Exercise Experience Research Articles

Sticking to It: A Scoping Review of Adherence to Exercise Therapy Interventions in Children and Adolescents With Musculoskeletal Conditions.

To identify and categorize barriers, facilitators, and strategies to boost exercise therapy adherence in youth with musculoskeletal conditions to inform research and clinical practice. Scoping review. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, PEDro, and ProQuest from inception to October 1, 2019. Studies written in English, with original data featuring an adherence barrier, facilitator, or boosting strategy for exercise therapy in youth (age, 19 years or younger) with musculoskeletal conditions, were included. Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guided data synthesis. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Descriptive consolidation included study and sample characteristics, exercise therapy details, and adherence measurement specifics. Inductive thematic analysis of adherence barriers, facilitators, and boosting strategies followed Braun and Clarke's 6-step guide. Of 5705 potentially relevant records, 41 studies, representing 2020 participants (64% girls; age range, 2-19 years) with 12 different musculoskeletal conditions and multiple exercise therapy interventions, were included. Despite poor reporting of adherence concepts, time constraints, physical environment (eg, location), and negative exercise experiences were commonly identified barriers. Social support and positive exercise experiences were frequently identified facilitators. Reinforcement, exercise program modification, and education were recurring boosting strategies, despite being infrequent barriers or facilitators. A diversity of barriers to and facilitators of exercise therapy for youth with musculoskeletal conditions were identified. Efforts to link adherence-boosting strategies to an individual's needs should be considered. Making exercise enjoyable, social, and convenient may be important to maximizing adherence in this population. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(9):503-515. Epub 1 Aug 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9715.

Do exercisers maximize their pleasure by default? Using prompts to enhance the affective experience of exercise.

Researchers and practitioners are increasingly recognizing the importance of maximizing pleasure during exercise in order to promote exercise behavior. Self-selected intensity exercise can increase pleasure during exercise, but it is not yet known whether participants maximize pleasure during self-selected intensity exercise by default. We hypothesized that prompting participants to maximize pleasure and enjoyment would result in more positive affective valence during (H1) and after (H2) exercise, greater remembered pleasure following exercise (H3), and greater enjoyment of exercise (H4). In this within-subjects experiment, 39 inactive adults completed two 10-min stationary cycling sessions at a self-selected intensity. During the experimental condition, participants were reminded (five times during the 10-min session) to maximize pleasure and enjoyment, and that they could change the intensity if they wanted. Affective valence, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured every two minutes during exercise. Affective valence, enjoyment, and remembered pleasure were measured after each exercise session. The control condition was identical, except no prompts were provided. Each hypothesis was supported (p < .05). Prompting participants to maximize their pleasure and enjoyment resulted in increased pleasure as the exercise session progressed. After receiving prompts, participants also reported more positive post-exercise affective valence and rated the session as more pleasant and enjoyable. These results suggest that participants do not maximize pleasure and enjoyment by default (i.e., in the absence of reminders to do so). Researchers can build on these results to determine the mechanisms and whether prompting exercisers to maximize pleasure and enjoyment can promote exercise behavior.

Prevalence and risk factors of running-related injuries in Korean non-elite runners: a cross-sectional survey study.

Due to the lack of consensus definition of running-related injuries, the prevalence and incidence of running-related injuries had been reported to vary between 19% and 92%. Moreover, the epidemiology of running-related injuries in Asian populations has been rarely investigated. The purpose of this study was to use the consensus definition of running-related injuries and investigate the epidemiology of running-related injuries in a Korean population. Using the cross-sectional design, an online survey was circulated among various running communities in Korea. The questionnaire contained information on the presence and location of pain attributed to running, demographic characteristics, weekly running mileage, participation in high-intensity training, running pace, the longest running event participated, the type of shoes, foot strike, the reason for running, and exercise experience prior to running. Among 1046 runners (male=624, female=422) who responded, 94.7% experienced pain while running, but only 37% were categorized as having running-related injuries. The most common site of injury was the knee followed by the ankle. Exercise experience prior to running (OR=1.57 95% CI: 1.13-2.21), setting specific running goals (OR=1.57 95% CI: 1.08-2.27), increases in weekly running mileage (OR=1.66 95% CI: 1.05-2.62), and the longest running event participated (OR=2.15 95% CI: 1.22-4.05) were associated with significant increases in running-related injuries. To avoid running-related injuries, runners should be careful when increasing weekly mileage. Moreover, runners with previous exercise experience may need to approach running more cautiously. Setting goals and pursuing longer-distance running events may be motivating, but at the same time, can increase the risk of running-related injuries.

IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT NECK AND NECK PAIN USING INTERACTIVE SMARTPHONE APPLICATION FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

Text neck syndrome has become more prevalent in modern life and can be avoided with proper neck warm-up exercise and frequent smartphone break-away. However, research has shown that due to a lack of education and awareness, most mobile users did not have the habit of break-away when using smartphones. Most solutions required the use of an external device attached to the body, resulting in significantly reduced ease of use and comfort. The objective of this study is to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of the text neck among undergraduate students of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and to create an interactive mobile application to reduce the prevalence. The app is AR-based neck exercise gamification that alerts incorrect posture using a smartphone front camera and a built-in sensor. The proposed study will enable people who are suffering from, or at risk of, text neck to have more pleasant and engaging neck exercise experience with a better exercise impact, and may promote regular break-away from the wrong posture.

IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT NECK AND NECK PAIN USING INTERACTIVE SMARTPHONE APPLICATION FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

Text neck syndrome has become more prevalent in modern life and can be avoided with proper neck warm-up exercise and frequent smartphone break-away. However, research has shown that due to a lack of education and awareness, most mobile users did not have the habit of break-away when using smartphones. Most solutions required the use of an external device attached to the body, resulting in significantly reduced ease of use and comfort. The objective of this study is to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of the text neck among undergraduate students of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and to create an interactive mobile application to reduce the prevalence. The app is AR-based neck exercise gamification that alerts incorrect posture using a smartphone front camera and a built-in sensor. The proposed study will enable people who are suffering from, or at risk of, text neck to have more pleasant and engaging neck exercise experience with a better exercise impact, and may promote regular break-away from the wrong posture.

Obstructions and the Recognition of Cancer Inpatient Physical Activity Based on Exercise Experience.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms of physical activity obstructions in hospitalized cancer patients by investigating their physical activity levels, previous exercise experience levels, and exercise recognition. A survey was conducted for 194 hospitalized cancer patients using a questionnaire. In addition, we performed exploratory factor analysis, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Ver. 23.0. The results were as follows: (1) The physical activity level of the previous exercise participation experience (EPE) group had a greater effect on physical activity obstructions compared with the non-experience (NE) group. (2) The results for the effects of exercise recognition on the physical activity level and physical activity obstructions indicated that exercise recognition in the two groups increased the relative effects on physical activity obstructions in all variables except for the physical obstructions of the EPE group. Consequently, the physical activity level, exercise experience level, and exercise recognition in those patients were confirmed to be the major factors affecting their physical activity obstruction. Therefore, in this study, we provided quantitative data required for establishing healing environments based on motion.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Community Exercise Experiences after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern due to its growing incidence and resulting long-term or lifelong impairments. Exercise is a non-stigmatising approach proposed to alleviate the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional consequences after TBI. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the exercise experiences of seven individuals living with a severe TBI, 5–31 years after rehabilitation. We engaged in semi-structured interviews with the participants and we used IPA to explore their post-TBI exercise experiences outside of the clinical setting. Based on our analysis, we found three themes encompassed how TBI-related impairments affected the participants’ abilities, self-perceptions, and perspectives on life. The participants also identified optimal environments for exercise participation, as well as perceived physical, social, and psychological effects of exercise. Future recommendations include developing community-based exercise programmes to assist with social reintegration and exploring the full range of benefits obtainable from exercise after a TBI.

Examining achievement goals in exercisers: adaptation and validation of the goal orientations in exercise measure (GOEM)

The different criteria by which individuals evaluate their competence and define the success (or failure) of their participation in exercise is a topic of interest. The present study aimed to translate and validate the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM) in a sample of Portuguese exercisers. Confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup analyses were developed in order to test the factor structure and measurement invariance of the measure, respectively. The present sample comprised 550 gym and health club exercisers (female = 264; Mage = 30.03 ± 10.20), with an attendance of 3.06 times (SD = 1.08) per week, and a mean exercise experience of 37.63 months (SD = 2.37). Current results showed that the measurement model of the GOEM presented adequate fit (total sample model: χ2 = 108.65, df = 34, B-S p = < .001, SRMR = .045, TLI = .960, CFI = .970, RMSEA = .060). Additionally, measurement invariance was achieved between genders and across different fitness activities. Present results showed that the predictive validity criterion was respected, since task-orientation positively and significantly predicted identified regulation (β = .54) and intrinsic motivation (β = .43), whereas ego-orientation was positively associated with external regulation (β = .46) and amotivation (β = .39). Present findings support the use of the measure for task and ego-orientation assessment, thus allowing further support for the Achievement Goal Theory framework expansion in gym and health clubs research.

Enjoyability And Acceptability Of Bone Targeted Exercise For Young Adult Women: The OPTIMA-Ex Trial

PURPOSE: While physical activity participation is recognized as an effective modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis, adherence and compliance present significant challenges. We aimed to explore the experiences related to a bone-targeted exercise intervention, determine enjoyment and acceptability of each exercise mode, and identify barriers and facilitators to osteogenic exercise for young adult women with low bone mass. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted within the OPTIMA-Ex trial, a three-arm RCT comparing musculoskeletal outcomes from high-intensity impact training (IT), high-intensity resistance training (RT), and a home-based low-intensity exercise control (CON). All 32 participants (IT=10, RT=12, CON=10) who finished the trial completed questionnaires on physical activity enjoyment (PACES-8, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman’s test), quality of life (AQoL-6D, repeated measures ANOVA), and semi-structured interviews to facilitate qualitative analysis (Leximancer v4.50) of participant experiences. RESULTS: At follow-up, RT had the highest total score for PACES-8 (48.6±4.7), while only the IT group experienced an increase in total score over the 10 months (34.8±4.1 to 41.4±6.9, p<0.05). Only CON experienced an improvement in total AQoL-6D score. For the sub-domains, all groups experienced clinically significant improvements (>0.06 points) for ‘mental health’, while IT improved for ‘senses’ and CON improved for ‘coping’ (p<0.05). The qualitative analysis revealed that overall trial exercises were viewed positively by all groups, yet the two high-intensity groups had the ‘richest’ exercise experiences, developing a more positive attitude to exercise. Barriers to exercise related to time, convenience, accessibility, and cost. Both IT and CON groups experienced a 41% drop out compared to 29% in the RT group. Compliance did not differ between CON (78.8±4.1%), IT (61.4±15.1%), or RT (66.4±11.2%) (p=0.085). CONCLUSIONS: While IT and RT provide enjoyable bone-targeted exercise experiences for young adult women, on balance RT appears most favorable. It seems prudent, that bone-targeted exercise interventions for this demographic address perceptions of time demands and environmental barriers to participation in order to maximize compliance and adherence.

The Effects Of Visual Feedback On Physiological And Perceptual Responses During A Virtual Cycling Class

BACKGROUND: Virtual cycling classes offer riders a unique exercise experience through cycling feedback of cadence, resistance and total work output on multi-touch counsels; however, despite popularity, little is known regarding physiological and perceptual responses when cycling with performance feedback in comparison to a typical Spin bike which lacks feedback. PURPOSE: This study compared intensity selection and perceptual responses between receiving cycling feedback vs. no feedback when completing a virtual Spin class. METHODS: Individuals (N = 14) of varying aerobic fitness (VO2 max 41.0 ± 8.0 ml/kg/min) completed a VO2 max trial and two cycling sessions. Each session, completed on a Peloton bike, consisted of a preselected 30-minute Spin class; one session was completed with cycling feedback (VIS) of cadence, resistance, and total work output, and the other with no feedback (NOF). Following each bout, session RPE (SRPE) was estimated and a Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was completed. Paired t-tests were used to compare cadence, resistance, and total work of the warm-up, workout, and cool-down of each session. Perceptual measures of SRPE and PACES were also compared between sessions using paired t-test. RESULTS: Warm-up cadence was significantly higher (p < 0.01) for VIS (93.3 ± 6.7) vs. NOF (85.3 ± 12.3); whereas, cool-down resistance was significantly lower (p < 0.01) for VIS (30.2 ± 3.4) vs. NOF (36.0 ± 6.0) with no significant differences for workout portion. Perceptual measures were not significantly different, except for accomplishment approaching significance (p = 0.09) with a greater response for VIS vs. NOF. Lastly, the majority (93%) of participants preferred VIS over NOF. CONCLUSION: Results suggest cycling feedback could assist exercisers in achieving instructor suggested intensity during warm-up and cool-down. Additionally, with greater preference and sense of accomplishment with cycling feedback there is the potential to increase exercise adherence.

ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXERGAMING ON URBAN MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN'S AFFECTION BETWEEN SMALL-GROUP AND WHOLE-CLASS SETTINGS

PURPOSE: With the goal of developing effective exergaming programs at school sites, the present study investigated the differences in urban middle school children’s situational feeling states between small-group and whole-class settings. METHODS: Forty-seven participants (25 females; MBMI = 24.3 kg/m2, SD = 3.1) completed two separate 15-minute exergaming sessions on the same day: (1) Xbox One Kinect Just Dance in a small-group (n = 3-4) setting; and (2) Xbox One Kinect Just Dance in a whole-class (n = 23-24) setting. Participants’ affection and emotional states were measured by the established Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI) and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES). The 15-item EPI (5-point Likert scale ranged 0-4) included four constructs: positive affect, negative affect, fatigue, and tranquility, and the 12-item SEES (7-point Likert scale ranged 1-7) with included three constructs: positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. Dependent t-tests were used to detect mean differences for all outcomes between the two exergaming sessions, with the significance level being set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Dependent t-test indicated significant differences on children’s negative affect between two sessions (t = -1.77, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.32). The lower mean score referred to less feeling of negative affect. Participants in small-group exergaming session (M = 0.20, SD = 0.44) experienced less negative affect in comparison to the whole-class session (M = 0.43, SD = 0.95). However, there was no significant difference in other feeling outcomes between two sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated urban middle school children playing exergaming in small-group setting may experience fewer negative feelings such as crummy, discouraged, and miserable compared to the whole-class setting. Notably, there was no significant differences for other outcomes between two sessions. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine long-term affection and emotional effects of exergaming across various settings.

Ready Exerciser One: Effects of music and virtual reality on cycle ergometer exercise.

Physical inactivity remains a major global health concern, and researchers have been encouraged to explore the role of technology in the promotion of physical activity. Technologies that deliver audio-visual stimuli are frequently applied in the exercise domain. However, there is a paucity of research that examines the efficacy of modern virtual reality (VR) technology in this context. We investigated the effects of VR and music on affective, perceptual, enjoyment, and cardiac responses to aerobic-type exercise. A fully counterbalanced, within-subjects design was employed. A convenience sample of recreationally active adult volunteers (N=24) completed a 12-min protocol during which they exercised under music, VR, VR-with-music, and control conditions. Analyses indicated a Condition×Time interaction for affective valence and perceived activation. Moreover, a main effect of condition emerged for state attention and perceived enjoyment. The VR and VR-with-music conditions elicited the most positive affective valence, highest levels of perceived activation, greatest number of dissociative thoughts, and most exercise enjoyment. Differences between these two conditions were negligible across the breadth of dependent variables. The present findings illustrate the efficacy of modern VR technology in the exercise context, applied both with and without musical accompaniment. Additional research is required to assess the degree to which the findings are replicable among sedentary or ageing segments of the population. Given the emerging support pertaining to a positive relationship between affective responses and exercise adherence, VR technology should be considered as a means by which to promote an enjoyable exercise experience.

Lived experience influencing law reform: insights from a collaborative research project

This article will explore the methodologies employed in a collaborative research project on lived experience of exercise or denial of legal capacity, known as the Voices of Individuals: Collectively Exploring Self-determination (VOICES) project. In so doing, the project’s research team will reflect on key decisions about the project’s background, design, implementation (including the recruitment and selection of participants, workshops and editing contributions) and considerations for further research.

Motivation and preferences of cancer patients to perform physical training.

The aims of this cross-sectional study were to investigate the knowledge about and experience with exercise as well as the motivation and preferences (e.g. availability) of cancer patients to participate in training groups. From 11/2017-06/2018, 181 cancer patients undergoing or completing treatment responded to a compiled questionnaire. The stage of motivation (transtheoretical model of behavioural change), exercise-related knowledge, experience and preferences were evaluated. Knowledge about the positive effects of exercise was not associated with higher motivation stages. Higher motivation stages showed significant correlations with age (p=0.044), exercise experience before cancer disease onset (p=0.022) and exercise experience during cancer therapy (p=0.013). For 59% of patients, group offers were an attractive option. Physically inactive patients preferred specialised cancer exercise groups (p=0.002), whereas physically active patients preferred cross-disease rehabilitation exercise groups (p=0.034) and exercise groups with healthy people (p=0.018). Results indicate that motivation of cancer patients for exercise depends on their experiences with physical training before and during disease treatment. Motivation could be increased by integrating exercise programmes during cancer therapy. These programmes should focus on patients inexperienced in physical training.

Attitudes about cannabis mediate the relationship between cannabis knowledge and use in active adult athletes

BackgroundLittle is known about how cannabis knowledge and attitudes impact cannabis use behavior.ObjectiveTo test the knowledge-attitudes-behavior paradigm in active adult athletes.DesignThe Athlete Pain, Exercise, and Cannabis Experience (PEACE) Survey, a cross-sectional survey study, used social media and email blasts to recruit participants and SurveyGizmo to collect data.ParticipantsSelf-defined active adult athletes (n = 1161).Main measuresKnowledge about cannabis was evaluated with four questions. Attitudes toward cannabis was evaluated with 11 questions. The attitudes questions were used in a TwoStep Cluster analysis in SPSS to assign group membership by attitudes. Chi-square was used to determine if there were differences in cluster membership by demographic factors and if knowledge about cannabis differed by cluster membership. Regression analysis was performed to determine if cannabis attitudes mediated the relationship between cannabis knowledge and cannabis use.Key resultsA three-cluster solution was the best fit to the data. The clusters were named Conservative (n = 374, 32.2%), Unsure (n = 533, 45.9%), and Liberal (n = 254, 21.9). There was a significant difference among the clusters for all 11 attitudes items (all p < 0.001). Attitude cluster membership was significantly different by age (p < 0.001), primary sport (p < 0.05), and knowledge about cannabis (p < 0.001). Athletes in the liberal cluster answered the knowledge questions correctly most often. Attitudes mediated the relationship between cannabis knowledge and cannabis use [Never (32.4%), Past (41.6%), Current (26.0%)] with athletes in the liberal cluster showing more knowledge and greater likelihood to be a current cannabis user (p < 0.001). Among current cannabis users there were differential patterns of cannabis use depending on their attitudes and knowledge; liberal athletes tended to co-use THC and CBD and used cannabis longer. (p < 0.001).ConclusionsCannabis education needs to consider attitudes about cannabis, especially among those who might benefit from medical cannabis.

A thematic synthesis considering the factors which influence multiple sclerosis related fatigue during physical activity

The purpose of this study is to consider the factors that influence fatigue related to physical activity in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and to identify the necessary adaptations undertaken by patients to remain active. A review using a thematic synthesis methodology situated within a subtle realist paradigm was undertaken. The review was completed in three stages: 1) search of relevant studies; 2) critical appraisal of literature; and 3) thematic synthesis. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. This included a total of 263 participants of whom 243 were PwMS (159 females, 70 males and 14 unknown). The aggregated mean age was 53.3 years and aggregated mean time living with MS post diagnosis 11.3 years. Following critical appraisal, no articles were excluded. Three major themes were identified: (1) fatigue-related consequences, (2) exercise related barriers affecting fatigue, and (3) factors that make fatigue bearable for MS individuals. The thematic synthesis identified the cycle of activity and inactivity as a result of fatigue perception. Exercise experience, professional and social support, as well as the necessary adaptation of a training programme empower PwMS to adopt a more active coping strategy and enjoy the benefits of exercise. Clinicians could consider the implementation of a suitable, individualised exercise programme to reduce PwMS’s stress during physical activities.

The management consultancy as vector of the innovation

The objective of this work is to investigate the particularities of a business consultancy and take as a case the design of a strategic planning using different tools and models that are part of the style and competence of the consultant who executes the process of technology transfers in pos of improving the administration of a company. The article is elaborated from the vision of a consultant who will design and implement strategic planning and exposes a methodology that emphasizes network theory and other tools to minimize intangibilities while still taking into account the academic principles that always they exist in these learning processes. The study material uses the experiences of a review exercise of the business plan of a project management company that decided to change its management model and as a final result, a Strategic Direction was obtained from the consulting process.

Exercise experiences among persons with multiple sclerosis living in the southeast of the United States

Purpose Exercise is one of the best behavioral approaches for improving health and wellbeing among persons with multiple sclerosis. The environment is a key influencer regarding engagement in this health enhancing activity among those with multiple sclerosis, yet existing research has often been restricted amongst Caucasian samples residing in the midwest and northwest of the United States, Europe and New Zealand. This study explored experiences of exercise among persons with multiple sclerosis from the southeast of the United States. Materials and methods We interviewed 32 persons with multiple sclerosis from the southeast of the United States regarding exercise experiences, and then undertook an inductive, semantic thematic analysis. Results The racially diverse sample of persons with multiple sclerosis in the southeast of the United States permitted a crafting of five themes that reflected lived experiences of exercise; (i) exercise is a therapeutic strategy, (ii) facilitators of exercise, (iii) barriers of exercise, (iv) ineffective exercise promotion, and (v) necessities for improved exercise promotion. Conclusion Experiences of exercise in multiple sclerosis are transferable up to a point, but exercise interventions should be contextually specific depending on the geographic area and culture of persons with multiple sclerosis. Implications for Rehabilitation Exercise is one of the only strategies that improves symptoms of multiple sclerosis and improves quality of life. Cultural and geographic climate may significantly influence exercise experiences, and subsequent engagement of exercise among persons with multiple sclerosis. Practitioners working with persons with MS in the southeast of the US should consider designing exercise programs that take into account the oppressive climate of this area. Persons’ with MS cultural and geographic backgrounds should be considered when designing exercise programs to ensure more individualized and appropriate application.

Effects of Circuit Training Program on Quality of Life of Children with Hemophilia

Circuit trainingaddresses both the components of exercise i.e. strength and aerobic which can be administered to participants in a playful manner. As the large number of children will have to gather at one place for the intervention, so it will be beneficial for the therapist also to conduct the session by incorporating them into small groups. Very few have shown the effects of circuit training in hemophilia Therefore it becomes necessary to provide an exercise regimen to children which will be interesting to perform in order to improve their general fitness level. Methodology: Forty nine participants were selected and screened and were allocated into 7 groups. The intervention was given for 4 weeks period, once a day for 7min with 50 sec for exercise and 10 sec to move from one station to the next. Pre and Post parameters were assessed forVAS for fatigue and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale. Results: Data was analyzed using Graph-Pad InStat software version-trial version 3.03. The statistical measures utilized were mean, standard deviation and test of significance such as Paired‘t’ test to analyze the data. The results were concluded to be statistically significant with p &lt;0.05 and highly significant with p &lt; 0.01. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the circuit training is effective in hemophilic children as its multipronged approach improves various body systems.

Acute Effects of Intermittent Physical Activity on Perceptions of Exercise-Related Fatigue in Children.

To investigate the acute effects of intermittent activity performed at varying intensities on the perceptions of exercise-related fatigue in children. A total of 30 children completed 4 experimental conditions in random order, which consisted of 8 hours of sitting interrupted with 20 two-minute low-, moderate-, or high-intensity activity breaks or 20 two-minute sedentary breaks. The perceptions of exercise-related fatigue were determined via the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale at the beginning (0 breaks), middle (after 10 breaks), and end (after 20 breaks) of each condition. The average heart rate was significantly higher with increasing exercise intensity (sedentary: 89.6 ± 1.2beats/min, low: 114.6 ± 1.8beats/min, moderate: 147.2 ± 1.8beats/min, and high: 172.3 ± 1.8beats/min, P < .0001). There was no significant main effect of condition (sedentary: -0.5 ± 0.6, low: -1.0 ± 0.7, moderate: -0.2 ± 0.5, and high: -0.6 ± 1.2; P = .86) and time (10-0 breaks: -0.7 ± 0.5 and 20-0 breaks: -0.5 ± 0.5; P = .45), nor time by condition interaction (P = .99) on change in exercise-related fatigue. Incorporating intermittent activity into physical activity programs may help to reduce barriers to regular exercise by minimizing perceptions of exercise-related fatigue in children.