC, and 0.3% glycerol which resulted in a water vapor transmission rate of 18.60 g/m2/24 hours. The results of the main study showed that storage time had a moderate effect on mold. Mold was detected on the last day of observation, storage time had a very strong effect on the level of acceptance which decreased with storage time. The organoleptic value of jelly candy packaged using gelatin-CMC edible film was still acceptable to the panelists until the 36th day of storage.

Chemical and sensory properties of analogue rice based on kimpul flour (Xanthosoma sagitifolium)

Analog rice is artificial rice shaped like rice grains made from non-rice carbohydrate-rich flour with water, which can overcome food security in Indonesia. Taro kimpul is a local food rich in carbohydrates that cannot be widely used. Therefore, kimpul thread has the potential to be used as raw material in the manufacture of analog rice. This study aimed to determine the chemical characteristics of kimpul taro analog rice with dyes and binders. In addition, it is expected to increase consumer acceptance based on sensory testing. This research method uses an experimental laboratory method by making analog rice with 4 formulations. The analysis was water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, and sensory (hedonic) analysis, including colour, taste, texture, and overall aroma. The results showed that analog rice A was the best formula selected using the Bayes method based on the results of chemical and hedonic tests. Chemical and sensory characteristics of analog rice A with the use of 4% CMC and 32% beet are as follows moisture 2.88%; ash 2.3%; fat 1.1%; 5.7% protein; carbohydrate 87.94% and a preference value with an average range of neutral-good.

Experimental Study of Silty Soil Using Gypsum and Cement on California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

Merauke Regency is a lowland area, with soft soil conditions that dominate and urgently need to be stabilized. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of a mixture of cement and gypsum as a stabilizing agent. This research uses laboratory experimental methods. The tests carried out are physical and mechanical properties testing. Laboratory CBR is used to determine the value of the increase in CBR on the original soil and soil that has been mixed with cement and gypsum variations. Based on the results of testing the physical properties of the grain fraction for silt of 85.88%, in the calcification using the AASHTO method this soil is included in group A-5 with a description of silt soil with high plasticity. From the results of the tests carried out the CBR value on silt soil is 2.62% while the CBR value of stabilized soil with a percentage of 100% silt + 2% cement + 4% gypsum is 23.54%; 100% silt + 2% cement + 8% gypsum that is 24.41%; 100% silt + 2% cement + 12% gypsum ie 27.02%; 100% silt + 2% cement + 16% gypsum ie 30.51%; and 100% silt + 2% cement + 20% gypsum that is 31.38%. From the CBR value, it can be concluded that the variation increased with each addition of cement and the percentage of gypsum.

UJI EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L) TERHADAP MORTALITAS KUTU KEPALA (Pediculus humanus capitis)

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are small parasites that live by sucking human blood causing infections of the scalp so that they experience inflammation. Efforts to eradicate head lice are to use natural insecticides, one of the plants that have the potential to be jarak pagar leaves (Jatropha curcas L). The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of ethanol extract jarak pagar leaves head lice. The method used is the laboratory experimental method by spraying ethanol extract leaves at a distance fence with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% against head lice. Based on the test results, the average mortality of ethanol extract of jarak pagar leaves is at a concentration of 15% which is the most effective concentration that can kill head lice with a mortality percentage of 100%, while at concentrations of 5% and 10% with mortality percentages of 40% and 60%. The results of this study can be concluded that ethanol extract of jarak pagarleaves can be a natural insecticide against head lice.
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Formulasi Sabun Cair Dengan Kombinasi Minyak Kelapa Murni (VCO) dan Ekstrak Daun Miana (Coleus atropurpureus)

Saponification between alkaline salt and virgin coconut oil (VCO) will produce liquid soap. This is because the use of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in saponification is known to be very good because of the presence of lauric acid which has clean power and functions as an antimicrobial. The addition of miana leaf extract (Coleus atropurpureus) in the manufacture of liquid soap because it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, essential oils which also function as moisturizers and antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the best combination of pure coconut oil (VCO) liquid soap with variations in the concentration of miana leaf extract (Coleus atropurpureus) in reducing free radicals in the form of bacteria. In this study, a laboratory experimental method was used with the addition of miana leaf extract. A= 0% (w/w), B= 10% (w/w), C= 15% (w/w),) in 100 mL total virgin coconut oil (VCO) three times. The test parameters were in the form of a bacteriological test using the Total Plate Number (ALT) method. From the results of the study, it was found that the formulation of pure coconut oil (VCO) liquid soap with various concentrations of miana leaf extract (Coleus atropurpureus) could reduce free radicals such as bacteria.

EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE AND TIME ON TABLET FORMULATION OF MORINGA LEAF (Moringa oleifera) EXTRACT WITH WET GRANULATION METHOD USING FLUID BED DRYER

Moringa leave is medicinal plant type that often used by society. Flavonoid and saponin are the content of moringa leave which have benefit as immunomodulator. Moringa leave using can be more practical and easy to used by making as pharmaceutical preparation. Drying temperature and time have a great effect on the physical properties of granule and tablet manufacturing. The objective of this research is to find out the effect of drying temperature and time on the physical-mechanical properties of granule and physical-disintegrant properties of moringa leave extract tablet by wet granulation method. The research method using experimental laboratory methods is correlational (causation). Moringa leave extract tablet was made with 6 formulations by various drying temperature and time. Drying temperature and time which used are FI 40°35', FII 50°35', FIII 60°35', FIV 40°45', FV 50°45', FVI 60°45'. Each formulation was carried out physical properties test of granule and tablet. The data obtained were compared to the pharmacopoeai and other literature and carried out statistical test. In order to know the effect of temperature using Shapiro-Wilk test, then continued ANOVA test, while for the effect of time using independent sample T-test with 95% confidence level, then continued Turkey-HSD test. The result of the test showed that the differences of drying temperature and time have effect on the physical properties of tablet, namely, hardness, brittleness, and disintegration time. The increasing of drying temperature and time are able to reduce the brittleness, increase the hardness, and prolong disintegration time of tablet.

ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTION OF RED DRAGON FRUIT PEELS (Hylocereus polyrhizus) USING MACERATION METHOD

Anthocyanins present in the red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) can be used as natural dyes. An extraction procedure can be used to acquire anthocyanins. The maceration method was used to isolate anthocyanin dyes in this analysis. The aim of this study was to see how the solvent ratio affected the total anthocyanin content in the skin of red dragon fruit. This research used laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis. The solvent ratios used were (1:30, 1:40, 1:50 and 1:60) with a mixture of distilled water with 10% citric acid as the solvent. Parameters observed were total yield, pH, residual solvent content, spesific gravity and total anthocyanin content. The best treatment was found to be red dragon fruit peel with a solvent ratio of 1:30, which produced the highest total anthocyanin content of 4.73 mg/L. This treatment resulted total yield 7.40%, residual solvent content 0.05%, spesific gravity 1.30, and pH 1.05, respectively. It was proven that the more solvent added could linearly decrease the effectiveness of anthocyanin extraction of dragon fruit peel extracts.

Effectiveness of Mixed Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum) And Sweet Wood (Cinnamon Burmanni) on the Growth of Enterococcus Faecalis

Failed root canal treatment can cause problems such as recurring pain and leave persistent bacteria in the root canal. One of the bacteria that often causes root canal treatment failure is Enterococcus faecalis. The use of a root canal irrigation agent such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) can help inhibit the growth of bacteria in the root canal. The use of materials derived from nature can be used as an alternative material for root canal irrigation because they inhibit growth and kill bacteria and have fewer side effects than chemicals. Several studies have tried to prove the use of ingredients of natural origin in the form of a mixture and the results obtained are higher when compared to single use. Natural ingredients that are often used as herbal medicine include cloves and cinnamon. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of a mixture of clove flower extract (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamon burmanni) on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. Methods. Using experimental laboratory methods, with a research design in the form of Post Test Only Control Design, sampling by random sampling using 5 treatments and 5 repetitions. Statistical test using One Way Anova. Results. This study showed the diameter of the inhibition zone of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in a mixture of clove flower (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamon burmanni) extract at 5% concentration of 10.84 ± 0.73, 10% concentration of 15.00 ± 0.80 mm. The concentration of 15% was 16.32 ± 1.04 mm and based on statistical tests obtained a significant value of P <0.01. Conclusion. The alternative hypothesis of this study is accepted and this study shows that there is an effectiveness of a mixture of clove flower extract (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamon burmanni) concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% in inhibiting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis.

Volumetric Characteristics of HRS-WC Mixed Using Petroleum Bitumen Grade 60/70 as Binder

This study aims to determine the volumetric values consisting of VIM, VMA and VFB on the binder layer mixture using HRS-WC gradation using petroleum bitumen as a binder. The method used in this research is experimental method in laboratory. In this study, variations of asphalt content used were 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0% dan 7.5%. These variations were obtained from the calculation of effective asphalt level of 5.9%. The results show that the VIM values decreases along with the increase of bitumen content used. VIM values obtained were 6.69%, 5.82%, 5.18%, 4.42% and 3.34%, respectively. The VMA values obtained were 18.12%, 18.38%, 18.84%, 19.21% and 19.30% for each bitumen content. Besides that, the value of VFB is also taken into account and the values obtained for each quality of bitumen content are 63.10%, 68.41%, 72.57%, 76.99% and 82.71%.

Study of Improving Soil Using Permit, Corn Ash and Sodium Silicate

Soil that has low bearing capacity has a bad impact on the construction that is built on it as a result of which the building is easily damaged such as lifting the foundation on the building and causing cracks and shifting on the road. This research uses experimental laboratory methods. Soil samples used were taken from Lembang Tondon Siba’ta, Tondon District. Corn cobs were taken from Sa’dan Marante, Sodium silicate is obtained from chemical figures and palm fiber taken from Buntu Tagari and then tested for soil physical characteristics and soil bearing capacity in soil samples with a mixture of sodium silicate, corncob ash, palm fiber and soil without mixture. know the bearing capacity of the soil. The results of the research on stabilized soil by adding 0.2% palm fiber, 2% corncob ash and 3% sodium silicate obtained an increase in soil bearing capacity of 9.73% from the original soil and the addition of 0.2% palm fiber, 4% corncob ash and 3% sodium silicate.

Permeability Measurement of Hot Mix Cold Laid Containing Asbuton as Porous Asphalt

Porous asphalt is a pavement layer structure with aggregate gradations with a coarse fraction greater than 70-85% of the total weight of the mixture so that the resulting structure is more open and porous, which prevents water from stagnating on the road surface reduces water splash and makes the road less slippery. This study aims to analyze the permeability properties of a mixture of hot mix cold laid containing Asbuton in the form of porous asphalt. The research used was an experimental laboratory method. This study used Buton granular asphalt (Buton granular asphalt) with variations in BGA content of 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, and 6.5%. The use of BGA is aimed at improving the performance of porous asphalt mixtures without using oiled asphalt. Manufacture of test objects through permeability tests. The results showed that the permeability value for the BGA content of 4.5% was 0.05 cm/s, the BGA content of 5% was 0.06 cm/s, the BGA content of 5.5% was 0.06 cm/s, the BGA content was 6%. is 0.03 cm/s and the BGA content of 6.5% is 0.02 cm/s.

Optimization of Reduced Fat Mayonnaise by Using Apple Peel Flour as a Stabilizer

Reduced fat mayonnaise products have an unstability of the emulsion, so a stabilizer is needed to improve quality of mayonnaise. Apple peel flour can be used as a stabilizer to improve the quality of mayonnaise. The materials used in this study were vegetable oil, egg yolk, vinegar, apple peel flour and other optional ingredients. The research treatment was without the addition of apple peel flour as a control, the use of 1%, 2% and 3% apple peel flour. The objective of this research was to determine the best percentage of apple peel flour as a stabilizer in reduced fat mayonnaise. The research method used is a laboratory experiment method. The design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the resulting data, if there was a difference in the effect, it was continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test.This study resulted that the use of apple peel flour used as a stabilizer resulted gave highly significant difference in reduced fat mayonnaise. The average acidity is 0.66-0.90, the emulsion stability is 96.92- 99.18%, the antioxidant activity is 8.37-19.38%, the carbohydrate content is 2.63-5.81% and ash by 1.72-1.92%. It could be concluded that the use of 3% apple peel flour can produce the best quality reduced fat mayonnaise product and is close to the characteristics of full fat mayonnaise.

THE COMPARISON OF TWO TYPES COMPOSITE RESIN PACKABLE NANOHYBRID WITH TOTAL ETCH BONDING IN CLASS V RESTORATION MICROLEAKAGE

At dental clinic, there are some obstacles which occasionally may occur. A dentist runs out of the same brand of the composite resin and bonding material during tooth restoration, so they would have to be paired with material of the diffrent brand. Certain things that may occur during tooth restoration is polymerization shrinkage which forms a gap that could reducing edge density. This research is using packable nanohybrid type A composite resin and packable nanohybrid type B resin composite with total etch bonding on Class V restoration with the thin cervical section of enamel. Aim: This research is to explain the differences between two types of packable nanohybrid composite resins with total etch bonding in Class V microleakage. Methods: This research will use an experimental laboratory method with 32 maxillary premolars that have been prepared in Class V, which divided into 2 groups, group A and group B. Methylene blue will be used for the measurements, whereas the microscope will be used for the observation. Furthermore, data analysis would be conducted using the Mann Whitney U Test Method. Results: The research showed that there was a significant difference between group A and group B, which is p <0.05. Conclusion: According to this research, it can be seen that group B showed less leakage compared to group A.

PENGARUH EKSTRAK KULIT DUKU (LANCIUM DOMESTICUM CORR) TERHADAP KEMATIAN KUTU BUSUK (CIMEX HEMIPTERUS)

Bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus) are a type of insect found in the wild. The impact of bed bug bites or Cimex can cause dermatitis and allergies. In general, efforts to control and eradicate bed bugs use synthetic insecticides. The use of synthetic insecticides is usually not environmentally friendly, therefore there is a need for other alternatives to replace synthetic insecticides. One type of plant that has the potential as a natural insecticide is the bark extract of duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duku peel extract on bed bug mortality at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. This study uses a laboratory experimental method with a post test only control group design. Based on the results of the study with three repetitions, the average bed bug mortality at a concentration of 5% was able to kill 5 tails within 5 minutes. At a concentration of 10% it was able to kill 5 tails in 3 minutes, while a concentration of 15% was able to kill 5 bed bugs in 2 minutes. The result of statistical test with Annova test is 0.012. These results show < p Alpha (0.05), meaning that there is an effect on mortality of cimex hemipterus using duku bark extract of various concentrations. The results of this study concluded that duku bark extract (Lansium domesticum Corr.) has the potential as a natural insecticide.

Research on Minimum Miscible Pressure Between Crude Oil and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide System in Ultra-Low Permeability Reservoir by the Long-Slim-Tube Experiment Method

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has become an important technology to enhance oil recovery in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Compared with other CO2 flooding technologies, CO2 miscible flooding has a better development effect, and the minimum miscible pressure (MMP) is a key parameter to realize miscible flooding. Therefore, it is very important to accurately predict the MMP. The prediction methods of MMP generally include laboratory experiment method and theoretical calculation method. In this study, a long-slim-tube displacement experiment method was used to determine the MMP in the study area, and the experimental temperature and pressure were consistent with those under reservoir conditions. The research results show that the recovery ratio increased gradually with the increase of experimental pressure, but the increase amplitude gradually decreased. According to the relation curve between crude oil recovery ratio and experimental displacement pressure, when the experimental pressure was larger than 29.6 MPa, the recovery ratio did not increase significantly with the increase of displacement pressure, which indicates that the interfacial tension between crude oil and CO2 disappeared under this pressure and they reached a miscible state. It is speculated that the MMP between crude oil and CO2 system in the study area predicted by the long-slim-tube displacement experiment method was 29.6 MPa. The results of this study help to realize miscible flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs and thus enhance oil recovery.

Ovariectomy on Ultrastructure of Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells in Rats

Dry eye mainly occurs in perimenopausal women, perimenopausal women with ovarian atrophy, estrogen and androgen levels showed a significant downward trend, and androgen related Estrogen Progesterone and prolactin receptors are widely distributed in lacrimal gland, meibomian gland, cornea and other tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ovariectomy on the ultrastructure of meibomian gland epithelial cells in rats. At the same time, we used the laboratory experiment method to select the non ovariectomized rats and ovariectomized rats were divided into two groups. After ovariectomy, we studied the effect of ovariectomy on the ultrastructure of meibomian gland epithelial cells in rats, objective to investigate the curative effect of palpebral margin in the treatment of moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction.The results showed that the ultrastructure of meibomian gland epithelial cells had obvious pathological changes after ovariectomy. It can improve 90% of female patients’ subjective symptoms and severity, increase tear secretion and reduce corneal fluorescein staining, reduce tear film damage, enhance the stability of tear film, and restore meibomian gland function. The treatment effect is significant. It can lay the foundation for the future clinical treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction and other related dry eyes, and it can also become an effective new treatment for postmenopausal women.

Effect of Larvicidal Extract N-Hexane Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix) on Larva Instar III Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus)

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are a vector of transmission of several types of diseases, such as filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, and dirofilariasis. Larval control is the key strategy of disease control programs caused by vectors around the world because it can prevent larvae to enter the adult stage. Control of mosquito larvae that are often used is chemically controlled. Citrus hystrix is a natural plant and contains chemical compounds that have biological activity, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and limonoids. The present study aimed to determine the effect of citrus leaf extract (Citrus hystrix) on the mortality of the larva Culex quinquefasciatus. The method used in the current study was a laboratory experimental study method with the experimental design using a completely randomized design. The research plot carried out was the rearing larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, the manufacture of citrus leaf extract, the manufacture of larvicidal material, and the observation phase after treatment. Extract N-hexane omplet name hystrix leaf has high toxicity because it contains essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and Limonoids. The Optimal concentration of N-hexane extracts of citrus leaves that lead to larval mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus in vitro amounted to 93.33% on 4 hours of observation with a concentration of 4000 ppm. Extract N-hexane lime leaf has a larvicidal effect on the larva Culex quinquefasciatus in vitro.

Escalation of Commitment: Supporting Role from Accountants

Previous research has mostly examined the phenomenon of escalation of commitment in the context of decision making by managers in an investment project. However, in the capital budgeting process, before making investment decisions managers tend to consider information produced by accountants. This study examines the phenomenon of escalation of commitment using the perspective of supporting role of accountants as the party that provides information for investment decision making by managers, especially in the presence of sunk costs. This study uses a laboratory experimental method. The sample in this study are 156 undergraduate students majoring in Accounting who had passed Financial Accounting and Management Accounting courses. Based on the results of the independent sample t-test, it shows that accountants who experienced sunk cost conditions tend to provide reports that directed managers towards escalation of commitment behavior compared to accountants who do not experience sunk cost conditions. The presence of sunk cost makes accountants have better mind frame to get the possibility of profit compared with a definite loss so that the decisions they make tend to provide reports that lead to the escalation of commitment behavior.

The Role of Ethical Environment in Reducing Escalation of Commitment Bias

Several empirical studies have shown that decision makers tend to experience an escalation of commitment bias, namely a tendency to continue investment projects that are less profitable, even though there is information of the less profitable project performance and that other available alternative investment opportunities are more profitable in the future. This study aims to improve the manager's decision making behavior model by considering the ethical environment as one of the factors that influence investment project evaluation decisions. More specifically, this study empirically examines the ethical environment as a strategy to reduce the tendency for escalation of commitment behavior. This study uses a laboratory experimental method with a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design between subject with adverse selection (present / absent) and ethical environment (strong / weak). The research sample consisted of 246 undergraduate and postgraduate students in Accounting and Management who acted as investment project managers. Based on ANOVA analysis results, it shows that managers who experience adverse selection conditions tend to continue unfavorable projects (conduct escalation of commitment). In addition, the results of this study also show that the tendency of managers to end investment projects that are not profitable for managers who are in a condition of a strong ethical environment will be greater when they experience adverse selection conditions compared to when they do not experience it.

EVALUASI MUTU SABUN PADAT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN VARIASI EKSTRAK ETANOL TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

The extract of tobacco leaves can also be used as a natural addition in making a hard soap. Hard soap from tobacco extracts produced must comply with the quality requirements specified by Indonesian National Standard (abbreviated SNI-3532: 2016). The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of solid soap preparations with the addition of variations in the ethanol extract of tobacco. The method used is a laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis. The concentration of tobacco extract used was 0 g, 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 4.8 g. A testing parameter is used including water content, total fat, ethanol-insoluble, alkaline free, chloride content, and non-soapy fat as well. The result of study indicates that a hard soap containing of water content range between 13,45% to 14,37, total fat range between 65,88% to 66,63%, ethanol-insoluble range between 3,97% to 4,31%, alkaline free range between 0,056% to 0,0584%, chloride content range between 0,61% to 0,87% and non-soapy fat range between 0,3% to 0,36%. The results of the study for solid soap obtained is in accordance with Indonesian National Standards so that this kind of soap is safe for use by the public.